Korean red ginseng protects against neuronal damage induced by transient focal ischemia in rats

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 693-698

  Ban, Ju Yeon ^a   Kang, Sung Wook ^b   Lee, Jong Seok ^b   Chung, Joo Ho ^b   Ko, Young Gwan ^b   Choi, Han Sung ^b  

^a Dankook University   (South Korea)

^b Kyung Hee University Hospital   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Korean red ginseng; Lipid peroxidation; Middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion

Indexed keywords

CATALASE; GINSENG EXTRACT; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; KOREAN RED GINSENG EXTRACT; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; RAT; REPERFUSION INJURY;

EID: 84863049576     PISSN: 17920981     EISSN: 17921015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.449     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C and Moskowitz MA: Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 22: 391-397, 1999.
2. Shin WH, Park SJ and Kim EJ: Protective effect of anthocyanins in middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model of cerebral ischemia in rats. Life Sci 79: 130-147, 2006.
3. Mehta SL, Manhas N and Raghubir R: Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics. Brain Res Rev 54: 34-66, 2007.
4. Kelly PJ, Morrow JD, Ning M, et al: Oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in acute ischemic stroke: the Biomarker Evaluation for Antioxidant Therapies in Stroke (BEAT-Stroke) study. Stroke 39: 100-104, 2008.
5. Wu HW, Li HF, Wu XY, Zhao J and Guo J: Reactive oxygen species mediate ERK activation through different Raf-1-dependent signaling pathways following cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 432: 83-87, 2008.
6. Cui K, Luo X, Xu K and Ven Murthy MR: Role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: recent developments in assay methods for oxidative stress and nutraceutical antioxidants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28: 771-799, 2004.
7. Halliwell B: Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs Aging 18: 685-716, 2001.
8. Wu JY, Gardner BH, Murphy CI, et al: Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J Immunol 148: 1519-1525, 1992.
9. Sato K, Mochizuki M, Saiki I, Yoo YC, Samukawa K and Azuma I: Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by a saponin of Panax ginseng, ginsenoside-Rb2. Biol Pharm Bull 17: 635-639, 1994.
10. Kaneko H and Nakanishi K: Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: clinical effects of medical ginseng, korean red ginseng: specifically, its anti-stress action for prevention of disease. J Pharmacol Sci 95: 158-162, 2004.
11. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, Berti F and Rossoni G: Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Med 65: 614-619, 1999.
12. Voces J, Alvarez AI, Vila L, Ferrando A, Cabral de Oliveira C and Prieto JG: Effects of administration of the standardized Panax ginseng extract G115 on hepatic antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 123: 175-184, 1999.
13. Cabral de Oliveira AC, Perez AC, Merino G, Prieto JG and Alvarez AI: Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 130: 369-377, 2001.
14. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, et al: Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett 150: 41-48, 2000.
15. Kitts DD, Wijewickreme AN and Hu C: Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Mol Cell Biochem 203: 1-10, 2000.
16. Lee JS, Choi HS, Kang SW, et al: Therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng on inflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Chin Med 39: 83-94, 2011.
17. Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S and Cummins R: Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20: 84-91, 1989.
18. Lourbopoulos A, Karacostas D, Artemis N, Milonas I and Grigoriadis N: Effectiveness of a new modified intraluminal suture for temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats of various weight. J Neurosci Methods 173: 225-234, 2008.
19. Chen J, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, Lu D, Lu M and Chopp M: Therapeutic benefit of intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 32: 1005-1011, 2001.
20. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265-275, 1951.
21. Mohandas J, Marshall JJ, Duggin GG, Horvath JS and Tiller DJ: Low activities of glutathione-related enzymes as factors in the genesis of urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Res 44: 5086-5091, 1984.
22. Beauchamp C and Fridovich I: Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44: 276-287, 1971.
23. Greenwald RA: CRC Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. In: Catalase activity. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 283-284, 1985.
24. Semplicini A, Benetton V, Macchini L, et al: Intravenous thrombolysis in the emergency department for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Emerg Med J 25: 403-406, 2008.
25. Thiyagarajan M and Sharma SS: Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Life Sci 74: 969-985, 2004.
26. Yousuf S, Salim S, Ahmad M, Ahmed AS, Ansari MA and Islam F: Protective effect of Khamira Abresham Uood Mastagiwala against free radical induced damage in focal cerebral ischemia. J Ethnopharmacol 99: 179-184, 2005.
27. Simonyi A, Wang Q, Miller RL, Yusof M, Shelat PB, Sun AY and Sun GY: Polyphenols in cerebral ischemia: novel targets for neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 31: 135-147, 2005.
28. Ikeda K, Negishi H and Yamori Y: Antioxidant nutrients and hypoxia/ischemia brain injury in rodents. Toxicology 189: 55-61, 2003.
29. Kang KS, Kim HY, Pyo JS and Yokozawa T: Increase in the free radical scavenging activity of ginseng by heat-processing. Biol Pharm Bull 29: 750-754, 2006.
30. Bae EA, Hyun YJ, Choo MK, Oh JK, Ryu JH and Kim DH: Protective effect of fermented red ginseng on a transient focal ischemic rats. Arch Pharm Res 27: 1136-1140, 2004.
31. Nazam Ansari M, Bhandari U, Islam F and Tripathi CD: Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Embelia ribes Burm in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 22: 305-314, 2008.
32. Imam SZ and Ali SF: Selenium, an antioxidant, attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity and peroxynitrite generation. Brain Res 855: 186-191, 2000.
33. Lee H, Kim D and Chang C: Antioxidant effects of Korean red ginseng components on the antioxidant enzymes activity and liver peroxidation in the liver of mouse treated with paraquat. J Ginseng Res 23: 182-189, 1999.
34. Zhang Y and Liu T: Protective effects of total saponins of P. ginseng on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brains. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol 8: 7-12, 1994.
35. Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ishrat T, et al: Rutin protects the neural damage induced by transient focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1292: 123-135, 2009.
36. Andrabi SA, Spina MG, Lorenz P, Ebmeyer U, Wolf G and Horn TF: Oxyresveratrol (trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene) is neuroprotective and inhibits the apoptotic cell death in transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1017: 98-107, 2004.
37. Cruz-Aguado R, Almaguer-Melian W, Diaz CM, Lorigados L and Bergado J: Behavioral and biochemical effects of glutathione depletion in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 55: 327-333, 2001.
38. Zhang D, Yasuda T, Yu Y, Zheng P, Kawabata T, Ma Y and Okada S: Ginseng extract scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects unsaturated fatty acids from decomposition caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 20: 145-150, 1996.
39. Chang HK, Jang MH, Lim BV, et al: Administration of Ginseng radix decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Chin Med 32: 497-507, 2004.
40. Kim YO, Kim HJ, Kim GS, et al: Panax ginseng protects against global ischemia injury in rat hippocampus. J Med Food 12: 71-76, 2009.
41. Shah ZA, Gilani RA, Sharma P and Vohora SB: Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 101: 299-307, 2005.
42. Kasai R, Besso H, Tanaka O, Saruwatari Y and Fuwa T: Saponins of red ginseng. Chem Pharm Bull 31: 2120-2125, 1983.
43. Baek NI, Kim DS, Lee YH, Park JD, Lee CB and Kim SI: Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med 62: 86-87, 1996.
44. Kitagawa I, Yoshikawa M, Yoshihara M, Hayashi T and Taniyama T: Chemical studies of crude drugs (1). Constituents of Ginseng radix rubra. Yakugaku Zasshi 103: 612-622, 1983.
45. Tian J, Fu F, Geng M, et al: Neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 374: 92-97, 2005.
46. Yuan QL, Yang CX, Xu P, et al: Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1167: 1-12, 2007.
47. Zhou XM, Cao YL and Dou DQ: Protective effect of ginsenoside-Re against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 29: 2502-2505, 2006.
48. Park EK, Choo MK, Oh JK, Ryu JH and Kim DH: Ginsenoside Rh2 reduces ischemic brain injury in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 27: 433-436, 2004.