메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 938-954

Contemplating ratings: An examination of what the MPAA considers "Too far for R" and why

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

REGULATORY APPROACH;

EID: 0036962679     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/joc/52.4.938     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0001379102 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the effects of active parental mediation of television content
    • Austin, E. W. (1993). Exploring the effects of active parental mediation of television content. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media; 37, 147-158.
    • (1993) Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , vol.37 , pp. 147-158
    • Austin, E.W.1
  • 3
    • 0000563194 scopus 로고
    • Influences of models' reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses
    • Bandura, A. (1965). Influences of models' reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 585-595.
    • (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 585-595
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 5
    • 0001785679 scopus 로고
    • Social cognitive theory of mass communication
    • J. Bryant and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61-90). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research , pp. 61-90
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 7
    • 0018373623 scopus 로고
    • Heightened sexual arousal and physical aggression: An extension to females
    • Baron, R. A. (1979). Heightened sexual arousal and physical aggression: An extension to females. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 91-102.
    • (1979) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.13 , pp. 91-102
    • Baron, R.A.1
  • 9
    • 0000289616 scopus 로고
    • Mass media, sex and sexuality
    • V. C. Strasburger and G. A. Comstock (Eds.), Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus
    • Brown, J. D., Greenberg, B. S., & Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (1993). Mass media, sex and sexuality. In V. C. Strasburger & G. A. Comstock (Eds.), Adolescent medicine: State of the art reviews, 4 (pp. 511-525). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.
    • (1993) Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews , vol.4 , pp. 511-525
    • Brown, J.D.1    Greenberg, B.S.2    Buerkel-Rothfuss, N.L.3
  • 11
    • 84970188462 scopus 로고
    • The family and television: Forms of mediation
    • Bryce, J., & Leichter, H. J. (1983). The family and television: Forms of mediation. Journal of Family Issues, 4, 309-328.
    • (1983) Journal of Family Issues , vol.4 , pp. 309-328
    • Bryce, J.1    Leichter, H.J.2
  • 12
    • 0002285407 scopus 로고
    • Adolescents' and young adults' exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media
    • B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, and N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press
    • Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., Strouse, J. S., Pettey, G., & Shatzer, M. (1993). Adolescents' and young adults' exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 99-113). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
    • (1993) Media, Sex and the Adolescent , pp. 99-113
    • Buerkel-Rothfuss, N.L.1    Strouse, J.S.2    Pettey, G.3    Shatzer, M.4
  • 13
    • 85068064275 scopus 로고
    • Fright responses to mass media productions
    • J. Bryant and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Cantor, J. (1991). Fright responses to mass media productions. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 169-197). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1991) Responding to the Screen: Reception and Reaction Processes , pp. 169-197
    • Cantor, J.1
  • 14
    • 0008540594 scopus 로고
    • Fright responses to mass media
    • J. Bryant and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Cantor, J. (1994). Fright responses to mass media. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 213-245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research , pp. 213-245
    • Cantor, J.1
  • 15
    • 85059413666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ratings and advisories: Implications for the new ratings system for television
    • J. T. Hamilton (Ed.), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    • Cantor, J., Harrison, K., & Krcmar, M. (1998). Ratings and advisories: Implications for the new ratings system for television. In J. T. Hamilton (Ed.), Television violence and public policy (pp. 179-212). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • (1998) Television Violence and Public Policy , pp. 179-212
    • Cantor, J.1    Harrison, K.2    Krcmar, M.3
  • 16
    • 0020464262 scopus 로고
    • Adolescents' fright reactions to television and films
    • Cantor, J., & Reilly, S. (1982). Adolescents' fright reactions to television and films. Journal of Communication, 32(1), 87-99.
    • (1982) Journal of Communication , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-99
    • Cantor, J.1    Reilly, S.2
  • 21
    • 34047260359 scopus 로고
    • The third-person effect in communication
    • Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 1-15.
    • (1983) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.47 , pp. 1-15
    • Davison, W.P.1
  • 24
    • 0001219435 scopus 로고
    • Does media violence increase children's tolerance of real-life aggression?
    • Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1974). Does media violence increase children's tolerance of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology. 10, 418-421.
    • (1974) Developmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 418-421
    • Drabman, R.S.1    Thomas, M.H.2
  • 25
    • 0141461011 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press
    • Farber, S. (1972). The movie rating game. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press.
    • (1972) The Movie Rating Game
    • Farber, S.1
  • 27
    • 0000399877 scopus 로고
    • Adolescents' exposure to television and movie sex
    • B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, and N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press
    • Greenberg, B. S., Linsangan, R., Soderman, A., Heeter, C., Lin, C., Stanley, C., & Siemicki, M. (1993). Adolescents' exposure to television and movie sex. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 61-98). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
    • (1993) Media, Sex and the Adolescent , pp. 61-98
    • Greenberg, B.S.1    Linsangan, R.2    Soderman, A.3    Heeter, C.4    Lin, C.5    Stanley, C.6    Siemicki, M.7
  • 28
    • 0002051890 scopus 로고
    • Sex content in R-rated films viewed by adolescents
    • B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, and N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press
    • Greenberg, B. S., Siemicki, M., Dorfman, S., Heeter, C., Stanley, C., Soderman, A., & Linsangan, R. (1993). Sex content in R-rated films viewed by adolescents. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 45-58). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
    • (1993) Media, Sex and the Adolescent , pp. 45-58
    • Greenberg, B.S.1    Siemicki, M.2    Dorfman, S.3    Heeter, C.4    Stanley, C.5    Soderman, A.6    Linsangan, R.7
  • 29
    • 84985135595 scopus 로고
    • Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography
    • Gunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 27-28.
    • (1995) Journal of Communication , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-28
    • Gunther, A.C.1
  • 30
    • 0010844822 scopus 로고
    • The impact of sexually explicit media
    • J. Bryant and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Harris, R. J. (1994). The impact of sexually explicit media. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 247-272). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research , pp. 247-272
    • Harris, R.J.1
  • 31
    • 0006875892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [No pagination]. Retrieved January from the World Wide Web
    • Internet Movie Database [No pagination]. Retrieved January 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.imdb.com
    • (2001) Internet Movie Database
  • 34
    • 84986349342 scopus 로고
    • Physiological desensitization and judgments about female victims of violence
    • Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Adams, S. M. (1989). Physiological desensitization and judgments about female victims of violence. Human Communication Research. 15, 509-522.
    • (1989) Human Communication Research , vol.15 , pp. 509-522
    • Linz, D.1    Donnerstein, E.2    Adams, S.M.3
  • 35
    • 84985155808 scopus 로고
    • The effects of multiple exposures to filmed violence against women
    • Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1984). The effects of multiple exposures to filmed violence against women. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 130-147.
    • (1984) Journal of Communication , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 130-147
    • Linz, D.1    Donnerstein, E.2    Penrod, S.3
  • 36
    • 84933490477 scopus 로고
    • Sexual violence in the mass media: Legal solutions, warnings and mitigation through education
    • Linz, D., Wilson, B. J., & Donnerstein, E. (1992). Sexual violence in the mass media: Legal solutions, warnings and mitigation through education. Journal of Social Issues, 48, 145-171.
    • (1992) Journal of Social Issues , vol.48 , pp. 145-171
    • Linz, D.1    Wilson, B.J.2    Donnerstein, E.3
  • 37
    • 0040153967 scopus 로고
    • Pornography's impact on male adolescents
    • V. C. Strasburger and G. A. Comstock (Eds.), Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus
    • Malamuth, N. (1993). Pornography's impact on male adolescents. In V. C. Strasburger & G. A. Comstock (Eds.), Adolescent medicine: State of the art reviews, 4 (pp. 563-576). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.
    • (1993) Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews , vol.4 , pp. 563-576
    • Malamuth, N.1
  • 38
    • 0031515498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support for censorship of misogynic rap lyrics: An analysis of third-person effect
    • McLeod, D. M., Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Nathanson, A. I. (1997). Support for censorship of misogynic rap lyrics: An analysis of third-person effect. Communication Research, 24, 153-174.
    • (1997) Communication Research , vol.24 , pp. 153-174
    • McLeod, D.M.1    Eveland W.P., Jr.2    Nathanson, A.I.3
  • 40
    • 0141795878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motion Picture Association of America Research Department. [Slides 12, 281. Retrieved June 2001 from the World Wide Web
    • Motion Picture Association of America Research Department. (2001). MPAA 2000 U.S. Economic Review [Slides 12, 281. Retrieved June 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.mpaa.org/ useconomicreview/2000Economic/index.htm
    • (2001) MPAA 2000 U.S. Economic Review
  • 42
    • 0002651848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions and conceptions of political media impact: The third-person effect and beyond
    • A. N. Crigler (Ed.), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    • Perloff, R. M. (1996). Perceptions and conceptions of political media impact: The third-person effect and beyond. In A. N. Crigler (Ed.), The psychology of political communication (pp. 177-197). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • (1996) The Psychology of Political Communication , pp. 177-197
    • Perloff, R.M.1
  • 44
    • 0033456651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences
    • Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (1999). The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences. Communication Research, 26, 523-549.
    • (1999) Communication Research , vol.26 , pp. 523-549
    • Salwen, M.B.1    Dupagne, M.2
  • 46
    • 0002716248 scopus 로고
    • Emotional arousal in the facilitation of aggression through communication
    • L. Berkowitz (Ed.). New York: Academic Press
    • Tannenbaum, P. H., & Zillmann, D. (1975). Emotional arousal in the facilitation of aggression through communication. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 149-192). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1975) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 149-192
    • Tannenbaum, P.H.1    Zillmann, D.2
  • 48
    • 0141461009 scopus 로고
    • "Up" loses fight: Judge comes down on MPAA
    • (July 25). 16, 20
    • Tusher, W. (1990, July 25). "Up" loses fight: Judge comes down on MPAA. Variety, 340, 5, 16, 20.
    • (1990) Variety , vol.340 , pp. 5
    • Tusher, W.1
  • 49
    • 0141461010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from the World Wide Web
    • Valenti, J. (2000). Movie ratings: How it all began. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.mpaa.org/ratings/ about/index/htm
    • (2000) Movie Ratings: How it All Began
    • Valenti, J.1
  • 50
    • 0037588400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: "Instructive mediation," "restrictive mediation," and "social coviewing."
    • Valkenburg, P. M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: "Instructive mediation," "restrictive mediation," and "social coviewing." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 52-66.
    • (1999) Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , vol.43 , pp. 52-66
    • Valkenburg, P.M.1    Krcmar, M.2    Peeters, A.L.3    Marseille, N.M.4
  • 51
    • 84972924913 scopus 로고
    • Applying social science research to film ratings: A shift from offensiveness to harmful effects
    • Wilson, B. J., Linz, D., & Randall, B. (1990). Applying social science research to film ratings: A shift from offensiveness to harmful effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 443-468.
    • (1990) Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , vol.34 , pp. 443-468
    • Wilson, B.J.1    Linz, D.2    Randall, B.3
  • 52
    • 84985161383 scopus 로고
    • Movie ratings and the content of adult videos: The sex-violence ratio
    • Yang, N., & Linz, D. (1990). Movie ratings and the content of adult videos: The sex-violence ratio. Journal of Communication, 40(2), 28-46.
    • (1990) Journal of Communication , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 28-46
    • Yang, N.1    Linz, D.2
  • 53
    • 0001614101 scopus 로고
    • Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior
    • Zillmann, D. (1971). Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 419-434.
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 419-434
    • Zillmann, D.1
  • 55
    • 84985781761 scopus 로고
    • Excitation and hedonic valence in the effect of erotica on motivated intermale aggression
    • Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., Comisky, P. W., & Medoff, N. J. (1981). Excitation and hedonic valence in the effect of erotica on motivated intermale aggression. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 233-252.
    • (1981) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 233-252
    • Zillmann, D.1    Bryant, J.2    Comisky, P.W.3    Medoff, N.J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.