Microbial quality assessment of household greywater

Water Research

Volumn 46, Issue 13, 2012, Pages 4301-4313

  O'Toole, Joanne ^a,b   Sinclair, Martha ^a   Malawaraarachchi, Manori ^c   Hamilton, Andrew ^b   Barker, S Fiona ^b   Leder, Karin ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Enteric viruses; Greywater; Household; Microbial quality; Pathogens; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ESCHERICHIA COLI; VIRUSES; WASHERS; WASHING; WASHING MACHINES;

E. COLI; ENTERIC VIRUS; GREYWATER; HOUSEHOLD; MICROBIAL QUALITY; NOROVIRUSES; PATHOGENIC E-COLI; PATHOGENIC E. COLI; RISKS ASSESSMENTS; ROTAVIRUSES;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

GREYWATER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER;

COLIFORM BACTERIUM; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DOMESTIC WASTE; GASTROENTERITIS; HEALTH RISK; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MONITORING; PATHOGEN; REAL TIME; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; VIRUS; WASTEWATER;

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BATH; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ENTEROVIRUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENETIC MARKER; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; LAUNDRY; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; NONHUMAN; NOROVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; ROTAVIRUS; VIRUS DETECTION; WATER QUALITY;

AUSTRALIA; MELBOURNE; VICTORIA [AUSTRALIA];

ENTEROVIRUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; NOROVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS;

EID: 84862775086     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: 18792448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. ABS 4602.0.55.001-Environmental Issues: Energy Use and Conservation, Mar 2011 2011, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
2. Albrechtsen H.J. Microbiological investigation of rainwater and graywater collected for toilet flushing. Water Science and Technology 2002, 46(6-7):311-316.
3. Atmar R.L., Opekun A.R., Gilger M.A., Estes M.K., Crawford S.E., Neill F.H., Graham D.Y. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008, 14(10):1553-1557.
4. Atmar R.L. Noroviruses: State of the Art. Food and Environmental Virology 2010, 2(3):117-126.
5. Birks R., Colbourne J., Hills S., Hobson R. Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility. Water Science and Technology 2004, 50(2):165-172.
6. Birks R., Hills S. Characterisation of indicator organisms and pathogens in domestic greywater for recycling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2007, 129(1-3):61-69.
7. Boisen N., Struve C., Scheutz F., Krogfelt K., Nataro J. New adhesin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli related to the Afa/Dr/AAF family. Infection and Immunity 2008, 76(7):3281-3292.
8. Brandes M. Characteristics of effluents from gray and black water septic tanks. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation November 1978, 50(11):2547-2559.
9. Bull R., Tu E.T.V., McIver C., Rawlinson W., White P. Emergence of a new norovirus genotype II.4 variant associated with global outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006, 44(2):327-333.
10. Casanova L.M., Gerba C.P., Karpiscak M.M. Chemical and microbial characterization of household graywater. Journal Environmental Science and Health 2001, 36(4):395-401.
11. Cerna J., Nataro J., Estrada Garcia T. Multiplex PCR for detection of three plasmid-borne genes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003, 41(5):2138-2140.
12. Christova-Boal D., Eden R.E., McFarlane S. An investigation into greywater reuse for urban residential properties. Desalination 1996, 106:391-397.
13. Colford J.M., Wade T.J., Sandhu S.K., Wright C.C., Lee S., Shaw S., Fox K., Burns S., Benker A., Brookhart M.A., van der Laan M., Levy D. A randomized, controlled trial of in-home drinking water intervention to reduce gastrointestinal illness. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005, 161(5):472-482.
14. Environmental Protection Agency Management of small waste flow 1978, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA (Ed.).
15. Friedler E. Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities. Environmental Technology 2004, 25(9):997-1008.
16. Gerba C., Straub T.M., Rose J.B., Karpiscak M.M., Foster K.E., Brittain R.G. Water quality study of graywater treatment systems. Water Research Bulletin 1995, 31(1):109-116.
17. Gerba C.P. Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding by bathers during recreational activity and its impact on water quality. Quantitative Microbiology 2000, 2:55-68.
18. Gerba C.P. Application of quantitative risk assessment for formulating hygiene policy in the domestic setting. Journal of Infection 2001, 43(1):92-98.
19. Godfrey S., Labhasetwar P., Wate S., Jimenez B. Safe greywater reuse to augment water supply and provide sanitation in semi-arid areas of rural India. Water Science and Technology 2010, 62(6):1296-1303.
20. Hall G.V., Kirk M.D., Ashbolt R., Stafford R., Lalor K., Group O.W. Frequency of infectious gastrointestinal illness in Australia, 2002: regional, seasonal and demographic variation. Epidemiology and Infection 2006, 134:111-118.
21. Hansman G., Katayama K., Maneekarn N., Peerakome S., Khamrin P., Tonusin S., Okitsu S., Nishio O., Takeda N., Ushijima H. Genetic diversity of norovirus and sapovirus in hospitalized infants with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004, 42(3):1305-1307.
22. Hellard M.E., Sinclair M.I., Forbes A.B., Fairley C.K. A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives 2001, 109(8):773-778.
23. Jamrah A., Al Futaisi A., Prathapar S., Al Harrasi A. Evaluating greywater reuse potential for sustainable water resources management in Oman. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2008, 137(1-3):315-327.
24. Jefferson B., Palmer A., Jeffrey P., Stuetz R., Judd S. Grey water characterization and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Science and Technology 2004, 50(2):p157-164.
25. Jin O., Sole M.J., Butany J.W., Chia W., Mc Laughlin P.R., Liu P., Liew C. Detection of enterovirus RNA in mitochondrial biopsies from patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy using gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Circulation 1990, 82(1):8-16.
26. Kageyama T., Kojima S., Shinohara M., Uchida K., Fukushi S., Hoshino F., Takeda N., Katayama K. Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003, 41(4):1548-1557.
27. Kojima S., Kageyama T., Fukushi S., Hoshino F., Shinohara M., Uchida K., Natori K., Takeda N., Katayama K. Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 2002, 100(1-2):107-114.
28. Lodder W.J., De Roda Husman A.M. Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005, 71(3):1453-1461.
29. Maimon A., Tal A., Friedler E., Gross A. Safe on-site reuse of greywater for irrigation - a critical review of current guidelines. Environmental Science and Technology 2010, 44(9):3213-3220.
30. McNeill A., Bowden S. Alternative Microbiological Indicators of Water Quality. Research Report Number WR-39 1998, Urban Water Research Association of Australia, Canberra.
31. Melbourne Water Sustainability Report: a Review of Melbourne Water's Performance in 2008/09 2009, (Melbourne).
32. Ottoson J., Stenstrom T.A. Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks. Water Research 2003, 37:645-655.
33. Paton A.W., Paton J.C. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by using multiplex PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA, enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO111, and rfbO157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1998, 36(2):598-602.
34. Rasool N.B.G., Monroe S., Glass R. Determination of a universal nucleic acid extraction procedure for PCR detection of gastroenteritis viruses in faecal specimens. Journal of Virological Methods 2002, 100(1-2):1-16.
35. Robins-Browne R.M., Bordun A.M., Tauschek M., Bennett-Wood V.R., Russell J., Poppedisano F., Lister N.A., Bettelheim K.A., Fairley C.K., Sinclair M.I., Hellard M.E. Escherichia coli and community-acquired gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004, 10(10):1797-1805.
36. Rodrigo S., Sinclair M., Forbes A., Cunliffe D., Leder K. Drinking rainwater: a double-blinded, randomised controlled study of water treatment filters and gastroenteritis incidence. American Journal of Public Health 2011, 101(5):842-847.
37. Rose J.B., Sun G., Gerba C.P., Sinclair N.A. Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources. Water Research 1991, 25:37-42.
38. Rzezutka A. Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2004, 28(4):441-453.
39. Siegrist R. Waste Segregation to Faciliate Onsite Wastewater Disposal Alternatives 1977, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
40. Sinclair M.I., Hellard M.E., Wolfe R., Mitakakis T.Z., Leder K., Fairley C.K. Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in Australia. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005, 20(11):1685-1690.
41. Surendran S., Wheatley A.D. Grey-water reclamation for non-potable reuse. Journal Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 1998, 12:406-413.
42. Witt M., Siegrist R., Boyle W.C. Rural Household Wastewater Characterization 1975, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
43. Yezli S., Otter J.A. Minimum Infective dose of the Major human Respiratory and enteric viruses Transmitted through food and the environment. Food and Environmental Virology 2011, 3(1):1-30.