Bio-processing of bamboo fibres for textile applications: A mini review

Biocatalysis and Biotransformation

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 141-153

  Fu, Jiajia ^a   Li, Xiaoqiang ^a   Gao, Weidong ^a   Wang, Hongbo ^a   Cavaco Paulo, Artur ^b   Silva, Carla ^b  

^a JIANGNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Bamboo; Degumming; Enzymes; Microbes

Indexed keywords

BAMBOO FIBRES; BIOTREATMENTS; LATEST DEVELOPMENT; MICROBES; MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES; TEXTILE APPLICATIONS;

BAMBOO; DEGUMMING; ENZYMES; NATURAL FIBERS; TEXTILES;

TEXTILE PROCESSING;

CELLULASE; GLUCAN SYNTHASE; HEMICELLULOSE; LIGNIN; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; PECTIN; POLYGALACTURONASE;

BAMBOO FIBER; BIOPROCESS; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL WALL; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHINA; CONFERENCE PAPER; FIBER; NONHUMAN; TEXTILE;

EID: 84863048485     PISSN: 10242422     EISSN: 10292446     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.650450     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (150)

1. Abbasi H, Fazaelipoor MH. 2010. Pectinase production in a defined medium using surface culture fermentation. Int J Ind Chem 1:5-10.
2. Afolabi OO, Fagade OE, Ogunjobi AA. 2010. Enzymatic activity of some fungal isolates from decaying bamboo leaves. acta SATECH 3:108-112.
3. Agrawal PB, Nierstrasz VA, Bouwhuis GH, Warmoeskerken MMCG. 2008. Cutinase and pectinase in cotton bioscouring: an innovative and fast bioscouring process. Biocatal Biotransfor 26:412-421.
4. Ahmed Z, Akhter F. 2001. Jute retting: an overview. Online J Biol Sci 1:685-688.
5. Akin DE, Foulk JA, Dodd RB, McAlister DD. 2001. Enzyme-retting of fl ax and characterization of processed fibres. J Biotechnol 89:193-203.
6. Akin DE, Himmelsbach DS, Morrison WH. 2000. Biobased fibre production: enzyme retting for fl ax/linen fibres. J Polymer Environ 8:103-109.
7. Akao Y, Seki N, Nakagawa Y, Yi H, Matsumoto K, Ito Y, Ito K, Funaoka M, Maruyama W, Naoi M, Nozawa Y 2004. A highly bioactive lignophenol derivative from bamboo lignin exhibits a potent activity to suppress apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Bioorg Med Chem 12:4791-4801. (Pubitemid 39164386)
8. Al é n R. 2000. Structure and chemical composition of wood. In: Stenius P (ed) Forest products chemistry, Book 3. Helsinki, Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 11-57.
9. Amada S, Ichikawa Y, Munekata T, Nagase Y, Shimizu H. 1997. Fibre texture and mechanical graded structure of bamboo. Compos B Eng 28B:13-20. (Pubitemid 127379739)
10. Amada S, Ichikawa Y, Munekata T, Nagase Y, Kirigari A. 1993. In: Proc. 5th Bioengineering Div Conf , Jpn Soc Mech Eng, p62.
11. Aoyama M, Seki K.1999. Acid catalysed steaming for solubilization of bamboo grass xylan. Bioresour Technol 69:91-94. (Pubitemid 29229323)
12. Arami M, Rahimi S, Mivehie L. 2007.Degumming of persian silk with mixed proteolytic enzymes. J Appl Polymer Sci 10: 267-275. (Pubitemid 47372366)
13. Baltazar-y-Jimenez A, Bismarck A. 2007. Wetting behaviour, moisture up-take and electrokinetic properties of lignocellulosic fibres. Cellulose 14:115-127. (Pubitemid 46371883)
14. 235 is an essential catalytic residue of Bacillus pumilus DKS1 pectate lyase to degum ramie fibre. Biodegradation 22:153-161.
15. Basu S, Saha MN, Chattopadhyay D, Chakrabarti K. 2009. Large-scale degumming of ramie fibre using a newly isolated Bacillus pumilus DKS1 with high pectate lyase activity. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36:239-245.
16. Bhargava RL. 1993. Bamboo. In: Hamilton F, Leopold B (eds) Pulp and paper manufacture, vol. 3. Secondary fibres and non- wood pulping, 3rd edn. Montreal, Que, Canada: The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry (TAPPI-CPPA). pp. 71-81.
17. Bhattacharya SD, Das AK. 2001. Alkali degumming of decorticated ramie. Coloration Technol 117:342-345.
18. Bhattacharya SD, Shah SR. 2005. Kinetic studies of ramie fibre degumming using caustic soda. Colourage 52:45-48. (Pubitemid 40854915)
19. Bhattacharya SD, Shah SR. 2007. Degumming of decorticated ramie: effects of alkalis on gummy compositions vis-à-vis their properties. J Text I 98:431-436. (Pubitemid 47593400)
20. Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T 2005. Plant fibres as reinforce- ment for green composites. In: Mohanty AK, Mirsa M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibres, biopolymers and their composites. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 37-108.
21. Brühlmann F, Leupin M, Erismann KH, Fiechter A. 2000, Enzymatic degumming of ramie bast fibres. J Biotechnol 76, 43-50. (Pubitemid 29492922)
22. Cai L. 2010. The explore of the biological degumming of bamboo fibre [Dissertation]. Zhongyuan University of Technology.
23. Cavaco-Paulo A. 1998. Mechanism of cellulase action in textile processes. Carbohyd Polymer 37:273-277. (Pubitemid 128426044)
24. Chen ZH, Li ZQ, Lin SM. 1993. Distribution and characterization of bamboo (Sinocalamus af finis) lignin. Cellul Chem Technol 27:519-524.
25. Chu Y. 2005. Research on properties of bamboo fibre and production development [dissertation]. Suzhou University.
26. Collins T, Gerday C, Feller G. 2005. Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases. FEMS Mcrobiol Rev 29:3-23. (Pubitemid 40103579)
27. Deng S, Guo Y, Fu J, Yu C. 2009. Study on bio-enzymatic degum- ming of bamboo fibre. Plant Fibre Sci China 31:41-44.
28. Dodd RB, Akin DE. 2005. Recent developments in retting and measurement of fibre quality in natural fibres: pro and cons. In: Mohanty AK, Mirsa M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibres, biopolymers and their composites. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 141-157.
29. Donaghy JA, Levett PN, Haylock RW. 1990. Changes in microbial-populations during anaerobic fl ax retting. J Appl Bacteriol 69:634-641.
30. Dong X. 2010. Optimum fermentation conditions for lignin degrading enzymes of bamboo lignin degradation fungus [Dis- sertation]. Central South University of Forestry & Technology.
31. Fan XS, Liu ZW, Liu ZT, Lu J. 2010. A novel chemical degumming process for ramie bast fibre. Text Res J 80:2046-2051.
32. Fengel D, Shao X. 1984. A chemical and ultrastructural study of the bamboo species Phyllostachys makinoi Hay. Wood Sci Technol 18:103-112.
33. Fengel D, Wegener G. 1983. Infl uence of temperature. In: Fengel D, Wegener G (eds) Wood: chemistry, ultra-structure and reactions. New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 319-344.
34. Frederick TW, Norman W. 2004. Natural fibres plastics and composites. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
35. Fu J, Cavaco-paulo A, Guo Q, Yu C. 2011a. Characterization of bamboo bundles from retting. J Donghua Univ (Nat Sci) (3):286-292.
36. Fu J, M ü ller H, Castro Jr JV, Yu C, Cavaco-paulo A, Gübitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. 2011b. Changes in the bacterial community structure and diversity during bamboo retting. Biotechnol J 6:1262-1271.
37. 2 treatment for natural bamboo fibre degumming. Proc 2007 Int Conference Adv Fibres and Polymer Mater Vol II :727-729.
38. Fu J, Yang X, Yu C. 2007b. Enzymatic treatment of crude bamboo fibres. Proc 2007 Int Conference on Adv Fibres Polymer Mater II:724-726.
39. Fu J, Yang X, Yu C. 2008. Preliminary research on bamboo degumming with xylanase. Biocatal Biotransform 25:450-454.
40. Fu J, Yang X, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Yu C. 2010. Investigation of microorganisms in bamboo retting system. Proc 2010 Int Forum Biomed Textile Mater:101-106.
41. Fu J, Yu C. 2006. The characteristics and development of bamboo fibre. Thesis Collection of the 2nd China International Con- ference on Bast Fibre and Textile Technology & Development: 112-124.
42. Ghose TK, Bisaria VS. 1987. Measurement of hemicellulase activities Part 1:xylanases. Pure Appl Chem 59:1739-1752.
43. Gritsch CS, Kleist G, Murphy RJ. 2004. Developmental changes in cell wall structure of phloem dibres of the Bamboo Dendrocalamus asper . Ann Bot 94:497-505. (Pubitemid 41295553)
44. Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2001. Biotechnology in the textile industry-perspectives for the new millennium. J Biotechnol 89, 89-90.
45. Gübitz GM, Buchert J, Cavaco-Paulo A, Heine E. 2006. Advances in biotechnology for fibre processing. Biotechnol Lett 28: 679-680. (Pubitemid 43978871)
46. Gummadi SN, Kumar DS. 2005. Microbial pectic transeliminases. Biotechnol Lett 27:451-458. (Pubitemid 40876469)
47. Gummadi SN, Panda T. 2003. Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases-a review. Process Biochem 38: 987-996. (Pubitemid 36639375)
48. Haque MS, Ahmed Z, Asaduzzaman M, Quashem MA, Akhter F. 2002. Distribution and activity of microbial population for jute retting and their impact on water of jute growing areas of Bangladesh. Pakistan J Biol Sci 6:704-706.
49. Heikinheimo L. 2002. Trichoderma reesei cellulases in processing of cotton. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. ISBN 9513860205 (URL: http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/).
50. Heredia A, Jiménez A, Guillén R. 1995. Composition of plant cell walls. Z Lebensm Unters Forsh 200:24-31.
51. Herron RS, Jacques AEB, Scavetta RD, Visser J, Jurnak F. 2000. Structure and function of pectic enzymes: virulence factors of plant pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8762-8769. (Pubitemid 30626623)
52. Hossain KhM, González MD, Lozano GR, Tzanov T. 2009. Multifunctional modification of wool using an enzymatic process in aqueous-organic media. J Biotechnol 141:58-63.
53. Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR.1998. Impact of culture- independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. J Bacteriol 180:4765-4774. (Pubitemid 28429361)
54. Hughes JB, Hellmann JJ, Ricketts TH, Bohannan BJM. 2001. Counting the uncountable: statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4399-4406. (Pubitemid 33646064)
55. Ishii T, Hiroi T. Thomas JR. 1990. Feruloylated xyloglucan and p-coumaroyl arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls. Phyrochemwy 29:1999-2003.
56. Ilvessalo-Pfaffl i MS. 1995. Fibre atlas, identification of paper making fibres.In: Timmel TE (ed) Berlin: Springer-Verleg. chapter 8, pp. 292-303.
57. Jain S, Kumar R, Jindal UC. 1992. Mechanical behaviour of bamboo and bamboo composite. J Mater Sci 27:4598-4604.
58. Jayani RS, Saxena S, Gupta R. 2005. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem 40:2931-2944. (Pubitemid 41009190)
59. Jia S, Zhong Y, Xu H, Liu Z. 2010. Discussion on bamboo fibre chemical-enzyme degum craft. China Text Leader 6:118-120.
60. Kenealy W, Buschle-Diller G, Ren X. 2006. Enzymatic modifica- tion of fibres for textile and forest products industries. In: Edwards V et al. (eds) Modified fibres with medical and specialty applications. The Netherlands: Springer. pp. 191-208.
61. Kirby RH. 1963. Vegetable fibres. London: World Crops Books, Leonard Hill. p464.
62. Kirk TK, Jeffries TW 1996. Roles for microbial enzymes in pulp and paper processing. ACS Sym Ser 655:2-14.
63. Krishna P, Arora A, Reddy MS. 2008. An alkaliphilic and xylano- lytic strain of actinomycetes Kocuria sp.RM1 isolated from extremely alkaline bauxite residue sites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:3079-3085.
64. Kunamneni A, Plou FJ, Ballesteros A, Alcalde M. 2008. Laccases and their applications: a patent review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2:10-24. (Pubitemid 351586673)
65. Kudanga T, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM, Burton S. 2011. Potential applications of laccase-mediated coupling and grafting reactions: a review. Enzyme Microb Technol 48:195-208.
66. Lee AWC, Chen G, Tainter FH. 2001. Comparative treatability of Moso bamboo and southern pine with CCA preservative using a commercial schedule. Bioresour Technol 77:87-88.
67. Len J, Xiao AP, Nie QL. 2003. Evaluation studies on ramie fibre quality (quality property analyse). China Fibre Inspection 6:31-34.
68. Li H, Zhou G, Zhou D. 2006. Extraction of bamboo fibre through screening of fungus. J Cent South Forestry Univ 26:48-52.
69. Li K, Xu F, Eriksson KEL. 1999. Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2654-2660.
70. Li SH, Zeng QY, Xiao YL, Fu SY, Zhou BL. 1995. Biomimicry of bamboo bast fibre with engineering composite materials. Mat Sci Eng C3:125-130.
71. Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S. 2007. Chemical treatments of natu- ral tiber for use in natural fibre-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ 15:25-33. (Pubitemid 46291313)
72. Liese W 1987. Research on bamboo. Wood Sci Technol 21: 189-209.
73. Ling HZ, Ge P, Wei W, Ping WX. 2009. Analysis of bacterial community in water retting of fl ax. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 15: 703-707.
74. Liu FH, Li ZJ, Liu QY, He H, Liang XN, Lai ZJ. 2003. Introduction to the wild resources of the Genus Boehmeria Jacq. in China. Genet Resour Crop Evolu 50:793-797. (Pubitemid 37353725)
75. Liu L, Wang Q, Cheng L, Qian J, Yu J. 2011. Modification of natural bamboo fibres for textile Applications. Fibre Polym 12: 95-103.
76. Liu J, Yu C, Tang S, Zhu A, Wang Y, Zhu S, Ma X, Xiong H. 2009. Cloning and expression of key enzyme gene GalAT in ramie pectin biosynthesis. Agricultural Sci China 8:664-670.
77. Lou L, Xu P, Chen B, Ren W 2007. Probe into the impact of enzymatic treatment on the fineness of natural bamboo fibres. J Text Res 28:84-88.
78. Maekawa E. 1976. Studies on hemicellulose of bamboo. Wood research: bulletin of the Wood Research Institute Kyoto University 59/60:153-179.
79. Miettinen-Oinonen A. 2007. Cellulases in the textile industry. In: Polaina J, MacCabe AP (eds) Industrial enzymes: structure, function and application. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5377-1 (e-book) chapter 4; section A, pp. 51-63.
80. Mohnen D. 2008. Pectic structure and biosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:266-277.
81. Munshi TK, Chattoo BB. 2008. Bacterial population structure of the jute-retting environment. Microbial Ecol 56:270-282.
82. Nugroho N, Ando N. 2000. Development of structural composite products made from bamboo I: fundamental properties of bamboo zephyr board. J Wood Sci 46:68-74. (Pubitemid 30390639)
83. Ohrnberger D. 1999. The Bamboos of the World: annotated nomenclature and literature of the Species and the higher and lower taxa. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p585.
84. Okubo K, Fujii T, Yamamoto Y 2004. Development of bamboo- based polymer composites and their mechanical properties. Compos Part A-APPL S 35:377-383.
85. O'Neill M, Albersheim P, Darvill A. 1990. The pectic polysac- charides of primary cell walls. In: Dey PM (ed) Methods in plant biochemistry, 2nd Edn. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 415-421.
86. Othman AR, Mohmod AL, Liese W, Norini H. 1995. Planting and utilization of bamboo in peninsular malaysia. Research Pamphlet. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. ISBN 1268198: p116.
87. Paice MG, Bourbonnais R, Reid ID, Archibald F, Jurasek L. 1995. Oxidative bleaching enzymes: a review. J Pulp Paper Sci 21:J280-J284.
88. Pandey SN. 2007. Ramie fibre: part I. Chemical composition and chemical properties. A critical review of recent developments. Text Prog 39:1-66.
89. Pedrolli DB, Monteiro AC, Gomes E, Carmona EC 2009. Pectin and pectinases: production, characterization and industrial application of microbial pectinolytic enzymes. Open Biotechnol J 3:9-18.
90. Peng YD. 1995. Study on character of ramie deguming strain EJ3. China's Fibre Crop 17:32-35.
91. Prathyusha K, Suneetha V. 2011. Bacterial pectinases and their potent biotechnological application in fruit processing/juice production industry: a review. J Phytology 3:16-19.
92. Queiroga AC, Pintado MM, Malcata FX. 2007. Novel microbial- mediated modifications of wool. Enzym Microb Tech 40: 1491-1495. (Pubitemid 46482634)
93. Rajendran R, Sundaram SK, Radhai R, Rajapriya P. 2011. Bioscouring of cotton fabrics using pectinase enzyme its opti- mization and comparison with conventional scouring process. PJBS 14:519-525.
94. Rowell RM. 2004. Chemical modification. In: Burley J, Evans J, Youngquist JA (eds) Encyclopedia of forest sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 1269-1274.
95. Rowell RM, Han JS, Rowell J. 2000. Characterization and factors effecting fibre properties. In: Frollini E, AL L, LHC M (eds) Natural polymers and agrofibres bases composites. Embrapa instru- mentacao agropecuaria. Brazil: Sao Carlos-S.P. pp. 115-134.
96. Rowell RM, Young RA, Rowell JK.1997. Paper and composites from agro-based resources. Boca Raton FL: CRC Lewis Publishers.
97. Sathitsuksanoh N, Zhu Z, Ho T, Bai M, Zhang YP. 2010. Bam- boo saccharification through cellulose solvent-based biomass pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis at ultra-low cellulase loadings. Bioresour Technol 101:4926-4929.
98. Scurlock JMO, Dayton DC, Hames B. 2000. Bamboo: an over- looked biomass resource? Biomass Bioenerg 19:229-244.
99. Shallom D, Shoham Y 2003. Microbial hemicellulases. Curr Opin Microbiol 6:219-228. (Pubitemid 36841664)
100. Shao S, Wen G, Jin Z. 2008. Changes in chemical characteristics of bamboo ( Phyllostachys pubescens ) components during steam explosion. Wood Sci Technol 42:439-451.
101. Shin FG, Yipp MW. 1989. Analysis of the mechanical properties and microstructure of bamboo-epoxy composites. J Mater Sci 10:3483-3490. (Pubitemid 20598045)
102. Singh DP. 1992. Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea ). New Delhi, India: Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan.
103. Srebotnik E, Hammel KE. 2000. Degradation of nonphenolic lignin by the laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system. J Biotechnol 81:179-188.
104. Stana-Kleinschek K, Ribitsch V. 1998. Electrokinetic properties of processed cellulose fibres. Colloid Surfaces A 140:127-138. (Pubitemid 28341707)
105. Steinfeld C. A Bamboo Future. 2001 Jan 25-[cited 2011 Oct 10]; Available from: http://www.carol-steinfeld.com/bamboo- future.html.
106. Sun QX. 1977. The ramie degummed with biological method. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (Suppl.) Special issue:130-134.
107. Tai D, Chen CL, Gratzl JS. 1990. Chemistry of deligni fication during kraft pulping of bamboos. J Wood Chem Technol 10: 75-99. (Pubitemid 20730773)
108. Tanahashi M, Higuchi T, Kobayashi H, Togamura Y, Shimada M. 1985. Characterization and nutritional improvement of steamex- plosion wood as ruminant feed. Cellulose Chem Technol 19: 687-696.
109. Tanahashi M, Takada S, Aoki T, Goto T, Higuchi T, Hanai S. 1982. Characterization of explosion wood. Wood Res 69:36-51.
110. Tao T 1992. The ramie degummed with biological method. Ind Microbiol 22:35-36.
111. Tserki V, Zafeiropoulos NE, Simon F Panayiotou C. 2005. A study of the effect of acetylation and propionylation surface treatments on natural fibres. Compos Part A-APPL S 36: 1110-1118. (Pubitemid 40691130)
112. Tong J, Arnell RD, Ren L. 1998. Dry sliding wear behaviour of bamboo. Wear 221:37-46. (Pubitemid 29099440)
113. Vu THM, Pakkanen H, Al é n, R. 2004. Delignification of bamboo ( Bambusa procera acher )-Part 1. Kraft pulping and the subsequent oxygen delignification to pulp with a low kappa number. Ind Crop Prod 19:49-57. (Pubitemid 38039004)
114. Wang C, Wang R, Yu F. 2007a. Chemical degumming technology of raw bamboo fibres. J Text Res 28:26-29.
115. Wang C, Wang R, Zhu R, Wu X. 2005. Study of making technology of raw bamboo fibres. J Tianjin Polytechnic Univ 24:16-17. (Pubitemid 41245909)
116. Wang D, Cui G, Jia Y, Yang L, Liu S. 2007b. Infl uence of pretreatment process on degumming of bamboo fibre. Shandong Text Sci Technol 4:8-9.
117. Wang J, Xia D, Chen W, Chen H, Zeng Q. 2008. Research advancement in the biologic degumming of ramie. J Anhui Agri Sci 36:6517-6518.
118. Wang Y, Wang G, Cheng H, Tian G, Liu Z, Xiao, Zhou X, Han X, Gao X. 2010. Structures of bamboo fibre for textiles. Text Res J 80:334-343.
119. Wilkie KCB, Woo SL.1977. A heteroxylan and hemicellulosic materials from bamboo leaves, and a reconsideration of the general nature of commonly occurring xylans and other hemicelluloses. Carbohyd Res 57:145-162.
120. Xie J, Li X, Pang H. 2011. Degumming of natural crude bamboo fibre with compound enzyme. J Southwest Univ (Nat Sci Edit) 33: 131-135.
121. Xu C, Luo K, Zhang B, Wang H, Zhang X. 2008. Effects of carbon resource on bamboo degradation by a white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor . J Beijing Forestry Univ 30:96-100.
122. Xu C, Wang H, Zhang X, Fu S, Wu J. 2006. Lignocellulose selec- tivity degradation of white rot fungi in bamboo. J microbiol 26: 14-18.
123. Xu C, Wang H, Zhou J, Zhang W, Zhang X. 2005. Studies on the infl uence of inducers and metal Ions on bamboo degradation by white-rot fungus. Biotechnol 15:68-71.
124. Xu F. 1996 . Oxidation of phenols, anilines, and benzenethiols by fungal laccases:correlation between activity and redox Potentials as well as halide inhibition. Biochem 35L : 7608-7614. (Pubitemid 26189831)
125. Xu F, Kulys JJ, Duke K, Li K, Krikstopaitis K, Deussen HJW, Abbate E, Galinyte V, Schneider P. 2000. Redox chemistry in laccase-catalyzed oxidation of n-hydroxy compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2052-2056. (Pubitemid 30253731)
126. Xu L, Wang M. 2004. Bamboo fibre and determination of its properties. Dyeing Finishing J 28:31-34.
127. Xu R. 2003. Infl uence of slack caustic treatment on structure and properties of natural bamboo fibres [dissertation]. Suzhou University.
128. Xu W, Tang R. 2006. Extracting natural bamboo fibres from crude bamboo fibres by caustic treatment. Biomass Chem Eng 40:1-5.
129. Xu X. 2004. Study on degumming & refining processes and related technology of bamboo bunch fibre [dissertation]. Donghua University
130. Yadav S, Yadav PK, Yadav D, Yadav KDS. 2009. Pectin lyase: a review. Process Biochem 44:1-10.
131. Yan T, Fu J, Yu C. 2009. Research on laccase degumming of kenaf fibre. Proc Fibre Soc 2009 Spring Conference I:334-337.
132. Yang S. 2003. Process for extracting bamboo fibre by physical method. CN01108748.X.
133. Yang Y. 2005. The status Quo and strategy of hemp bast degumming. Shandong Text Technol 1:51-54.
134. Yang Z, Jiang J, Zhu L, Shi L. 2007. Study on making craft of natural bamboo textile fibre. J Beijing I Clothing Technol 27:13-17.
135. Yu H, Yu C. 2007. Study on microbe retting of kenaf fibre. Enzyme Microb Tech 40:1806-1809. (Pubitemid 46635805)
136. Yu H, Yu C. 2010. Influence of various retting methods on properties of kenaf fibre. J Textile I 101:452-456.
137. Winandy JE, Rowell RM. 2005. The chemistry of wood strength. wood chemistry and wood composites. Roger M. Rowell (ed) Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 303-347.
138. Zhang J. 2009. Structure and properties of China hemp fibre. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
139. Zhang L, Yu J, Liu L, Chen L. 2008. Study on the enzymatic refining of natural bamboo fibres. Prog Text Sci & Technol 6: 70-72.
140. Zhang L, Yu J, Liu L, Chen L. 2009. Effect of xylanase an laccase on the refining of natural bamboo fibres. J Donghua Univ (Nat Sci) 35:309-313.
141. Zhang Q. 2001. Paying attention to the exploitation and utilization of bamboo. J Bamboo Res 20:34-35,43.
142. Zhang S, Yu W. 2005. Research and development situation of bamboo fibre and its products. Cotton Text Technol 33: 645-648.
143. Zhang X, Yu H, Huang H, Liu Y. 2007. Evaluation of biological pretreatment with white rot fungi for the enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo culms. Int Biodeter Biodegr 60:159-164. (Pubitemid 47446240)
144. Zhang W. 2004. The Study on process of fineness of bamboo fibre [Dissertation]. Donghua University
145. Zhang YX, Wang ZY. 2002. Enzymes for bio-degumming/retting and bio-pulping EJ3. China's Fibre Crop 24:14-17.
146. Zheng L, Du Y, Zhang J. 2000. Biobleaching effect of xylanase preparation from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. on ramie fibers. Biotechnol Lett 22:1363-1367.
147. Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Luo ZW. 1988. Optimizing the complex formulation of boiling-off liquor for ramie chemical degumming. Text Res J 663-666.
148. Zimniewska M, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Mankowski J. 2011. Cellulosic Bast fibres, their structure and properties suitable for composite applications. In: Kalia S et al. (eds) Cellulose fibres: bio-and nano-polymer composites. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer- Verlag. pp. 97-119. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7-4, #.
149. Zheng L, Du Y, Zhang J. 2001. Degumming of ramie fibres by alkalophilic bacteria and their polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Bioresource Technol 78:89-94. (Pubitemid 32101523)
150. Zhu Z, Cai L, Qi D. 2010. Application of novozymes 301L com- pound enzyme in the degumming of bamboo fibres. J Zhongyuan Univof Technol 21:46-48, 57.