Early to Middle Pleistocene Homo dispersals from Africa to Eurasia: Geological, climatic and environmental constraints

Quaternary International

Volumn 267, Issue , 2012, Pages 3-19

  Abbate, Ernesto ^a   Sagri, Mario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; DISPERSAL; HOMINID; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEONTOLOGY; PLEISTOCENE; POPULATION MIGRATION;

ARABIAN PENINSULA; BAB EL MANDEB; EAST AFRICAN RIFT;

EID: 84862902957     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.043     Document Type: Article

References (208)

1. Abbate E., Albianelli A., Azzaroli A., Benvenuti M., Tesfamariam Berhane, Bruni P., Cipriani N., Clarke R.J., Ficcarelli G., Macchiarelli R., Napoleone G., Papini M., Rook L., Sagri M., Tewelde Medhin Tecle, Torre D., Villa I. A one-million-year-old Homo cranium from the Danakil (Afar) Depression in Eritrea. Nature 1998, 393:458-460.
2. Abbate E., Beraky W., Bruni P., Falorni M., Papini M., Sagri M., Simret G., Tewolde M.T. Geology of the Homo-bearing Pleistocene Dandiero basin (Buia region, Eritrean Danakil depression). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 2004, 110(Supplement):5-34.
3. Abbate E., Albianelli A., Awad Amel, Billi P., Bruni P., Delfino M., Ferretti M.P., Filippi O., Gallai G., Ghinassi M., Lauritzen S.-E., Lo Vetro D., Martínez-Navarro B., Martini F., Napoleone G., Bedri Omar, Papini M., Rook L., Sagri M. Pleistocene environments and human presence in the middle Atbara valley (Khashm el Girba, eastern Sudan). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 292:12-34.
4. Alimen H. Les " Isthmes" hispano-marocain et Siculo-Tunisien au temps Acheuléens. L'Anthropologie 1975, 79:399-436.
5. Amirkhanov H. Research on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of Hadramaut and Mahra. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 1994, 5:217-228.
6. An Z.S., Ho C.K. New magnetostratigraphic dates of Lantian Homo erectus. Quaternary Research 1989, 32:213-221.
7. Antoine P., Limondin-Lozouet N. Identification of MIS 11 Interglacial tufa deposit in the Somme valley (France): new results from the Saint-Acheul fluvial sequence. Quaternaire 2004, 15:41-52.
8. Anton D. Aspects of geomorphological evolution; paleosols and dunes in Saudi Arabia. Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia 1984, vol. 2:275-296. Springer Verlag, Vienna. A. Roaf Jado, J.G. Zotl (Eds.).
9. Ariai A., Thibault C. Nouvelles precisions à propos de l'outillage paléolithique ancient sur galets du Khorassan (Iran). Paléorient 1975, 3:101-108.
10. Arkell A.J. The Old Stone Age in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1949, Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers, Khartoum, 52 pp.
11. Arribas A., Palmqvist P. On the ecological connections between sabre-tooths and homininids: faunal dispersal events in the Lower Pleistocene and a review of the evidence for the first human arrival in Europe. Journal of Archeological Science 1999, 26:571-585.
12. Arzarello M., Marcolini F., Pavia G., Pavia M., Petronio C., Petrucci M., Rook L., Sardella R. Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy). Naturwissenschaften 2007, 94:107-112.
13. Asfaw B., Beyene Y., Suwa G., Walker R.C., White T.D., WoldeGabriel G., Yemane T. The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula. Nature 1992, 360:732-735.
14. Bailey G. The Red Sea, coastal landscape and Hominin dispersals. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 2009, 15-37. Springer, Berlin. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
15. Bailey G., Carrión J.S., Fa D.A., Finlayson C., Finlayson G., Vidal J.R. The coastal shelf of the Mediterranean and beyond: corridor and Refugium for the human populations in the Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Review 2008, 27:2095-2099.
16. Bar-Yosef O., Goren-Inbar N. The Lithic Assemblages of 'Ubeidiya: A Lower Palaeolithic Site in the Jordan Valley 1993, Monograph Institute Archaeology Qedem 34, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
17. Bar-Yosef O. The origin of modern humans. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land 1995, 111-123. Leicester University Press, Leicester. T.E. Levy (Ed.).
18. Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A. From Africa to Eurasia - early dispersals. Quaternary International 2001, 75:19-28.
19. Barkai R., Gopher A., Lauritzen S.E., Frumkin A. Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the lower Palaeolithic. Nature 2003, 423:977-979.
20. Bate D.M.A. The mammals from Singa and Abu Hugar. British Museum (Natural History) Fossil Mammals of Africa 1951, 2:1-28.
21. Bednarik R.G. An Acheulian figurine from Morocco. Rock Art Research 2001, 18:115-116.
22. Belmaker M., Tchernov E., Condemi S., Bar-Yosief O. New evidence for hominid presence in the lower Pleistocene of the southern Levant. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 43:43-56.
23. Berger A.L. Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. Journal Athmospheric Sciences 1978, 35:2362-2367.
24. Beyn A. The Bab Al Mandab vs. the Nile-Levant; an appraisal of the two dispersals routes for early modern humans out of Africa. African Archaeological Review 2006, 23:5-30.
25. Biberson, P., Coque, R., De Bono, F., 1970. Stratigraphie quaternaire et préhistoire. Découvert de industries pré-acheuléennes in situ dans les formations du piémont de la Montagne de Thèbes (Haute Egypt). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 285, 303-305.
26. Biglari F., Heydari S., Shidrang S. Ganj par: the first evidence for lower Paleolithic occupation in the southern Caspian basin, Iran. Antiquity 2004, 78(No. 302). (Project Gallery).
27. Bintanja R., van de Wal R.S.W., Oerlemans J. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. Nature 2005, 437:125-128.
28. Bischoff J.L., Williams R.W., Rosenbauer R.J., Aramburu A., Arsuaga J.L., García N., Bescós G.C. High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:763-770.
29. Blackwell B.A.B., Schwarcz H., Portat N., Howell F.C., Arsebuk G. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of Ursus teeth from Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey. Geological Society America 1990, 22A:120-121.
30. Blackwell B.A.B., Fevrier S., Blickstein J.I.B., Paddayya K., Petraglia M., Jhaldiyal R., Skinner A.R. ESR dating of an Acheulean quarry site at Isampur, India. Journal of Human Evolution 2001, 40(3):A3. (abstract).
31. Blackwell B.A.B., Liang S., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B., Skinner A.R., Blickstein J.I.B. ESR at Treugol'naya Cave, northern Caucasus Mt., Russia: dating Russia's oldest arechaelogical site and paleoclimatic change in oxygen isotope stage 11. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2005, 62:237-245.
32. Blanc P.L. The opening of the Plio-Quaternary Gibraltar Strait: assessing the size of a cataclysm. Geodinamica Acta 2002, 15:303-317.
33. Boccaletti M., Dainelli P. Il sistema regmatico neogenico -quaternario nell'area mediterranea: esempio di deformazione plastico-rigida post-collisionale. Memorie Società Geologica Italiana 1982, 24:465-482.
34. Bosinski G. Die ersten Menschen in Eurasien. Jahrbuch des. Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1992, 39:131-181.
35. Burke K., Wells G.L. Trans-African drainage system of the Sahara: was it the Nile?. Geology 1989, 17:743-747.
36. Burns S.J., Fleitmann D., Matter A., Neff U., Mangini A. Speleothem evidence from Oman for continental pluvial events during interglacial periods. Geology 2001, 29:623-626.
37. Calvert S.E., Nielsen B., Fontugne M.R. Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Nature 1992, 359:223-225.
38. Campbell M.C., Tishkoff S.A. African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 2008, 9:403-433.
39. Campillo A.C., Maldonado A., Mauffret A. Stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the western Alboran Sea: Late Miocene to recent. Geo-marine Letters 1992, 12:167-172.
40. Carbonell E., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Parés J.M., Pérez-González A., Cuenca-Bescós G., Ollé A., Mosquera M., Huguet R., van der Made J., Rosas A., Sala R., Vallverdú J., García N., Granger D.E., Martinón-Torres M., Rodríguez X.P., Stock G.M., Vergès J.M., Allué E., Burjachs F., Cánceres I., Canals A., Benito A., Díaz C., Lozano M., Mateos A., Navadzo M., Rodríguez J., Rosell J., Arsuaga J.L. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 2008, 452:465-470.
41. Carlson R.L. Excavations at Khor Abu Hanga and at sites in Nubia. Current Anthropology 1967, 8:352.
42. Catalano R., Di Stefano P., Sulli A., Vitale F.P. Paleogeography and structure of the central Mediterranean Sea: Sicily and its offshore area. Tectonophysics 1996, 260:291-323.
43. Coltorti M., Ferraud G., Marzoli A., Peretto C., Ton-Thate T., Voinchet P., Bahahin J.J., Minelli A., Thun Hohenstein U. New 40/Ar-39/Ar stratigraphic and paleoclimatic data on the Isernia La Pineta lower Paleolithic site, Molise, Italy. Quaternary International 2005, 131:11-22.
44. Corti G., Cuffaro M., Doglioni C., Innocenti F., Manetti P. Coexisting geodynamic processes in the Sicily Channel. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2006, 409:83-96.
45. Cremaschi M., Di Lernia S. Holocene climatic changes and cultural dynamics in the Lybian Sahara. African Archeological Review 1999, 16:211-238.
46. Dart C.J., Bosence D.W.J., Mac Clay K.R. Stratigraphy and structures of the Maltese graben system. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1993, 150:1153-1166.
47. Davies C.P. Holocene paleoclimates of southern Arabia from Lacustrine deposits of the Dhamar highland. Yemen. Quaternary Research 2006, 66:454-464.
48. Day M.H. Guide to Fossil Man 1986, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 448 p.
49. De Lumley H. La stratigraphie du remplissage de la grotte du Vallonnet. L'Anthropologie 1988, 92:407-428.
50. De Lumley H. L'homme Premier 1998, Editions Odile Jacob, 256 p.
51. deMenocal P.B. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 220:3-24.
52. deMenocal P.B., Bloemendal J. Plio-Pleistocene climatic variability in Subtropical Africa and the paleoenvironment of hominid evolution: a Combined data - Model approach. Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on the Human Origin 1995, 262-288. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA. E. Vrba, G. Denton, L. Burkle, T. Partridge (Eds.).
53. Deng C.L., Wei Q., Zhu R.X., Wang H.Q., Zhang R., Ao H., Chang L., Pan Y. Magnetostratigraphic age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site in the Nihewan Basin and implications for early human colonization of Northeast Asia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 244:336-348.
54. Dennell R. Dispersal and colonization, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa?. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45:421-440.
55. Dennell R.W. The colonization of " Savannastan": issues of Timing(s) and patterns of dispersal across Asia in the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Asian Palaeoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 2010, 7-30. Springer, Berlin. C.J. Norton, D.R. Brown (Eds.).
56. Dennell R., Roebroeks W. The earliest colonization of Europe: the short chronology revisited. Antiquity 1996, 70:535-542.
57. Dennell R.W., Roebroeks W. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 2005, 438:1099-1104.
58. Dennell R.W., Rendell H.M., Hailwood E. Late Pliocene artefacts from northern Pakistan. Current Anthropology 1988, 29:495-498.
59. Derricourt R. Getting " Out of Africa": sea crossings, land crossings and culture in the Hominin Migrations. Journal of World Prehistory 2005, 19:119-132.
60. Didon J. Accidents transverses et coulissages longitudinaux dextres dans la partie N de l'arc de Gibraltar (Cordilleres Betiques occidentales-Espagne). Bulletin. Societé Géologique de France 1973, 15:121-127.
61. Dowsett H.J., Thompson R., Barron J., Cronin T., Fleming F., Ishman S., Poore R., Willard D., Holtz T. Joint investigations of the Middle Pliocene climate I: PRISM palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Global and Planetary Change 1994, 9:169-195.
62. Drake N., Bristow C. Shorelines in the Sahara: geomorphological evidence for an enhanced monsoon from palaeolake Megachad. The Holocene 2006, 16:901-911.
63. Drake N.A., El-Hawat A.S., Turner P., Armitage S.J., Salem M.J., White K.H., McLaren S. Palaeohydrology of the Fazzan Basin and surrounding regions: the last 7 million years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 263:131-145.
64. Edgell H.S. Arabian Deserts. Nature, Origin and Evolution 2006, Springer, Dordrecht.
65. El Baz F., Robinson C.A., Mainguet M.M., Said M., Nabbih M., Himida L.H., El Etr H.A. Distribution and morphology of Palaeo-channels in southern Egypt and northwestern Sudan. Palaeoecology of Africa 2001, 27:239-258.
66. Eltringham S.K. The Hippos: Natural History and Conservation. Poyser Natural History 1999, Academic Press, London.
67. Fernandes C.A., Rohling E.J., Siddall M. Absence of post-Miocene Red Sea land bridges: biogeographic implications. Journal of Biogeography 2006, 33:961-966.
68. Fung Y.S., Hwang Y.P., Sheng C. Pebble semicircle structure from a Lower Paleolithic site in southern China. Eurasian Prehistory 2004, 2:3-12.
69. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Swisher C.C., Ferring R., Justus A., Nioradze M., Tvalchrelidze M., Anton S.C., Bosinski G., Jöris O., de Lumley M.A., Majsuradze G., Mouskhelishvili A. Earliest Pleistocene hominid Cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age. Science 2000, 288:1019-1025.
70. Garcia-Castellanos D., Estrada F., Jiménez-Munt I., Gorini C., Fernàndez M., Vergés J., De Vicente R. Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature 2009, 462:778-781.
71. Gass I.G., Mallick D.I.K., Cox K.G. Volcanic islands of the Red sea. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1973, 199:275-310.
72. Gibert J., Ribot F., Gibert L., Leakey M., Arribas A., Martinez B. Presence of the Cercopithecid genus Theropithecus in Cueva Victoria (Murcia, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 1995, 28:487-493.
73. Giermann G. Erläuterungen zur bathymetrischen Karte der Strasse von Gibraltar. Bull. Inst. Oceanographie (Monaco) 1961, 58. 28pp.
74. Glennie K.W., Singhvi A.K. Event stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and chronology of SE Arabian desert. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:853-869.
75. Gonheim E., Robinson C., El Baz F. Radar topography data reveal drainage relicts in the Eastern Sahara. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2007, 28:1759-1772.
76. Goren-Inbar N., Peltz S. Additional remarks on the Berekhat Ram figure. Rock Art Research 1995, 12:131-132.
77. Goren-Inbar N., Feibel C.S., Verosub K.L., Melamed Y., Kislev M.E., Tchernov E., Saragusti I. Pleistocene milestones on the out of Africa corridor at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 2000, 289:944-947.
78. Graziosi P. Arte rupestre del Sahara libico 1962, Vallecchi, Firenze.
79. Griffin D.L. The Late Neogene Sahabi rivers of the Sahara and their climatic and environmental implication for the Chad basin. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2006, 163:905-921.
80. Güleç E., Howell F.C., White T. Dursunlu-a new Lowert P leistocene artefact-bearing locality in southern Anatolia. Hominid Evolution: Life Styles and Survival Strategies 1999, 349-364. Edition Archea, Berlin. H. Ulrich (Ed.).
81. Haq B.U., Hardenbol J., Vail P.R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 1987, 235:1156-1166.
82. Head M.J., Gibbard P.L. Early-Middle Pleistocene transitions: an overview and recommendations for the defining boundary. Geological Society of London 2005, Vol. 247:1-18. Special Publications. M.J. Head, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
83. Horwitz L.K., Chazan M., Lister A., Monchot H., Porat N. The late lower Paleolithic site of Holon, Israel: subsistence, technology, and chronology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2007, 25:436-447.
84. Hsu K.J., Cita M.B., Ryan W.B.F. The Origin of the Mediterranean Evaporites. Initial Reports Deep-Sea Drilling Projects 1973, vol. 13. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1203-1231.
85. Hughes J.K., Elton S., O'Reagan H.J. Theropithecus and " Out of Africa" dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 54:43-77.
86. Imbrie J., Imbrie K.P. Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery 1979, Enslow Publishers, Short Hills, N.J., USA.
87. Kingston J.D. Shifting adaptive landscapes: progress and challenges in reconstructing early hominid environments. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 2007, 50:20-58.
88. Kroon D., Alexander I., Little M., Lourenz L.J., Matthewson A., Robertson A.H.F., Sakamoto T. Oxygen isotope and sapropel stratigraphy in the Eastern Mediterranean during the last 3.2 million years. Scientific Results 1998, vol. 160:181-189. A.H.F. Robertson, K.C. Emeis, C. Richter, A. Camerlenghi (Eds.).
89. Lacaille A.D. The stone industry of Singa-Abu Hugar. British Museum (Natural History) Fossil Mammals of Africa 1951, 2:43-50.
90. Lahr M.M. Saharan corridors and their role in the evolutionary geography of " out of Africa I" . Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 2010, 27-46. Springer, Berlin. J.G. Fleagle, J.J. Shea, F.E. Greene, A.L. Baden, R.E. Leakey (Eds.).
91. Lamb H.H. Climate, History and the Modern World 1995, Routledge, London.
92. Lambeck K., Esat T.M., Potter E.K. Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years. Nature 2002, 419:199-206.
93. 39Ar ages for Bapang formation hominins, central Jawa, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 2001, 98:4866-4871.
94. Larrasoaña J.C., Roberts A., Rohling P., Winklhofer M., Wehausen R. Three million years of monsoon variability over the northern Sahara. Climate Dynamics 2003, 21:689-698.
95. Laughton A.S. A new bathymetric chart of the Red Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1970, 267:21-22.
96. Leblanc M., Favreau G., Maley J., Nazoumou Y., Leduc C., Stagnitti F., van Oevelen P.J., Delclaux F., Lemoalle J. Reconstruction of megalake Chad using Shuttle radar Topographic Mission data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 239:16-27.
97. Li T.Y., Etler D.A. New middle Pleistocene hominid crania from Yunxian in China. Nature 1992, 375:404-407.
98. Li T.Y., Chen Z., Yu S. Lingfengdong - the first lower Paleolithic site found in Fujiang Province. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2001, 20:248-255.
99. Liu W., Zhang Y.Y., Wu X.Z. A middle Pleistocene human cranium from Tangshan, Nanjing, of Southeast China: a comparison with Homo erectus from Eurasia and Africa based on new reconstruction. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2005, 127:253-262.
100. Loget N., Van Den Driessche J. On the origin of the strait of Gibraltar. Sedimentary Geology 2006, 188-189:341-356.
101. López Bayón I. La faune et les homes au Paléolithique moyen de Karain (quelques notes preliminaries). Anatolian Prehistory: At the Crossroads of Two Worlds 1988, vol. 2:479-487. Université de Liége, Liége. M. Otte (Ed.).
102. Mallick D.I.K., Gass I.G., Cox K.G., De Vries B.V.W., Tindle A.G. Perim Island, a volcanic remnant in the southern entrance to the Red Sea. Geological Magazine 1990, 127:309-318.
103. Mania D. The Zonal Division of the lower Paleolithic open-Air site Bilzingsleben. Anthropologie 1991, 29:17-24.
104. Manighetti I., Tapponnier P., Courtillot V., Gruszow S., Gillot P.-Y. Propagation of rifting along the Arabia-Somalia plate boundary: the Gulfs of Aden and Tadjoura. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:2681-2710.
105. Marani M., Argnani A., Roveri M., Trincardi F. Sediment drifts and erosional surfaces in the central Mediterranean: seismic evidence and bottom-current activity. Sedimentary Geology 1993, 82:207-220.
106. Marks A.E. The Paleolithic of Arabia in an Inter-regional context. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics 2009, 295-308. Springer. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
107. Marra A.C. Pleistocene mammals of Mediterranean islands. Quaternary International 2005, 129:5-14.
108. Marra A.C. Did the first settlers of Sicily ever meet the endemic faunas?. Human Evolution 2007, 22:97-113.
109. Martínez-Navarro B.M. Revision sistematica de la fauna de micromammiferos del yacimiento de la Venta Micena (Orce, Granada, Espana). Proyecto Orce- Cueva Victoria, (1988-1992): Presencia humana en el Pleistoceno Inferior de Granada y Murcia 1992, 21-85. Ayuntamiento de Orce, Granada. J. Gibert (Ed.).
110. Martinet G., Searight S. Le Maghreb préhistorique et la navigation. Bulletin de la Société d'Etudes et de Recherches Préhistoriques des Eyzies 1994, 43:85-111.
111. Martínez-Navarro B., Palmqvist P. Presence of the African Machairodont Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) in the lower Pleistocene site of Venta Micena (Orce, Granada, Spain), with some considerations on the origin, evolution and dispersal of the the genus. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:569-582.
112. Martínez-Navarro B., Bellmacher M., Bar-Yosef O. The large carnivores from 'Ubeydiya' (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications. Journal of Human Evolution 2009, 56:514-524.
113. Martini F., Libsekal Y., Filippi O., Ghebréher A., Kashai H., Kiros A., Martino G., Okubatsion D., Segid A., Solomon T., Teka Z., Yosief D., Yamane S. Characterization of lithic complexes from Buia (Dandiero basin, Danakil depression, Eritrea). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 2004, 110(Supplement):99-132.
114. Maslin M.A., Christensen B. Tectonics, orbital forcing, global climate change, and human evolution in Africa: introduction to the African paleoclimate special volume. Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 53:443-464.
115. Matthews M.D., Perlmutter M.A. Global cyclostratigraphy: an application to the Eocene Green River basin. Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences 1994, vol. 19:459-481. Special Publication International Association of Sedimentologists. P.L. De Boer, D.G. Smith (Eds.).
116. Synthesis. The Archaeology of Fazzan 2003, Vol. 1. The Society of Lybian Studies, Tripoli. D.J. Mattingly (Ed.).
117. Mazza P.P.A., Martini F., Sala B., Magi M., Colombini M.P., Giachi G., Landucci F., Lemorini C., Modugno F., Ribecchini E. A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archeological Science 2006, 33:1310-1318.
118. McBurney C.B.M. The Stone Age of Northern Africa 1960, William Clowes and Sons, London.
119. McDermott F., Stringer C., Grün R., Williams C.T., Din V.K., Hawkesworth C.J. New Late-Pleistocene uranium-thorium and ESR dates for the Singa hominid (Sudan). Journal of Human Evolution 1996, 31:507-516.
120. McHugh W., Breed C.S., Schaber G.G., McCauley J.F., Szabod B.J. Acheulian sites along the " Radar rivers" , southern Egyptian Sahara. Journal of Field Archeology 1988, 15:361-379.
121. Mellars P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 2006, 313:796-800.
122. Mercier N., Valladas H., Froget L., Joron J., Vermeersch P.M., Van Peer P., Moeyersons J. Thermoluminescence dating of a middle Palaeolithic occupation at Sodmein Cave, Red Sea mountains (Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:1339-1345.
123. Mithen S., Reed M. Stepping out: a computer simulation of hominid dispersal from Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 43:433-581.
124. Mix A.C., Ruddiman W.F. Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene ice volumes. Quaternary Research 1984, 21:1-20.
125. Monod T. Trois gisements de galets amenagéé dans l'Adrar de Mauritanie. Provence Historique 1976, 99:87-97.
126. Moorwood M.J., Jungers W.L. Conclusions: implications of the Liang Bua excavations for hominin evolution and biogeography. Journal of Human Evolution 2009, 57:640-648.
127. Moorwood M.J., O'Sullivan P.B., Aziz F., Raza A. Fission-track ages of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores. Nature 1998, 392:173-176.
128. Mottura, A., Giraudi, C., Sala, B., Siori, M.S., Bormioli, D., 2004. Lithic artefacts from the Castagnone alluvial succession (northern Monferrato hills, Piedmont, NW Italy). New evidences about the early Pleistocene human dispersal in Europe. In. 32nd IGC Florence 2004 Abstracts, 1: 265.
129. Moyer C.C., 2003. The Organisation of Lithic Technology in the Middle and early Upper Palaeolithic Industries at the Haua Fteah, Libya. PhD Dissertation, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 284 p.
130. Muttoni G., Scardia G., Kent D.V., Swisher C.C., Manzi G. Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 286:255-268.
131. Understanding Climate's Influence on Human Evolution 2010, National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
132. özkul, M., Engin, B., Alçiçek, M.C., Koralay, T., Demirtasli, H., 2004. Thermoluminescence dating of Quaternary hot spring travertines and some implications on graben evolution, Denizli, western Turkey. In. Abstract 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, 1474.
133. Olivieri A., Achilli A., Pala M., Battaglia V., Fornarino S., Al-Zahery N., Scozzari R., Cruciani F., Behar D.M., Dugoujon J.-M., Coudray C., Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S., Semino O., Bandelt H.-J., Torroni A. The mtDNA Legacy of the Levantine early upper Palaeolithic in Africa. Science 2006, 314:1767-1770.
134. Oppenheimer S. The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: africa to Australia. Quaternary International 2009, 202:2-13.
135. OReagan H.J. The Iberian Peninsula-corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:2136-2144.
136. Pachur H.J., Kröpelin S. Wadi Howar: paleoclimatic evidence from an extinct river system in the Southern Sahara. Science 1987, 237:298-300.
137. Pachur H.J., Rottinger F. Evidence for a large extended palaeolake in the Eastern Sahara as revealed by space-borne radar lab images. Remote Sensing Environment 1997, 61:437-440.
138. Parfitt S.A., Ashton N.M., Lewis S.G., Abel R.L., Coope G.R., Field M.H., Gale R., Hoare P.G., Larkin N.R., Lewis M.D., Karloukovski V., Maher B.A., Peglar S.M., Preece R.C., Whittaker J.E., Stringer C.B. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 2010, 466:229-233.
139. Parker A.G. Pleistocene climate change in Arabia: developing a framework for Hominin dispersal over the Last 350 ka. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics 2009, 39-49. Springer. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
140. Peretto C., Amore F.O., Antoniazzi A., Bahain J.J., Cattani L., Cavallini E., Esposito P., Falguéres C., Gagnepain J., Hedley I., Laurent M., Lebreton V., Longo L., Milliken S., Monegatti P., Ollé A., Pugliese N., Renault-Miskovshy J., Sozzi M., Ungaro S., Vannucci S., Vergas J.M., Vagner J.J., Yokoyama Y. L'industrie lithique de Ca' Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo: stratigraphie, matiere premiere, typologie, remontages et traces d'utilisation. L'Anthropologie 1998, 102:343-365.
141. Petit Maire N., Vrielynch B. Maps of the Mediterranean Environments during the Last Two Climatic Extremes 2004, CGMW, Paris.
142. Petraglia M.D. The lower Palaeolitic of the Arabian peninsula: occupations, adaptations, and dispersal. Journal of World Prehistory 2003, 17:131-179.
143. Petraglia M.D. Hominin responses to Pleistocene environmental change in Arabia and south Asia. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 2005, vol. 247:305-319. M.J. Head, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
144. Petraglia M.D., Alsharekh A. The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications for modern humans origins, behaviour and dispersals. Antiquity 2003, 77:671-684.
145. Petraglia M.D., Drake N., Alsharekh A. Acheulean landscapes and large Cutting tools assemblages in the Arabian peninsula. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 2009, 103-116. Springer, Berlin. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
146. Poulianos A.N. Pre-Sapiens Man in Greece. Current Anthropology 1981, 22:287-288.
147. Raghvan H., Rajaguru S.L., Misra V.N. Radiometric dating of a Quaternary dune section, Didwana, Rajasthan. Man and Envuronment 1989, 13:19-22.
148. Ranov V.A., Carbonell E., Rodriguez X.P. Kuldara: earliest human occupation in Central Asia in its Afro-Asian context. Current Anthropology 1995, 36:337-346.
149. Raymo M.E., Hodell D., Jansen E. Response of deep ocean circulation to initiation of Northern Emisphere glaciation (3-2 Ma). Paleoceanography 1992, 7:645-672.
150. Raynal J.P., Sbihi Alaoui F.Z., Geraads D., Magoga L., Mohi A. The earliest occupation of North-Africa: the Moroccan perspective. Quaternary International 2001, 75:65-75.
151. Roberts M.B., Parfit S.A. Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex 1999, English Heritage, London.
152. Rohling E.J., Fenton M., Jorissen F.J., Bertrand P., Ganssen G., Caulet J.P. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 1998, 394:162-165.
153. Ron H., Levi S. When did hominids first leave Africa?: new high-resolution magnetostratigraphy fron the Erk-el-Ahmar formation, Israel. Geology 2001, 29:887-890.
154. Ron H., Porat N., Ronen A., Tchernov E., Horwitz L.K. Magnetostratigraphy of the Evron Member - implications for the age of the middle Acheulian site of Evron quarry. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 44:633-639.
155. Rowlett R.M. Fire Control by " Homo erectus" in east Africa and Asia. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2000, 19:198-208.
156. Sagri M., Bartolini C., Billi P., Ferrari G., Benvenuti M., Carnicelli S., Barbano F. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene river network evolution in the Ethiopian lakes region. Geomorphology 2008, 94:79-97.
157. Sahanouni M., Hadjouis D., van der Made J., Derradji A., Canals A., Medig M., Belahrech H., Harichane Z., Rabhi M. Further research at the Olduwan site of Ain Hanech, north-eastern Algeria. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 43:925-937.
158. Said Rushdi The River Nile Geology, Hydrology and Utilization 1993, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 320 p.
159. Salama R.B. The evolution of river Nile. The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan - I. Bahr El Arab Rift, the Sudd buried saline lake. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1987, 6:899-913.
160. Sanlaville P., Besancon J., Copeland L., Muhesen S. Le Paléolithique de la vallée moyenne de l'Oronte. BAR International Series 1993, 587.
161. Schäfer, D., Heinrich, W.D., Böhme, G., Steiner, W., 2004. Aspects of the geology, palaeontology, and archaeology of the travertine site of Weimar-Ehringsdorf (Thuringia, Central Europe). In. 18th International Senckenberg Conference, Weiamar, Abstract 2pp.
162. Schandelmeier H., Reynolds P.O. Palaeogeographic-palaeotectonic Atlas of the North- Eastern Africa, Arabia and Adjacent Areas. Late Neoproterozoic to Holocene 1997, Balkema, Rotterdam.
163. Schuster M., Duringer P., Ghienne J.F., Vignaud P., Hassan Mackaye H.T., Likius A., Brunet M. The age of the Sahara desert. Science 2006, 311:821.
164. Scott G.R., Gibert L. The oldest hand-axes in Europe. Nature 2009, 461:82-85.
165. Scott G.R., Gibert Ll, Gibert J. Magnetostratigraphy of the Orce region (Baza Basin), SE Spain: new chronologies for the Early Pleistocene faunas and hominid occupation sites. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:415-435.
166. Scrocca D., Doglioni C., Innocenti F., Manetti P., Mazzotti A., Bertelli L., Burbi L., D'Offizi S. CROP ATLAS Seismic reflection profiles of the Italian crust. Memorie Descrittive Carta Geologica D'Italia 2003, 62:193. and 71 tables.
167. Semaw S., Renne P., Harris J.W.K., Feibel C.S., Bernor R.L., Fesseha N., Mowbray K. 2.5-million-year old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 1997, 385:333-336.
168. Sestini J. Cenozoic stratigraphy and depositional history, Red Sea coast, Sudan. Bulletin of Association of American Petroleum Geologists 1965, 49:1453-1472.
169. Shackleton N.J. Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed. Nature 1967, 215:15-17.
170. Shackleton N.J. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region. Nature 1984, 307:620-623.
171. Shackleton N.J., Opdyke N.D. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of the equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope temperature and ice volumes on a 105 years scale and 106 years scale. Quaternary Research 1973, 3:39-55.
172. 10Be burial dating. Nature 2009, 458:198-200.
173. Smith T.M., Tafforeau P.T., Reid D.J., Grün R., Eggins S., Boutakiout M., Hublin J.-J. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings National Academy Science USA 2007, 104:6128-6133.
174. Straus L.G. Africa and Iberia in the Pleistocene. Quaternary International 2001, 75:91-102.
175. Swisher C.C., Curtis G.H., Jacob T., Getty A.G., Suprijo A., Widiasmoro Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science 1994, 263:1118-1121.
176. Templeton A.R. Out of Africa again and again. Nature 2002, 415:45-51.
177. Templeton A.R. Genetics and recent human evolution. Evolution 2007, 61:1507-1519.
178. Thomas H., Geraads D., Vaslet D., Memesh Abdallah, Billiou D., Bocherens H., Dobigny G., Eisenmann V., Gayet M., de Lapparent de Broin F., Petter G., Halawani Mohammed First Pleistocene faunas from the Arabian peninsula: an Nafud desert, Saudi Arabia. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 1998, 326:145-152.
179. Thouveny N., Bonifay E. New chronological data on European Plio-Pleistocene faunas and hominid occupation sites. Nature 1984, 308:355-358.
180. Tiercelin J.J. The Pliocene Hadar formation, Afar depression, Ethiopie. Geological Society London Special Publication 1986, vol. 25:253-265. L.E. Frostick, R.W. Renaut, I. Reid, J.J. Tiercelin (Eds.).
181. Trauth M.H., Maslin M.A., Deino A.L., Strecker M.R., Bergner A.G.N., Dühnforth M. High- and low-latitude forcing of Plio-Pleistocene East African climate and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 53:475-486.
182. Turner A. Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: late Pliocene dispersions from Africa. Antiquity 1999, 73:563-570.
183. Turner C.T., West R. Mixed signals from Hoxne. Antiquity 1994, 68:870-873.
184. Vail P.R., Hardenbol J. Sea level changes during the Tertiary. Oceanus 1979, 22:71-79.
185. Van Peer P., Fullagar R., Stokes S., Bailey R.M., Moeyersons J., Steenhoudt F., Geerts A., Vanderbecken T., De Dapper M., Geus F. The early to middle stone age transition and the Emergence of Mode human behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai island, Sudan. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45:187-193.
186. Villa P. Early Italy and the colonization of western Europe. Quaternary International 2001, 75:113-130.
187. Walter R.C., Buffler R.T., Bruggemann J.H., Guillaume M.M.M., Berhe S.M., Negassi B., Libsekal Y., Hai Cheng H.R., Edwards R.L., von Cosel R., Néraudeau D., Gagnon M. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial. Nature 2000, 405:65-69.
188. Wanpo H., Ciochon R., Yumin G., Larick R., Qiren F., Schwarcz H., Yonge M.C., de Vos J., Rink W. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature 1995, 378:275-278.
189. Wendorf F. The Prehistory of Nubia 1968, Dallas Southern Methodist University Press, 387 p.
190. Wendorf F., Schild R. Prehistory of Eastern Sahara 1980, Academic Press, New York.
191. Wendorf E., Schild R. The middle Palaeolithic of north Africa - A status report. New Light on the Northeast African Past 1992, 39-78. Cologne. E. Klees, R. Kuper (Eds.).
192. Whalen N.M., Pease D.W. Archaeological survey in southeastern Yemen. Paléorient 1992, 17:129-133.
193. Whalen N.M., Schatte K.E. Pleistocene sites in southern Yemen. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 1997, 8:1-10.
194. Whalen N., Killick A., James N., Morsi G., Kamal M. Saudi Arabian archaeological reconnaissance 1980: B. Preliminary report on the Western Province survey. Atlal 1981, 5:43-58.
195. Whalen N.M., Zoboroski M., Schubert K. The lower Palaeolithic in southwestern Oman. Adumatu 2002, 5:27-34.
196. Williams M.A.J., Williams F.M. Evolution of the Nile basin. The Sahara and the Nile 1980, 207-224. Balkema. M.A.J. Williams, H. Faure (Eds.).
197. Williams M.A.J., Adamson D., Prescott J.R., Williams F.M. New light on the age of the White Nile. Geology 2003, 31:1001-1004.
198. Woodward A.S. A fossil skull of an ancestral Bushman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Antiquity 1938, 12:190-195.
199. Wu X.Z., Poirier F.E. Human Evolution in China 1995, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
200. Wu X.Z., Liu W., Gao X., Yin G.M. Huanglong Cave, a new Late Pleistocene hominid site in Hubei Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 2006, 51:2493-2499.
201. Xiao J.L., Jin C., Zhu Y. Age of the fossil Dali Man in north-central China deduced from Chronostratigraphy of the Loess-Paleosol sequence. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:2191-2198.
202. Yamei H., Potts R., Baoyin Y., Zhengtang G., Deino A., Wei W., Clark J., Guangmao H., Weiwen H. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like stone technology of the Bose basin, south China. Science 2000, 287:1622-1626.
203. Yokoyama Y., Bibron R., Faugerès C. Datation absolute des planchers stalagmitiques de la grotte du Vallonnet à Roquebrun-Cap-Martin (Alpes-Maritimes, France) par la résonance de spin électronique (ESR). L'Anthropologie 1988, 92:429-436.
204. Zarins J., Whalen N., Ibrahim M., Jawad Mursi A.A., Khan M. Comprehensive archaeological survey program, preliminary report on the Central and Southwestern Provinces survey:1979. Atlal 1980, 4:9-36.
205. Zarins J., Rhabini A.A., Kamal M. 2- Preliminary report on the archaeological survey of the Riyadh area. Atlal 1982, 6:25-38.
206. Zhang Q., Zhu C., Jiang T., Becker S. Mid-Pleistocene environmental reconstruction based on Yiashu loess deposits in the Yangtze delta, China. Quaternary International 2005, 135:131-137.
207. Zhu R.X., Hoffman K.A., Potts R., Deng C.L., Pan Y.X., Guo B., Shi C.D., Guo Z.T., Yan B.Y., Hou Y.M., Huang W.W. Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia. Nature 2001, 413:413-414.
208. Zhu C., Zhang Y.Y., Ma C.M., Fang Y.S., Wu C.L. Paleomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility of the Quaternary sediments at the Heshangdnu Paleolithic site in Jintan, Jiangsu Province. Journal of Stratigraphy 2007, 31:35-44.