Social embeddedness, entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth in ethnic minority small businesses in the UK

International Small Business Journal

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-23

  Wang, Catherine L ^a   Altinay, Levent ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chinese and Turkish ethnic minority small businesses; entrepreneurial orientation; ethnic entrepreneurship; firm growth; social embeddedness

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863043225     PISSN: 02662426     EISSN: 17412870     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0266242610366060     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Aldrich HEFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College; 1987:.
2. Aldrich HE,Cliff JE.The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective.Journal of Business Venturing. 2003;18:573-596.
3. Aldrich HE,Waldinger R.Ethnicity and entrepreneurship.Annual Review of Sociology. 1990;16:111-135.
4. Aldrich HE,Zimmer CThe Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Sexton DSmilor R, ed. New York: Ballinger; 1986:3-23.
5. Aldrich H,Jones TP,McEvoy DEthnic Advantage and Minority Business: Strategies for Economic Survival. Ward RJenkins E, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984:189-210.
6. Baines S,Wheelock J.Reinventing traditional solutions: Job creation, gender and the micro-business household.Work, Employment and Society. 1998;12 (4): 579-601.
7. Baines S,Wheelock J,Abrams ASmall Firms: Entrepreneurship in the Nineties. Deakins DJennings CMason C, ed. London: Paul Chapman; 1997:47-60.
8. Baldwin J,Chandler W,Le C,Papailiadis T.Strategies for success: A profile of growing small and medium-sized enterprises, Statistics Canada. 1994;:.
9. Ballard RDesh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain. Ballard R, ed. London: Hurst and Co; 1994:.
10. Barkham R,Gudgin G,Hart M,Hanvey EThe Determinants of Small Firm Growth: An Inter-Regional Study in the UK, 1986-90. London: Jessica Kingsley; 1996:.
11. Basu A.Entrepreneurial aspirations among family business owners: An analysis of ethnic business owners in the UK.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. 2004;10 (1/2): 12-33.
12. Basu A,Altinay E.The interaction between culture and entrepreneurship in London's immigrant businesses.International Small Business Journal. 2002;20 (4): 371-393.
13. Basu A,Goswami A.Determinants of South Asian entrepreneurial growth in Britain: A multivariate analysis.Small Business Economics. 1999;13 (1): 57-70.
14. Birley S,Westhead P.Growth and performance contrasts between types of small firms.Strategic Management Journal. 1990;11 (7): 535-557.
15. Bonacich E,Modell JThe Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese-American Community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1980:.
16. Burt RBrokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004:.
17. Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Final Report. London: UK Government Cabinet Office Strategy Unit; 2003:.
18. Carsrud AL,Johnson RW.Entrepreneurship: A social psychological perspective.Entrepreneurship Regional Development. 1989;1:21-31.
19. Casson M,Della Giusta M.Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective.International Small Business Journal. 2007;25 (3): 220-242.
20. Cobas JA,DeOllos I.Family ties, co-ethnic groups, and ethnic entrepreneurship.Sociological Perspectives. 1989;32 (3): 403-411.
21. Covin JG,Slevin DPFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Ronstadt RHornaday JAPeterson RVesper KH, ed. Wellesley, MA: Babson College; 1986:628-639.
22. Covin JG,Slevin DP.Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments.Strategic Management Journal. 1989;10 (1): 75-87.
23. Crick D,Chaudhry S,Batstone S.An investigation into the overseas expansion of small Asian-owned UK firms.Small Business Economics. 2001;16:75-94.
24. Dacin MT,Ventresca MJ,Beal BD.The embeddedness of organizations: Dialogue and directions.Journal of Management. 1999;25 (3): 317-353.
25. Davidsson P,Honig B.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs.Journal of Business Venturing. 2003;18 (3): 301-331.
26. Deakins D,Ishaq M,Smallbone D,Whittam G,Wyper J.Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital.International Small Business Journal. 2007;25 (3): 307-326.
27. Deakins D,Ram M,Smallbone D.Addressing the business support needs of ethnic minority firms in the UK.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. 2003;21 (6): 791-942.
28. Drori I,Lerner M.The dynamics of limited breaking out: The case of the Arab manufacturing businesses in Israel.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 2002;14:135-154.
29. Dyer WG.Examining the family effect on firm performance.Family Business Review. 2006;XIX (4): 253-273.
30. Faccio M,Lang LPH,Young L.Dividends and expropriation.American Economic Review. 2001;91:54-78.
31. Fadahunsi A,Smallbone D,Supri S.Networking and ethnic minority enterprise development: Insights from a north London study.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 2000;7 (3): 228-240.
32. Flap H,Kumcu A,Bulder BImmigrant Businesses: The Economic, Political and Social Environment. Rath J, ed. London: Macmillan Press; 2002:.
33. Fraser S.Is there ethnic discrimination in the UK market for small business credit?.International Small Business Journal. 2009;27 (5): 583-605.
34. Frese M,Brantjes A,Hoorn R.Psychological success factors of small scale businesses in Namibia: The role of strategy process, entrepreneurial orientation, and the environment.Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. 2002;7 (3): 259-282.
35. Glazer N,Moynihan DPBeyond the Melting Pot. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1963:.
36. Granovetter M.Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology. 1985;91:481-510.
37. Hamel GLeading the Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2000:.
38. Hurt HT,Joseph K,Cook CD.Scales for the measurement of innovativeness.Human Communication Research. 1977;4 (1): 58-65.
39. Jack SL,Anderson AR.The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process.Journal of Business Venturing. 2002;17:467-487.
40. Jones T,Barrett G,McEvoy D,Rath JImmigrant Businesses: The Economic, Political and Social Environment. Rath J, ed. London: Macmillan; 2000:.
41. Jones T,McEvoy D,Barret GSmall Business Initiative: Ethnic Minority Business Component. Swindon: ESRC; 1992:.
42. Kalantaridis C.SME strategy, embededness and performance in East Cleveland, North East England.International Small Business Journal. 2009;27 (4): 496-521.
43. Karlsson C,Dahlberg R.Entrepreneurship, firm growth and regional development in the new economic geography: Introduction.Small Business Economies. 2003;21:73-76.
44. Family Business Review. Kellermanns FWEddleston KABarnett TPearson A, ed. 2008:1-14.
45. Kenney M,Goe WR.The role of social embeddedness in professional entrepreneurship: A comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford.Research Policy. 2004;33:691-707.
46. Kirca AH,Jayachandran S,Bearden W O.Market orientation: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and impact on performance.Journal of Marketing. 2005;69 (2): 24-41.
47. Kloosterman R,Rath J.Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2001;27:189-201.
48. Kripper G,Granovetter M,Block F, et al.Polanyi symposium: A conversation on embeddedness.Socio-Economic Review. 2004;2:109-135.
49. Levie J.Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom.Small Business Economics. 2007;28 (2-3): 143-169.
50. Light IEthnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese and Blacks. Berkeley, CA: University of California; 1972:.
51. Light ISelf-help in Urban America: Patterns of Minority Business Enterprise. Light I, ed. Port Washington: Kennikat Press; 1980:.
52. Light I,Gold SEthnic Economies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2000:.
53. Light I,Karageorgis SThe Handbook of Economic Sociology. Smelser NJSwedberg R, ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1994:647-669.
54. Lumpkin GT,Dess GG.Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance.Academy of Management Review. 1996;21 (1): 135-172.
55. Lyon DW,Lumpkin GT,Dess GG.Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation research: Operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision making process.Journal of Management. 2000;26 (5): 1055-1085.
56. Marlow S.The Take-up of business growth training schemes by ethnic minority-owned: Small firms in Britain.International Small Business Journal. 1992;10:34-46.
57. Mars G,Ward REthnic Communities in Business: Strategies for Economic Survival. Ward RJenkins E, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984:1-19.
58. McEvoy D,Jones TP,Cater J,Aldrich H.Asian immigrant businesses in British cities. Paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting; 1982; 1982.
59. Metcalf H,Modood T,Virdee SAsian Self-Employment: The Interaction of Culture and Economics in England. London: Policy Studies Institute; 1996:.
60. Miller D.The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms.Management Science. 1983;29:770-791.
61. Miller D,Friesen PH.Archetypes of strategy formation.Management Science. 1978;24:921-933.
62. Modood TEthnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage. Modood TBerthoud RLakey J, ed. London: Policy Studies Institute; 1997:.
63. Moreno AM,Casillas JC.Entrepreneurial orientation and growth of SMEs: A causal model.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2008;32 (3): 507-528.
64. Morris MH,Miyasaki NN,Watters GE,Coombes SM.The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs.Journal of Small Business Management. 2006;44 (2): 221-244.
65. Mulholland K.The family enterprise and business strategies.Work, Employment and Society. 1997;11 (4): 685-711.
66. Naldi L,Nordqvist M,Sjöberg K,Wiklund J.Entrepreneurial orientation risk taking, and performance in family firms.Family Business Review. 2007;20 (1): 33-47.
67. Naman JL,Slevin DP.Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests.Strategic Management Journal. 1993;14 (2): 137-154.
68. Perrow CComplex Organizations. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, and Company; 1972:.
69. Podsakoff PM,MacKenzie SB,Lee J,Podsakoff N.Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2003;88:879-903.
70. Podsakoff PM,Organ DW.Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.Journal of Management. 1986;12 (4): 531-544.
71. Polanyi KPrimitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi. Dalton G, ed. Boston, MA: Beacon; 1957 1968:139-174.
72. RafiqM (1988) Asian businesses in Bradford, West Yorkshire: A study of ethnic entrepreneurship in retailing, manufacturing and the service industries. Unpublished PhD, University of Bradford.
73. Ram MManaging to Survival: Working Lives in Small Firms. Oxford: Blackwell; 1994:.
74. Ram M.Ethnic minority enterprise: An overview and research agenda.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 1997;3 (3): 149-156.
75. Ram M,Jones TEthnic Minorities in Business. London: Small Business Research Trust, Open University; 1998:.
76. Rath J,Kloosterman R.Outsiders business: A critical review of research on immigrant entrepreneurship.The International Migration Review. 2000;34 (3): 657-681.
77. Rauch A,Wiklund J,Frese M,Lumpkin T.GFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Bygrave WDBrush CGDavidsson MLP, ed. Wellesley, MS: Babson College; 2004:.
78. Reuber RA,Fischer E.Foreign sales and small firm growth: The moderating role of the management team.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2002;27 (1): 29-45.
79. Rue LW,Ibrahim NA.The relationship between planning sophistication and performance in small businesses.Journal of Small Business Management. 1998;36 (4): 24-32.
80. Rusinovic K.Moving between markets? Immigrant entrepreneurs in different markets.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 2008;14 (6): 440-454.
81. Simpson M,Padmore J,Taylor N,Frecknall-Hughes J.Marketing in small and medium sized enterprises.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 2006;12 (6): 361-387.
82. Uzzi B.Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1997;42 (1): 35-68.
83. Van den Tillaart HJM,Poutsma EEen Factor van Betekenis. Zelfstandig Ondernemerschap van Allochtonen in Nederland. Nijmegen: Institute for Applied Social Sciences; 1998:.
84. Van Tubergen F.Self-employment of immigrants: A cross-national study of 17 western societies.Social Forces. 2005;84 (2): 709-732.
85. Venkatraman N.Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct, dimensionality, and measurement.Management Science. 1989;35:942-962.
86. Virdee S.Race, employment and social change: A critique of current orthodoxies.Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2006;29 (4): 605-628.
87. Waldinger RDThrough the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York's Garment Trades. New York: New York University Press; 1986:.
88. Waldinger RDStill the Promised City? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1996:.
89. Waldinger RD,Aldrich H,Ward REthnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 1990:.
90. Wang CL.Entrepreneurial orientation, learning orientation, and firm performance.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2008;32 (4): 635-656.
91. Ward R.Ethnic business and economic change: An overview.International Small Business Journal. 1986;4 (3): 10-56.
92. Werbner P.Renewing an industrial past: British Pakistani entrepreneurship in Manchester.Migration. 1990;8:7-41.
93. Whittington R.Putting Giddens into action: Social systems and management agency.Journal of Management Studies. 1992;29 (6): 693-713.
94. Wiklund JFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Reynolds PDBygrave WDCarter NM, ed. Wellesley, MA: Babson College; 1998:.
95. Wiklund J.The sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 1999;24 (1): 37-48.
96. Wiklund J,Shepherd D.Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configuration approach.Journal of Business Venturing. 2005;20:71-91.
97. Wilson K,Portes A.Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami.American Journal of Sociology. 1980;86:295-319.
98. Zahra S,Covin J.Contextual influence on the corporate entrepreneurship - performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Business Venturing. 1995;10:43-58.
99. Zhou M.Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: Convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements.The International Migration Review. 2004;38 (3): 1040-1074.
100. Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy. Zukin SDiMaggio P, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990:1-36.