Trends of sexual and violent content by gender in top-grossing U.S. films, 1950-2006

Journal of Adolescent Health

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 73-79

  Bleakley, Amy ^a   Jamieson, Patrick E ^a   Romer, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Content analysis; Gender differences; Movies; Media; Sexual content; Violent content

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FILM; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SEXUALITY; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; MOTION PICTURES AS TOPIC; SEX FACTORS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL VALUES; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84862839624     PISSN: 1054139X     EISSN: 18791972     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.006     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Bleakley A, Hennessy M, Fishbein M, Jordan A. It works both ways: The relationship between exposure to sexual content in the media and adolescent sexual behavior. Media Psychol 2008;11:443-61.
2. Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Fishbein M, Jordan A. Estimating the longitudinal association between adolescent sexual behavior and exposure to sexual media content. J Sex Res 2009;46:586-96.
3. Brown JD, L'Engle KL, Pardun CJ, et al. Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics 2006;117:1018-27. (Pubitemid 46071492)
4. Collins RL. Sex on television and its impact on American youth: Background and results from the rand Television and adolescent sexuality study. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005;14:371-85. (Pubitemid 40790896)
5. Chandra A, Martino SC, Collins RL, et al. Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics 2008;122:1047-54.
6. Huesmann LR, Taylor LD. The role of media violence in violent behavior. Annu Rev Public Health 2006;27:393-415.
7. Strasburger VC, Jordan AB, Donnerstein E. Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2010;125:756-67.
8. Anderson CA, Berkowitz L, Donnerstein E, et al. The influence of media violence on youth. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2003;4:81-110.
9. Bushman B, Huesmann L. Effects of violent media on aggression. In: Singer D, Singer J, eds. Handbook of Children and the Media, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012:231-48.
10. Council on Communications and Media. From the American Academy of Pediatrics: Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics 2009;124:1495-503.
11. Smith S, Pieper K, Granados A, Choueiti M. Assessing gender-related portrayals in top-grossing G-rated films. Sex Roles 2010;62:774-86.
12. Collins R. Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? Sex Roles 2010;64:290-8.
13. Neuendorf K, Gore T, Dalessandro A, et al. Shaken and stirred: A content analysis of women's portrayals in James Bond films. Sex Roles 2009;62: 747-61.
14. American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Report of the APA Task Force on the sexualization of girls, 2010. Available at: http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full. pdf. Accessed September 20, 2011.
15. Gilpatric K. Violent female action characters in contemporary American cinema. Sex Roles 2010;62:734-46.
16. Sparks R. Masculinity and heroism in the Hollywood "blockbuster. " Br J Criminol 1996;36:348-60.
17. Motion Picture Association of America. Theatrical market statistics, 2010. Available at: http://www.mpaa.org/Resources/93bbeb16-0e4d-4b7eb085- 3f41c459f9ac.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2011.
18. Rideout V, Foehr U, Roberts D. Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8 to 18 Year Olds. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010.
19. Nielson. How teens use media: A Nielson report on the myths and realities of teen media trends. Available at: http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/ reports/nielsen-howteensusemedia-june09.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2011.
20. Walsh JL, Ward LM. Adolescent gender role portrayals in the media: 1950 to the present. In: Jamieson P, Romer D, eds. The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media Since 1950. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2008.
21. Peter J, Valkenburg P. Adolescents' exposure to a sexualized media environment and their notions of women as sex objects. Sex Roles 2007;56:381-95.
22. Bleakley A, Hennessy M, Fishbein M, Jordan A. Using the integrative model to explain how exposure to sexual media content influences adolescent sexual behavior. Health Educ Behav 2011;38:530-40.
23. Goodkind S, Wallace JM, Shook JJ, et al. Are girls really becoming more delinquent? Testing the gender convergence hypothesis by race and ethnicity, 1976-2005. Child Youth Serv Rev 2009;31:885-95.
24. Males M, Chesney-Lind M. The myth of mean girls. Cited April 1, 2010. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/02/opinion/02males.html. Accessed October 3, 2011.
25. Luke KP. Are girls really becoming more violent? A critical analysis. Affilia 2008;23:38-50.
26. Walker J, ed. Halliwell's film guide, 19th edition. New York, NY: HarperResource, 2004.
27. Leone R. Contemplating ratings: An examination of what the MPAA considers "too far for R" and why. J Commun 2002;52:938-54.
28. Yokota F, Thompson KM. Violence in G-rated animated films. JAMA 2000; 283:2716-20. (Pubitemid 30337337)
29. Cleveland WS. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J Am Stat Assoc 1979;74:829-36.
30. Howden LM, Meyer JA. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs, 2011. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2011.
31. Smith SL, Granados AD. Content patterns and effects surrounding sex-role stereotyping on television and film. In: Bryant J, Oliver MB, eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.
32. Gerbner G. Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Commun Soc 1998;l: 175-94.
33. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In: Bryant J, Zillmann D eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994.
34. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and changing behavior: A reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis, 2010.
35. Ward LM. Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research. Dev Rev 2003;23:347-88. (Pubitemid 36946117)
36. Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ. Media as a public health issue. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:445-6.
37. Strasburger VC. Why do adolescent health researchers ignore the impact of the media? J Adolesc Health 2009;44:203-5.
38. Brown JD, Bobkowski PS. Older and newer media: Patterns of use and effects on adolescents' health and well-being. J Res Adolesc 2011;21:95-113.