Safe greywater reuse to augment water supply and provide sanitation in semi-arid areas of rural India

Water Science and Technology

Volumn 62, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1296-1303

  Godfrey, S ^a   Labhasetwar, P ^b   Wate, S ^b   Jimenez, B ^c  

^a UNICEF   (United States)

^b NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Basic sanitation; Food security; Greywater reuse; India; Rural school water supply; Wise water management

Indexed keywords

BASIC SANITATION; FOOD SECURITY; GREYWATER REUSE; INDIA; RURAL SCHOOLS; WISE WATER MANAGEMENT;

ARID REGIONS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FOOD SUPPLY; RURAL AREAS; SANITATION; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

WATER CONSERVATION;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING WORLD; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD SECURITY; GUIDELINE; RECYCLING; RURAL AREA; SANITATION; SEMIARID REGION; WASTEWATER; WATER SUPPLY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ABSORPTION; AERATION; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; CHLORINATION; DEFECATION; FILTRATION; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD SECURITY; INDIA; IRRIGATION (AGRICULTURE); RURAL AREA; SANITATION; SEDIMENTATION; WASTE WATER RECYCLING; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER SUPPLY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; DESERT CLIMATE; FRESH WATER; INDIA; RECYCLING; RURAL POPULATION; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

INDIA; MADHYA PRADESH;

EID: 78649662646     PISSN: 02731223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.414     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. ACTC Australian Capital Territory, Canberra 2008 Greywater Use Guidelines for residential properties in Canberra Second Edition, ActewAGL ACT Health; ACT Planning and Land Authority, Territory and Municipal Services.
2. Almeida, M. C., Butler, D. & Friedler, E. 1999 At-source domestic wastewater quality. Urban Water 1, 49-55.
3. AWWA and APHA 2005 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Water Works Association, McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Birks, R., Colbourne, J., Hills, S. & Hobson, R. 2004 Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility. Water Sci. Technol. 50(2), 165-172.
5. Christova-Boal, D., Eden, R. E. & McFarlane, S. 1996 An investigation into greywater reuse for urban residential properties. Desalination 106, 391-397.
6. Dallas, S. & Ho, G. 2005 Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Water Sci. Technol. 51(10), 119-128.
7. Dixon, A. M., Butler, D. & Fewkes, A. 1999 Guidelines for greywater reuse: health issues. J. CIWEM 13, 322-326.
8. Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Henze, M. & Ledin, A. 2002 Characteristics of grey wastewater. Urban Water 4(1), 85-104.
9. Friedler, E. 2004 Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its implication on on-site treatment and reuse possibilities. Environ. Technol. 25(9), 997-1008.
10. Friedler, E., Kovalio, R. & Galil, N. I. 2005 On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings. Water Sci. Technol. 51(10), 187-194.
11. Gilboa, Y. & Friedler, E. 2008 UV disinfection of RBC-treated light greywater effluent: kinetics, survival and regrowth of selected microorganisms. Water Res. 42, 1043-1050.
12. Godfrey, S., Labhsetwar, P. & Datta, S. 2010 Case-controlled cohort health indicator study of an integrated fluorosis mitigation program in India. Tecnologia y Ciencias del Agua 1, 35-45.
13. Godfrey, S., Singh, S., Labhsetwar, P., Dwivedi, H. B., Parihar, G. & Wate, S. 2009a Health based targets for greywater reuse in residential schools in Madhya Pradesh, India. J. CIWEM (published online).
14. Godfrey, S., Labhasetwar, P. & Wate, S. 2009b Cost effective analysis for greywater reuse systems in rural Schools, Madhya Pradesh, India. Resour. Conserv. Recycling 53, 287-293.
15. Hypes, W. D. 1974 Characterization of typical household gray water treatment practice. In: Winneberger, J. H. T. (ed.) Manual of Gray Water Treatment Practice. Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, USA, pp. 79-88.
16. Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B. & Gerba, C. P. 1999 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. Wiley Inc, New York.
17. Hernandez Leal, L., Zeeman, G., Temmink, H. & Buisman, C. 2007 Characterisation and biological treatment of greywater. Water Sci. Technol. 56(5), 193-200.
18. Jimenez, B. & Asano, T. 2008 Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs. IWA Publishing, England, pp. 650.
19. Jefferson, B., Laine, A. L., Judd, S. & Stephenson, T. 2000 Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 41(1), 197-204.
20. Jefferson, B., Palmer, A., Jeffrey, P., Stuetz, R. & Judd, S. 2004 Greywater characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 50(2), 157-164.
21. Manville, D., Kleintop, E. J., Miller, B. J., Davis, E. M., Mathewson, J. J. & Downs, T. D. 2001 Significance of indicator bacteria in a regionalized wastewater treatment plant and receiving waters. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 15(4), 461-466.
22. March, J. G., Gual, M. & Orozco, F. 2004 Experiences on greywater re-use for toilet flushing in a hotel (Mallorca Island, Spain). Desalination 164(3), 241-247.
23. NRMMC Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and Australian Health Ministers' Conference 2006 National Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Australian Health Ministers' Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra.
24. Ottoson, J. & Stenstrom, T. A. 2003 Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks. Water Res. 37(3), 645-655.
25. Ramon, G., Green, M., Semiat, R. & Dosoretz, D. 2004 Low strength greywater characterization and treatment by direct membrane filtration. Desalination 170, 241-250.
26. Rose, J. B., Sun, G., Gerba, C. P. & Sinclair, N. A. 1991 Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in greywater from various household sources. Water Res. 25(1), 37-42.
27. Salgot, M. & Angelokis, A. 2001 Guidelines and regulations on wastewater reuse. In: Lens, P., Zeeman, G. & Lettinga, G. (eds) Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse-Concepts, Systems and Implementation. IWA, UK, Chapter 23.
28. Winward, G., Avery, L., Stephenson, T. & Jefferson, B. 2008 Chlorine disinfection of greywater for reuse: effect of organics and particles. Water Res. 42, 483-491.
29. World Health Organisation 2004 Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland.
30. World Health Organisation 2006 Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Excreta and Greywater, (Vol. 1-IV). Wastewater use in agriculture, Geneva, Switzerland.