Deconstructing ecological integrity policy in Canadian national parks

Transforming Parks and Protected Areas: Policy and Governance in a Changing World

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 154-168

  Clark, Douglas A ^c   Fluker, Shaun ^a   Risby, Lee ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b Global Environment Facility   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862600288     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203961902     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. Abraham, K.F., Jefferies, R.L., and Rockwell, R.F. (2005). Goose-induced changes in vegetation and land cover between 1976 and 1997 in an Arctic coastal marsh. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 37, 269-275.
2. Adams, W.A. and Hulme, D. (2001). Conservation & community: changing narratives, policies & practices in African conservation. In D. Hulme and M. Murphree (eds), African Wildlife and Livelihoods: the promise and performance of community conservation, pp. 9-23. Oxford: James Currey.
3. Agee, J.K. and Johnson, D.R. (eds) (1988). Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness Areas. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
4. Ascher, W. (2001). Coping with complexity and organizational interests in natural resources management. Ecosystems 4, 742-757.
5. Bagg, S. (2005). Don't be fooled by the fancy language: ecological integrity is not a value (in the eyes of the law). Unpublished. Calgary: University of Calgary.
6. Bella, L. (1987). Parks for Profit. Montreal: Harvest House.
7. Bengtsson, J., Angelstam, P., Elmqvist, T., Emanuelsson, U., Folke, C., Ihse, M., Moberg, F., and Nyström, M. (2003). Reserves, resilience, and dynamic landscapes. Ambio 32, 389-396.
8. Bere, R. (1959). Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda: the hippopotamus problem and experiment. Oryx 5, 116-124.
9. Bere, R. (1972). A History of Uganda National Parks. Unpublished manuscript.
10. Beresford, M. and Philips, A. (2000). Protected landscapes: a conservation model for the 21st century. George Wright Forum 17, 15-26.
11. Berkes, F. (1999). Sacred Ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and resource management. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
12. Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology 18, 621-630.
13. Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (eds) (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (2003). Governance of protected areas-innovation in the air. Policy Matters 12, 92-101.
15. Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Pimbert, M., Farvar, T., and Kothari, A. (2005) Sharing Power: learning by doing in co-management of natural resources throughout the world. Gland: CEESP and IUCN.
16. Brandon, K., Redford, K.H., and Sanderson, S.E. (eds) (1998). Parks in Peril: people, politics, and protected areas. Washington, DC: Island Press.
17. Brody, H. (2000). The Other Side of Eden: hunters, farmers, and the shaping of the world. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
18. Brunner, R., Steelman, T.A., Coe-Juell, L., Cromley, C.M., Edwards, C.M., and Tucker, D.W. (2005). Adaptive Governance: integrating science, policy, and decision-making. New York: Columbia University Press.
19. Budke, I. (1998). A Review of Cooperative Management Arrangements and Economic Opportunities for Aboriginal People in Canadian National Parks. Vancouver: Parks Canada.
20. Canadian Parks Service (1992). Toward Sustainable Ecosystems: a Canadian Parks Service strategy to enhance ecological integrity. Final report of the Ecosystem Management Task Force, Canadian Parks Service, Western Region. Calgary: Canadian Parks Service.
21. Canadian Parks Service (1994). Guiding Principles and Operational Policies. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
22. Carruthers, J. (1995). The Kruger National Park: a social and political history. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
23. Caughley, G. (1994). Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63, 215-244.
24. Chapin, M. (2004). A challenge to conservationists. WorldWatch (November/December),17-31.
25. Clark, D. (2001). Lesser snow geese in Wapusk National Park of Canada: a case study. In Parks Canada, An Orientation Program on Ecological Integrity-a call to action. Participant's workbook version 1.0, pp. B3.1-B3.4. Ottawa: Parks Canada.
26. Clark, T.W. (2002). The Policy Process: a practical guide for natural resource professionals. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
27. and Gillesberg, A. (2001). Lessons from wolf restoration in Greater Yellowstone. In V.A. Sharp, B. Norton, and S. Donnelley (eds), Wolves and Human Communities: biology, politics, and ethics, pp. 135-149. Washington, DC: Island Press.
28. Cole, G.F. (1971). An ecological rationale for the natural or artificial regulation of native ungulates in parks. Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 36, 417-425.
29. Cronon, W. (1996). Uncommon Ground: rethinking the human place in nature. New York: W.W. Norton.
30. Dearden, P. and Dempsey, J. (2004). Protected areas in Canada: decade of change. The Canadian Geographer 48, 225-239.
31. DeLeo, G. and Levin, S. (1997). The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity. Conservation Ecology 1 (1), 3. Retrieved 26 November 2002 from www.consecol.org/vol/iss1/art3.
32. Du Toit, J.T., Rogers, K.H., and Biggs, H.C. (2003). The Kruger Experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. Washington, DC: Island Press.
33. Fanshawe, S., Vanblaricom, G.R., and Shelley, A.A. (2003). Restored top predators as detriments to the performance of marine protected areas intended for fisheries sustainability: a case study with red abalones and sea otters. Conservation Biology 17, 273-283.
34. Fluker, S. (2003). 'Maintaining ecological integrity is our first priority'-Policy Rhetoric or Practical Reality in Canada's National Parks? A case comment on Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage). Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 13, 131-146.
35. Folke, C., Berkes, F., and Colding, J. (1998). Ecological practices and social mechanisms for building resilience and stability. In F. Berkes and C. Folke (eds), Linking Social and Ecological Systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, pp. 414-436. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Folke, C., Berkes, F., and Colding, J., Colding, J., and Berkes, F. (2003). Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in socialecological systems. In F. Berkes, J.F. Colding, and C. Folke (eds), Navigating Nature's Dynamics: building resilience for complexity and change, pp. 352-387. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Foreman, D. (2004). Rewilding North America: a vision for conservation in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Island Press.
38. Funtowicz, S.O. and Ravetz, J. (1994). Uncertainty, complexity and post-normal science. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13/12, 1881-1885.
39. Global Environmental Facility. (2005). The Role of Local Benefits in Global Environmental Programs. Washington, DC: GEF Office of Monitoring and Evaluation.
40. Grumbine, R.E. (1994). What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8, 27-38.
41. Henry, J.D. and Lieff, B. (1992). Ecosystem Management of National Parks, Western Region, Canadian Parks Service: seminar proceedings. Calgary: Canadian Parks Service.
42. Hermer, J. (2002). Regulating Eden: the nature of order in North American parks. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
43. Herrero, S., Roulet, J., and Gibeau, M. (2001). Banff National Park: science and policy in grizzly bear management. Ursus 12, 161-168.
44. Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1-23.
45. Holling, C.S. (1978). Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
46. Holling, C.S. and Meffe, G.K. (1996). Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conservation Biology 10, 328-337.
47. Holling, C.S., Gunderson, L.H., and Peterson, G.D. (2002). Sustainability and panarchies. In L. Gunderson and C.S. Holling (eds) 2002. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems, pp. 63-102. Washington, DC: Island Press.
48. Janzen, D.H. (1989). The evolutionary biology of national parks. Conservation Biology 3, 109-110.
49. Jefferies, R.L., Rockwell, R.F., and Abraham, K.F. (2004). The embarrassment of riches: agricultural food subsidies, high goose numbers, and loss of Arctic wetlands-a continuing saga. Environmental Reviews 1 1, 193-232.
50. Karr, J.R. (1991). Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1, 66-84.
51. Kay, J.J. (1991). A nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework for discussing ecosystem integrity. Environmental Management 15, 483-495.
52. Kay, J.J. and Schneider, E. (1994). Embracing complexity: the challenge of the ecosystem approach. Alternatives 20, 32-39.
53. Kay, J.J., Regier, H.A., Boyle, M., and Francis, G. (1999). An ecosystem approach for sustainability: addressing the challenge of complexity. Futures 31, 721-742.
54. Leopold, A.S., Cain, S.A., Cottam, C.M., and Gabrielson, I. (1963). Wildlife management in the national parks. Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 28, 28-45.
55. Levin, S.A. (1988). Sea otters and nearshore benthic communities: a theoretical perspective. In G.R. Vanblaricom and J.A. Estes (eds), The Community Ecology of Sea Otters, pp. 202-209. New York: Springer-Verlag.
56. Lewis, H.T. (1989). Ecological and technological knowledge of fire: Aborigines versus park rangers in northern Australia. American Anthropologist 91, 940-961.
57. Manuel-Navarette, D. (2003). Ecological Integrity Discourses as a Heuristic Tool for Understanding Conservation Initiatives: the case of the Maya Rainforest in the Usmacinta Watershed. Ph.D. dissertation. Waterloo: University of Waterloo.
58. Merchant, C. (2004). Reinventing Eden: the fate of nature in western culture. New York: Routledge.
59. Morito, B. (1999). Examining ecosystem integrity as a primary mode of recognizing the autonomy of nature. Environmental Ethics 21, 59-73.
60. Nadasdy, P. (2003). Hunters and Bureaucrats: power, knowledge, and aboriginal-state relations in the southwest Yukon. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
61. Neumann, R. (1998). Imposing Wilderness: struggles over livelihood and nature preservation in Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
62. Parks Canada Agency (2000).Unimpaired for Future Generations? Conserving ecological integrity with Canada's national parks. Report of the Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
63. Parks Canada Agency (2001a). An Orientation Program on Ecological Integrity-a call to action. Participant's workbook version 1.0. Ottawa: Parks Canada Agency.
64. Parks Canada Agency (2001b). First Priority: progress report on implementation of the recommendations of the panel on the ecological integrity of Canada's national parks. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
65. Parks Canada Agency (2004). Wapusk National Park of Canada: draft management plan. Churchill: Parks Canada Agency.
66. Pimbert, M.P and Pretty, J.N. (1997). Parks, people and professionals: putting 'participation' into protected area management. In K.B. Ghimire and M.P Pimbert (eds), Social Change and Conservation, pp. 297-330. London: Earthscan.
67. Redford, K.H., Robinson, J.G., and Adams, W.M. (2006). Parks as shibboleths. Conservation Biology 2, 1-2.
68. Risby, L.A. (2002). Defining Landscape, Power and Participation: an examination of a national park planning process for Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. thesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
69. Rose, C. (1994). Given-ness and gift: property and the quest for environmental ethics. Environmental Law 24, 1-31.
70. Scott, D. (2003). Standing in the road: the battle for Wood Buffalo National Park. Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 13, 145-151.
71. Searle, R. (2000). Phantom Parks: the struggle to save Canada's national parks. Toronto: Key Porter Books.
72. Sloan, N.A. (2004). Northern abalone: using an invertebrate to focus marine conservation values. Coastal Management 32, 129-143.
73. Slocombe, D.S. (1993). Implementing ecosystem-based management. BioScience 43, 612-622.
74. Slocombe, D.S. (1996). Hinterlands, wilderness, and protected areas in northern Canada. In R.G. Wright (ed.), National Parks and Protected Areas: their role in environmental protection, pp. 369-387. New York: Blackwell Scientific.
75. Soulé, M.E. and Lease, G. (eds) (1995). Reinventing Nature: responses to postmodern deconstruction. Washington, DC: Island Press.
76. Terborgh, J. (1999). Requiem for Nature. Washington, DC: Island Press.
77. Terborgh, J., van Schaik, C., Davenport, L., and Rao, M. (eds) (2002). Making Parks Work: strategies for preserving tropical nature. Washington, DC: Island Press.
78. United Nations (2006). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006. New York: United Nations Secretariat.
79. Van Sickle, K. and Eagles, PF. (1998). Budgets, pricing policies, and user fees in Canadian parks' tourism. Tourism Management 19, 225-235.
80. Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S., and Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Conservation Ecology 9 (2), 5. Retrieved 24 September 2004 from www.consecol.org/vol9/iss2/art5.
81. Walker, B., Carpenter, S., Anderies, J., Abel, N., Cumming, G., etal. (2002). Resilience management in socialecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation Ecology 6 (1), 14. Retrieved 15 August 2002 from www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art14.
82. Walters, C.J. (1986). Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York: McGraw Hill.
83. Waltner-Toews, D., Kay, J.J., Neudorffer, C., and Gitau, T. (2003). Perspective changes everything: managing ecosystems from the inside out. Frontiers in Ecology 1, 23-30.
84. Weitzner, V. and Manseau, M. (2001). Taking the pulse of collaborative management in Canada's national parks and national park reserves: voices from the field. In D. Harmon (ed.), Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: proceedings of the 11th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands, pp. 253-259. Hancock: George Wright Society.
85. Wells, M. and McShane, T. (2004). Getting Biodiversity Projects to Work: towards more effective conservation and development. New York: Columbia University Press.
86. Westra, L. (1994). The Principle of Integrity: an environmental proposal for ethics. Landham: Rowman & Littlefield.
87. Wicklum, D. and Davies, R.W. (1995). Ecosystem health and integrity? Canadian Journal of Botany 73, 997-1000.
88. Wilshusen, P.R., Brechin, S.R., Fortwangler, C.L., and West, P.C. (2002). Reinventing a square wheel: critique of a resurgent 'protection paradigm' in international biodiversity conservation. Society & Natural Resources 15, 17-40.
89. Woodley, S. (2002). Planning and managing for ecological integrity. In P. Dearden and R. Rollins (eds), Parks and Protected Areas in Canada: planning and management (2nd edn), pp. 97-114. Don Mills: Oxford University Press.
90. Woodley, S., Kay, J., and Francis, G. (eds) (1993). Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
91. Wright, P. and Rollins, R. (2002). Managing the National Parks. In P. Dearden and R. Rollins (eds), Parks and Protected Areas in Canada: planning and management (2nd edn), pp. 207-239. Don Mills: Oxford University Press.
92. Wright, R.G. (1999). Wildlife management in the national parks: questions in search of answers. Ecological Applications 9, 30-36.