EEG correlates of haptic feedback in a visuomotor tracking task

NeuroImage

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 2258-2273

  Lin, Chun Ling ^a,b,d   Shaw, Fu Zen ^c   Young, Kuu Young ^b   Lin, Chin Teng ^a,b,d,e   Jung, Tzyy Ping ^a,d,e  

^a University System of Taiwan   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroencephalogram (EEG); Event related coherence (ERCOH); Haptic feedback; Independent component analysis (ICA); Time frequency analysis; Visuomotor tracking task

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIPOLE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EYE TRACKING; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOTOR SYSTEM; PARIETAL LOBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TACTILE FEEDBACK; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

BRAIN; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEEDBACK; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEARNING; MALE; MOTOR SKILLS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84862827376     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: 10959572     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.008     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Acharya S., Fifer M.S., Benz H.L., Crone N.E., Thakor N.V. Electrocorticographic amplitude predicts finger positions during slow grasping motions of the hand. J. Neural Eng. 2010, 7:046002.
2. Alink A., Schwiedrzik C.M., Kohler A., Singer W., Muckli L. Stimulus predictability reduces responses in primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:2960-2966.
3. Amedi A., Malach R., Hendler T., Peled S., Zohary E. Visuo-haptic object-related activation in the ventral visual pathway. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:324-330.
4. Andres F.G., Mima T., Schulman A.E., Dichgans J., Hallett M., Gerloff C. Functional coupling of human cortical sensorimotor areas during bimanual skill acquisition. Brain 1999, 122:855.
5. Babiloni C., Brancucci A., Vecchio F., Arendt-Nielsen L., Chen A.C.N., Rossini P.M. Anticipation of somatosensory and motor events increases centro-parietal functional coupling: an EEG coherence study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2006, 117:1000-1008.
6. Babiloni C., Frisoni G.B., Vecchio F., Pievani M., Geroldi C., De Carli C., Ferri R., Vernieri F., Lizio R., Rossini P.M. Global functional coupling of resting EEG rhythms is related to white-matter lesions along the cholinergic tracts in subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 19:859-871.
7. Bell A.J., Sejnowski T.J. An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Comput. 1995, 7:1129-1159.
8. Blakemore S.J., Wolpert D.M., Frith C.D. Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:635-640.
9. Blum J., Lutz K., Jancke L. Coherence and phase locking of intracerebral activation during visuo- and audio-motor learning of continuous tracking movements. Exp. Brain Res. 2007, 182:59-69.
10. Blum J., Lutz K., Pascual-Marqui R., Murer K., Jancke L. Coherent intracerebral brain oscillations during learned continuous tracking movements. Exp. Brain Res. 2008, 185:443-451.
11. Blum J.M. Coherent Brain Oscillations During Processes of Human Sensorimotor Learning 2008, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich.
12. Boonstra T.W., Daffertshofer A., Breakspear M., Beek P.J. Multivariate time-frequency analysis of electromagnetic brain activity during bimanual motor learning. NeuroImage 2007, 36:370-377.
13. Brosvic G.M., Epstein M.L., Dihoff R.E., Cook M.J. Acquisition and retention of Esperanto: the case for error correction and immediate feedback. Psychol. Rec. 2010, 56:4.
14. Calvo-Merino B., Grèzes J., Glaser D.E., Passingham R.E., Haggard P. Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:1905-1910.
15. Carter C.S., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Botvinick M.M., Noll D., Cohen J.D. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 1998, 280:747.
16. Chen R., Cohen L.G., Hallett M. Role of the ipsilateral motor cortex in voluntary movement. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1997, 24:284.
17. Chen C.C., Kilner J.M., Friston K.J., Kiebel S.J., Jolly R.K., Ward N.S. Nonlinear coupling in the human motor system. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:8393-8399.
18. Chiu T.C., Gramann K., Ko L.W., Duann J.R., Jung T.P., Lin C.T. Alpha modulation in parietal and retrosplenial cortex correlates with navigation performance. Psychophysiology 2011, 1:13.
19. Classen J., Gerloff C., Honda M., Hallett M. Integrative visuomotor behavior is associated with interregionally coherent oscillations in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 79:1567.
20. Deiber M.P., Wise S., Honda M., Catalan M., Grafman J., Hallett M. Frontal and parietal networks for conditional motor learning: a positron emission tomography study. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 78:977.
21. Delorme A., Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 2004, 134:9-21.
22. Deutsch J.E., Merians A.S., Adamovich S., Poizner H., Burdea G.C. Development and application of virtual reality technology to improve hand use and gait of individuals post-stroke. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2004, 22:371-386.
23. Donner T.H., Siegel M., Fries P., Engel A.K. Buildup of choice-predictive activity in human motor cortex during perceptual decision making. Curr. Biol. 2009, 19:1581-1585.
24. Doyon J., Penhune V., Ungerleider L.G. Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:252-262.
25. Easton R.D., Srinivas K., Greene A.J. Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 1997, 23:153.
26. Engel A.K., Singer W. Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2001, 5:16-25.
27. Erla S., Faes L., Nollo G., Arfeller C., Braun C., Papadelis C. Multivariate EEG spectral analysis evidences the functional link between motor and visual cortex during integrative sensorimotor tasks. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 2011, 7.
28. Fabbri-Destro M., Rizzolatti G. Mirror neurons and mirror systems in monkeys and humans. Physiology 2008, 23:171-179.
29. Frith C.D., Blakemore S.J., Wolpert D.M. Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: abnormalities in the awareness of action. Brain Res. Rev. 2000, 31:357-363.
30. Gandolfo F., Li C.S.R., Benda B., Schioppa C.P., Bizzi E. Cortical correlates of learning in monkeys adapting to a new dynamical environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2000, 97:2259.
31. Gerloff C., Andres F.G. Bimanual coordination and interhemispheric interaction. Acta Psychol. 2002, 110:161-186.
32. Gramann K., Onton J., Riccobon D., Mueller H.J., Bardins S., Makeig S. Human brain dynamics accompanying use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames during navigation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2010, 22:2836-2849.
33. Grindlay, G.C. (2007). The impact of haptic guidance on musical motor learning. Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
34. Gruber T., Muller M.M. Oscillatory brain activity dissociates between associative stimulus content in a repetition priming task in the human EEG. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15:109.
35. Gwin J.T., Gramann K., Makeig S., Ferris D.P. Electrocortical activity is coupled to gait cycle phase during treadmill walking. NeuroImage 2010, 54:1289-1296.
36. Halsband U., Lange R.K. Motor learning in man: a review of functional and clinical studies. J. Physiol. Paris 2006, 99:414-424.
37. Hawk T.F., Shah A.J. Using learning style instruments to enhance student learning. Decis. Sci. J. Innov. Educ. 2007, 5:1-19.
38. Hatfield B.D., Haufler A.J., Hung T.M., Spalding T.W. Electroencephalographic studies of skilled psychomotor performance. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004, 21:144.
39. Hickok G. Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2009, 21:1229-1243.
40. Hillman C.H., Apparies R.J., Janelle C.M., Hatfield B.D. An electrocortical comparison of executed and rejected shots in skilled marksmen. Biol. Psychol. 2000, 52:71-83.
41. Hirata M., Kato A., Taniguchi M., Saitoh Y., Ninomiya H., Ihara A., Kishima H., Oshino S., Baba T., Yorifuji S. Determination of language dominance with synthetic aperture magnetometry: comparison with the Wada test. NeuroImage 2004, 23:46-53.
42. Holz E.M., Doppelmayr M., Klimesch W., Sauseng P. EEG correlates of action observation in humans. Brain Topogr. 2008, 21:93-99.
43. Huo X., Wang Y., Kotecha R., Kirtman E.G., Fujiwara H., Hemasilpin N., Degrauw T., Rose D.F., Xiang J. High gamma oscillations of sensorimotor cortex during unilateral movement in the developing brain: a MEG study. Brain Topogr. 2011, 23:375-384.
44. James T.W., Humphrey G.K., Gati J.S., Servos P., Menon R.S., Goodale M.A. Haptic study of three-dimensional objects activates extrastriate visual areas. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:1706-1714.
45. Jancke L. Methoden der Bildgebung in der Psychologie und den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften 2005, Hogrefe and Huber.
46. Jasper H., Penfield W. Electrocorticograms in man: effect of voluntary movement upon the electrical activity of the precentral gyrus. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1949, 183:163-174.
47. Jung T.P., Makeig S., Mckeown M.J., Bell A.J., Lee T.W., Sejnowski T.J. Imaging brain dynamics using independent component analysis. Proc. IEEE 2001, 89(7):1107-1122.
48. Kranczioch C., Athanassiou S., Shen S., Gao G., Sterr A. Short-term learning of a visually guided power-grip task is associated with dynamic changes in EEG oscillatory activity. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008, 119:1419-1430.
49. Lachaux J., Jung J., Mainy N., Dreher J., Bertrand O., Baciu M., Minotti L., Hoffmann D., Kahane P. Silence is golden: transient neural deactivation in the prefrontal cortex during attentive reading. Cereb. Cortex 2008, 18:443-450.
50. Lee D. Coherent oscillations in neuronal activity of the supplementary motor area during a visuomotor task. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:6798.
51. Lee P.L., Wu Y.T., Chen L.F., Chen Y.S., Cheng C.M., Yeh T.C., Ho L.T., Chang M.S., Hsieh J.C. ICA-based spatiotemporal approach for single-trial analysis of postmovement MEG beta synchronization* 1. NeuroImage 2003, 20:2010-2030.
52. Lee T.D., White M.A., Carnahan H. On the role of knowledge of results in motor learning: exploring the guidance hypothesis. J. Mot. Behav. 1990, 22:191-208.
53. Lehmann D., Faber P.L., Gianotti L.R.R., Kochi K., Pascual-Marqui R.D. Coherence and phase locking in the scalp EEG and between LORETA model sources, and microstates as putative mechanisms of brain temporo-spatial functional organization. J. Physiol. Paris 2006, 99:29-36.
54. Lieberman J., Breazeal C. TIKL: development of a wearable vibrotactile feedback suit for improved human motor learning. IEEE Trans. Rob. 2007, 23:919-926.
55. Lin C.T., Lin C.L., Huang K.C., Chen S.A., Tung J.H. The performance of visuo-motor coordination changes under force feedback assistance system. Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2010, 1376-1379.
56. Mantini D., Franciotti R., Romani G.L., Pizzella V. Improving MEG source localizations: an automated method for complete artifact removal based on independent component analysis. NeuroImage 2008, 40:160-173.
57. Makeig S. Auditory event-related dynamics of the EEG spectrum and effects of exposure to tones. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1993, 86:283-293.
58. Makeig S., Jung T.P., Bell A.J., Ghahremani D., Sejnowski T.J. Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:10979.
59. Makeig S., Westerfield M., Jung T.P., Enghoff S., Townsend J., Courchesne E., Sejnowski T.J. Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science 2002, 295:690-694.
60. McAvoy M., Larson-Prior L., Nolan T.S., Vaishnavi S.N., Raichle M.E., d' Avossa G. Resting states affect spontaneous BOLD oscillations in sensory and paralimbic cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 2008, 100:922-931.
61. Maxwell J.P., Masters R., Kerr E., Weedon E. The implicit benefit of learning without errors. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 2001, 54:1049-1068.
62. Meeuwissen E.B., Takashima A., Fernández G., Jensen O. Evidence for human fronto-central gamma activity during long-term memory encoding of word sequences. PLoS One 2011, 6:e21356.
63. Merians A.S., Jack D., Boian R., Tremaine M., Burdea G.C., Adamovich S.V., Recce M., Poizner H. Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke. Phys. Ther. 2002, 82:898.
64. Merians A.S., Poizner H., Boian R., Burdea G., Adamovich S. Sensorimotor training in a virtual reality environment: does it improve functional recovery poststroke?. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2006, 20:252.
65. Millar S., Al-Attar Z. External and body-centered frames of reference in spatial memory: evidence from touch. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 2004, 66:51-59.
66. Miller K.J., Leuthardt E.C., Schalk G., Rao R.P.N., Anderson N.R., Moran D.W., Miller J.W., Ojemann J.G. Spectral changes in cortical surface potentials during motor movement. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:2424.
67. Miltner W.H.R., Braun C., Arnold M., Witte H., Taub E. Coherence of gamma-band EEG activity as a basis for associative learning. Nature 1999, 397:434-435.
68. Mima T., Matsuoka T., Hallett M. Functional coupling of human right and left cortical motor areas demonstrated with partial coherence analysis. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 287:93-96.
69. Min B.K., Park H.J. Task-related modulation of anterior theta and posterior alpha EEG reflects top-down preparation. BMC Neurosci. 2010, 11:79.
70. Morris D., Tan H., Barbagli F., Chang T., Salisbury K. Haptic feedback enhances force skill learning. Proceedings of EuroHaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems 2007, 21-26.
71. Muellbacher W., Ziemann U., Boroojerdi B., Cohen L., Hallett M. Role of the human motor cortex in rapid motor learning. Exp. Brain Res. 2001, 136:431-438.
72. Muellbacher W., Ziemann U., Wissel J., Dang N., Kofler M., Facchini S., Boroojerdi B., Poewe W., Hallett M. Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature 2002, 415:640-644.
73. Muthukumaraswamy S.D., Johnson B.W. Changes in rolandic mu rhythm during observation of a precision grip. Psychophysiology 2004, 41:152-156.
74. Ng T.H.B., Sowman P.F., Brock J., Johnson B.W. Premovement brain activity in a bimanual load-lifting task. Exp. Brain Res. 2011, 1-13.
75. Novakovic V., Sanguineti V. Adaptation to constant-magnitude assistive forces: kinematic and neural correlates. Exp. Brain Res. 2011, 1-12.
76. Onton J., Delorme A., Makeig S. Frontal midline EEG dynamics during working memory. NeuroImage 2005, 27:341-356.
77. Oostenveld R., Oostendorp T.F. Validating the boundary element method for forward and inverse EEG computations in the presence of a hole in the skull. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2002, 17:179-192.
78. Orgs G., Dombrowski J.H., Heil M., Jansen-Osmann P. Expertise in dance modulates alpha/beta event-related desynchronization during action observation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:3380-3384.
79. Perfetti B., Moisello C., Landsness E.C., Kvint S., Lanzafame S., Onofrj M., Di Rocco A., Tononi G., Ghilardi M.F. Modulation of gamma and theta spectral amplitude and phase synchronization is associated with the development of visuo-motor learning. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:14810-14819.
80. Perfetti B., Moisello C., Landsness E.C., Kvint S., Pruski A., Onofrj M., Tononi G., Ghilardi M.F. Temporal evolution of oscillatory activity predicts performance in a choice-reaction time reaching task. J. Neurophysiol. 2011, 105:18-27.
81. Perrin X., Chavarriaga R., Ray C., Siegwart R., Millan J.R. A comparative psychophysical and EEG study of different feedback modalities for HRI. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction 2008, 41-48.
82. Pfurtscheller G., Lopes da Silva F. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999, 110:1842-1857.
83. Pfurtscheller G., Neuper C. Dynamics of sensorimotor oscillations in a motor task. Brain Comput. Interfaces 2010, 47-64.
84. Pollok B., Sudmeyer M., Gross J., Schnitzler A. The oscillatory network of simple repetitive bimanual movements. Cogn. Brain Res. 2005, 25:300-311.
85. Reales J.M., Ballesteros S. Implicit and explicit memory for visual and haptic objects: cross-modal priming depends on structural descriptions. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 1999, 25:644.
86. Reed C.L., Klatzky R.L., Halgren E. What vs. where in touch: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 2005, 25:718-726.
87. Rieder M.K., Rahm B., Williams J.D., Kaiser J. Human gamma-band activity and behavior. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2011, 79:39-48.
88. Rizzolatti G., Fabbri-Destro M. The mirror system and its role in social cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2008, 18:179-184.
89. Rushworth M.F.S., Behrens T.E.J. Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:389-397.
90. Saleh M., Reimer J., Penn R., Ojakangas C.L., Hatsopoulos N.G. Fast and slow oscillations in human primary motor cortex predict oncoming behaviorally relevant cues. Neuron 2010, 65:461-471.
91. Sarnthein J., Petsche H., Rappelsberger P., Shaw G.L., von Stein A. Synchronization between prefrontal and posterior association cortex during human working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1998, 95:7092.
92. Schmidt R.A., Wulf G. Continuous concurrent feedback degrades skill learning: implications for training and simulation. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 1997, 39:509-525.
93. Schwartz S., Vuilleumier P., Hutton C., Maravita A., Dolan R.J., Driver J. Attentional load and sensory competition in human vision: modulation of fMRI responses by load at fixation during task-irrelevant stimulation in the peripheral visual field. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15:770-786.
94. Seitz R.J., Canavan A.G.M., Yaguez L., Herzog H., Tellmann L., Knorr U., Huang Y., Homberg V. Representations of graphomotor trajectories in the human parietal cortex: evidence for controlled processing and automatic performance. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1997, 9:378-389.
95. Serrien D.J., Brown P. The functional role of interhemispheric synchronization in the control of bimanual timing tasks. Exp. Brain Res. 2002, 147:268-272.
96. Serrien D.J., Brown P. The integration of cortical and behavioural dynamics during initial learning of a motor task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:1098-1104.
97. Siegel M., Donner T.H., Oostenveld R., Fries P., Engel A.K. High-frequency activity in human visual cortex is modulated by visual motion strength. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17:732.
98. Siegel M., Donner T.H., Oostenveld R., Fries P., Engel A.K. Neuronal synchronization along the dorsal visual pathway reflects the focus of spatial attention. Neuron 2008, 60:709-719.
99. Singer W. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1993, 55:349-374.
100. Singer W., Gray C.M. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1995, 18:555-586.
101. Smith M.E., McEvoy L.K., Gevins A. Neurophysiological indices of strategy development and skill acquisition. Cogn. Brain Res. 1999, 7:389-404.
102. Sochůrkova D., Rektor I., Jurak P., Stan ak A. Intracerebral recording of cortical activity related to self-paced voluntary movements: a Bereitschaftspotential and event-related desynchronization/synchronization. SEEG study. Exp. Brain Res. 2006, 173:637-649.
103. Sperduti M., Tallon-Baudry C., Hugueville L., Pouthas V. Time is more than a sensory feature: attending to duration triggers specific anticipatory activity. Cogn. Neurosci. 2011, 2:11-18.
104. Stoeckel M.C., Weder B., Binkofski F., Buccino G., Shah N.J., Seitz R.J. A fronto-parietal circuit for tactile object discrimination: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 2003, 19:1103-1114.
105. Thompson T., Steffert T., Ros T., Leach J., Gruzelier J. EEG applications for sport and performance. Methods 2008, 45:279-288.
106. Toma K., Mima T., Matsuoka T., Gerloff C., Ohnishi T., Koshy B., Andres F., Hallett M. Movement rate effect on activation and functional coupling of motor cortical areas. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 88:3377.
107. Van Mier H., Tempel L., Perlmutter J., Raichle M., Petersen S. Changes in brain activity during motor learning measured with PET: effects of hand of performance and practice. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 80:2177.
108. Varela F., Lachaux J.P., Rodriguez E., Martinerie J. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 2:229-239.
109. Vecchio F., Babiloni C., Ferreri F., Buffo P., Cibelli G., Curcio G., Dijkman S., Melgari J.M., Giambattistelli F., Rossini P.M. Mobile phone emission modulates inter-hemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms in elderly compared to young subjects. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2010, 121:163-171.
110. Waldert S., Preissl H., Demandt E., Braun C., Birbaumer N., Aertsen A., Mehring C. Hand movement direction decoded from MEG and EEG. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:1000-1008.
111. Williams H.G. Perceptual and Motor Development 1983, Prentice-Hall.
112. Wolpert D.M., Ghahramani Z., Flanagan J.R. Perspectives and problems in motor learning. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2001, 5:487-494.
113. Wymbs N.F., Grafton S.T. Neural substrates of practice structure that support future off-line learning. J. Neurophysiol. 2009, 102:2462.
114. Yamagishi N., Anderson S.J., Ashida H. Evidence for dissociation between the perceptual and visuomotor systems in humans. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 2001, 268:973.
115. Zervakis M., Michalopoulos K., Iordanidou V., Sakkalis V. Intertrial coherence and causal interaction among independent EEG components. J. Neurosci. Methods 2011, 197:302-314.