The function of tyrosine hydroxylase in the normal and Parkinsonian brain

CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 381-386

  Tolleson, Christopher ^a   Claassen, Daniel ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Gene therapy; Oxidative stress; Parkinson's disease; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; AROMATIC LEVO AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASE; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; DOPAMINE; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE CYCLOHYDROLASE I; LEVODOPA; MESSENGER RNA; NEUROMELANIN; NORADRENALIN; TYROSINE; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VIRUS VECTOR;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; ARTICLE; AUTOOXIDATION; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CATABOLISM; CATALYSIS; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; CYTOTOXICITY; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PROTEIN FUNCTION; THALAMOTOMY;

EID: 84862569872     PISSN: 18715273     EISSN: 19963181     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152712800792794     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alves, G.; Forsaa, E.B.; Pedersen, K.F.; Dreetz Gjerstad, M.; Larson, J.P. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol., 2008, 255(Suppl 5), 18-32.
2. Van Den Eeden, S.K.; Tanner, C.M.; Bernstein, A.L.; Fross, R.D.; Leimpeter, A.; Bloch, D.A.; Nelson, L.M. Incidence of parkinson's disease: variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2003, 157(11), 1015-1022.
3. Weintraub, D.; Moberg, P.J.; Duda, J.E.; Katz, I.R.; Stern, M.B. Effect of psychiatric and other nonmotor symptoms on disability in Parkinson's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2004, 52, 784-788.
4. Lim, S.Y.; Lang, A. The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease - An overview. Mov. Disord., 2010, 25(S1), S123-S130.
5. Elsworth, J.; Roth, R. Dopamine synthesis, uptake, metabolism, and receptors: relevance to gene therapy of parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol., 1997, 144, 4-9.
6. Goodwill, K.E.; Sabatier, C.; Marks, C.; Raag, R.; Fitzpatrick, P.F.; Stevens, R.C. Crystal structure of tyrosine hydroxylase at 2.3 Å and its implications for inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Struct. Biol., 1997, 4, 578-585.
7. Ichinose, H.; Ohye, T.; Fujita, K.; Yoshida, M.; Ueda, S.; Nagatsu, T. Increased heterogeneity of tyrosine hydroxylase in humans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 195, 158-165.
8. Grima, B.; Lamouroux, A.; Boni, C.; Julien, JF.; Javoy-Aqid, F.; Mallet, J. A single human gene encoding multiple tyrosine hydroxylases with different predicted functional characteristics. Nature, 1987, 326, 707-711.
9. Abate, C.; Joh, T.H. Limited proteolysis of a rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase defines as N-terminal region required for regulation of cofactor binding and directing substrate specificity. J. Mol. Neurosci., 1991, 2, 203-215.
10. Han, S.; Eltis, L.D.; Timmis, K.N.; Muchmore, S.W.; Bolin, J.T. Crystal structure of the biphenyl-cleaving extradiol dioxygenase from a PCB-degrading pseudomonad. Science, 1995, 270, 976-980.
11. Nakashima, A.; Hayashi, N.; Kaneko, Y.S.; Mori, K.; Sabban, E.L.; Nagatsu, T.; Ota, A. Role of N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. J. Neural Transm., 2009, 116, 1355-1362.
12. Kappock, T.J.; Caradonna, J.P. Pterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases. Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 2659-2756.
13. Haavik, J.; Toska, K. Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Parkinson's disease. Mol. Neurobiol., 1998, 16(3), 285-309.
14. Sumi-Ichinose, C.; Ichinose, H.; Ikemoto, K.; Nomura, T.; Kondo, K. Advanced research on dopamine signaling to develop drugs for the treatment of mental disorders: regulation of dopaminergic neural transmission by tyrosine hydroxylase protein at nerve terminals. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2010, 114, 17-24.
15. Bradbury, M.W.B. Transport of iron in the blood-braincerebrospinal fluid system. J. Neurochem., 1997, 69, 443-454.
16. Kaufman, S. Tyrosine Hydroxylase. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol., 1995, 70, 103-220.
17. Haavik, J.; Le Bourdelles, B.; Martinez, A.; Flatmark, T.; Mallet, J. Recombinant human tyrosine hydroxylase isozymes. Reconstitution with iron and inhibitory effect of other metal ions. Eur. J. Biochem., 1991, 199, 371-378.
18. Kumer, S.; Vrana, K. Intricate regulation of tyrosine hydroxlase activity and gene expression. J. Neurochem., 1996, 67, 443-462.
19. Nagatsu, T.; Levitt, M.; Udenfriend, S. Tyrosine Hydroxylase: the initial step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 1964, 239, 2910-2917.
20. Fujisawa, H.; Okuno, S. Regulatory mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 338, 271-276.
21. Moffat, M.; Harmon, S.; Haycock, J.; O'Malley, K.L. L-dopa and dopamine-producing gene cassettes for gene therapy approaches to Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol., 1997, 144, 69-73.
22. Ota, A.; Yoshida, S.; Nagatsu, T. Regulation of N-terminus-deleted human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 by end products of catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. J. Neurol. Transm., 1996, 103, 1415-1428.
23. Ota, A.; Nakashima, A.; Mori, K.; Nagatsu, T. Effects of dopamine on N-terminus-deleted human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 expressed in Escherichia coli. Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 229, 57-60.
24. Nakashima, A.; Hayashi, N.; Mori, K.; Kaneko, YS.; Nagatsu, T.; Ota, A. Positive charge intrinsic to Arg37-Arg38 is critical for dopamine inhibition of the catalytic activity of human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1. FEBS Lett., 2000, 465, 59-63.
25. Nakashima, A.; Kaneko, Y.S.; Mori, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Tsugu, T.; Suzuki, T.; Nagatsu, T.; Ota, A. The mutation of two amino acid residues in the N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) dramatically enhances the catalytic activity in neuroendocrine AtT- 20 cells. J. Neurochem., 2002, 82, 202-206.
26. Le Bourdelles, B.; Horellou, P.; Le Caer, J.P.; Denefle, P.; Latta, M.; Haavik, J.; Guibert, B.; Mayaux, J.F.; Mallett, J. Phosphorylation of human recombinant tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2, generated by alternative splicing. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 7124-7130.
27. Muga, A.; Arrondo, J.L.; Martinez, A.; Flatmark, T.; Haavik, J. The effect of phospohorylation at Ser-40 and the structure and thermal stability of tyrosine hydroxylase. Adv. Pharmacol., 1998, 42, 15-18.
28. Moy, L.Y.; Tsai, L.H. Cycline-dependent kinase 5 phosphrylates serine 31 of tyrosine hydroxylase and regulates its stability. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 54487-54493.
29. Nagatsu, T.; Sawada, M. Biochemistry of postmortem brains in Parkinson's disease: historical overview and future prospects. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 2007, 72, 113-120.
30. Ichinose, H.; Ohye, T.; Fujita, K.; Pantucek, F.; Lange, K.; Riederer, P.; Nagatsu, T. Quantification of mRNA of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. J. Neural Transm., 1994, 8, 149-158.
31. Manning-Bog, A.B.; McCormack, A.L.; Purisai, M.G.; Bolin, L.M.; Di Monte, D.A. Alpha-synuclein overexpression protects against paraquat-induced neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23, 3095-3099.
32. Manning-Bog, A.B.; Caudle, W.M.; Perez, X.A.; Reaney, SH.; Paletzki, R.; Isla, M.Z.; Chou, V.P.; McCormack, A.L.; Miller, G.W.; Langston, J.W.; Gerfen, C.R.; Dimonte, D.A. Increased vulnerability of nigrostriatal terminals in DJ-1-deficient mice is mediated by the dopamine transporter. Neurobiol. Dis., 2007, 27, 141-150.
33. Mogi, M.; Harada, M.; Kiuchi, K.; Kojima, K.; Kondo, T.; Narabayashi, H.; Rausch, D.; Riederer, P.; Jellinger, K.; Nagatsu, T. Homospecific activity(activity per enzyme protein) of tyrosine hydroxylase increases in Parkinsonian brain. J. Neural Transm., 1988, 72, 77-82.
34. Alerte, T.N.; Akinfolarin, A.A.; Friedrich, E.E.; Mader, S.A.; Hong, C.S.; Prez, R.G. α-Synuclein aggregation alters tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and immune reactivity: Lessons from viral transduction of knockout mice. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 435, 24-29.
35. Peng, X.; Tehranian, R.; Dietrich, P.; Stefanis, L.; Perez, R.G. Alpha-synuclein activation of protein phosphatase 2A reducestyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in dopaminergic cells. J. Cell Sci., 2005, 118(Pt 15), 3523-3530.
36. Kaushik, P.; Gorin, F.; Shireen, V. Dynamics of tyrosine hydroxylase mediated regulation of dopamine synthesis. J. Comput. Neurosci., 2007, 22, 147-160.
37. Lohmann, E.; Koroglu, C.; Hanagasi, H.A.; Dursun, B.; Tasan, E.; Tolun, A. A homozygous frameshift mutation of sepiapterin reductase gene causing parkinsonism with onset in childhood. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
38. Gratton-Smith, P.; Wevers, R.; Steenbergen-Spanjers, G.; Fung, V.S.; Earl, J.; Wicken, B. Tyrosine hydroxylase: clinical manifestations of catecholamine insufficiency in infancy. Mov. Disord., 2002, 17(2), 354-359.
39. Plante Bordeneuve, V.; Davis, M.B.; Maraganore, D.; Marsden, C.D.; Harding, A.E. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 1994, 9, 337-339.
40. Gasser, T.; Wszolek, Z.K.; Trofatter, J.; Ozelius, L, Uitti, R.J.; Lee, C.S.; Gusella, J.; Pfeiffer, R.F.; Calne, D.B.; Breakefield, X.O. Genetic linkage studies in autosomal dominant parkinsonism: evaluation of seven candidate genes. Ann. Neurol., 1994, 36, 387-396.
41. Schapira, A.H.; Olanow, C.W. Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: mysteries, myths, and misconceptions. JAMA, 2004, 291, 358-364.
42. Olanow, C.W.; Stern, M.B.; Sethi, K. The scientific and clinical basis for the treatmentof Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2009, 2009(72), S1-136.
43. Youdim, M.B.H.; Riederer, P. Understanding Parkinson's disease. Sci. Am., 1997, 276(1), 52-59.
44. Schapira, A.H.V.; Gu, M.; Taanman, J.W.; Tabrizi, S.J.; Seaton, T.; Cleeter, M.; Cooper, J.M. Mitochondira in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinsn's disease. Ann. Neurol., 1998, 44(Suppl 1), S89-S98.
45. Xiao, S.; Beth, H. gp130 cytokines stimulate proteasomal degradation of tyrosine hydroxylase via extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2. J. Neurochem., 2012, 120(2), 239-247.
46. Olanow, C.W.; McNaught, K. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disorder., 2006, 21(11), 1806-1823.
47. Doskeland, A.; Flatmark, T. Ubiquintion of soluble and membranebound tyrosine hydroxylase and degradation of the soluble form. Eur. J. Biochem., 2002, 269, 1561-1569.
48. Double, K.L. Functional effects of neuromelanin and synthetic melanin in model systems. J. Neural Transm., 2006, 113, 751-756.
49. Hirsh, E.C. Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems. Mol. Neurobiol., 1994, 9, 135-142.
50. Xuan, Q.; Sheng-Li, X.; De-Hong, L.; Shun, Y.; Zhou, M.; Ueda, K.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, B.; Chan, P. Increase expression of F103;-synuclein in aged human brain associated with neuromelanin accumulation. J. Neural Transm., 2011, 118, 1575-1583.
51. Xu, Y.; Stokes, A.; Freeman, W.M.; Kumer, S.C.; Vogt, B.A.; Vrana, K.E. Tyrosinase mRNA is expressed in human substantia nigra. Mol. Brain Res., 1997, 45, 159-162.
52. Double, K.L.; Ben-Shachar, D.; Youdim, M.B.; Zecca, L.; Riederer, P.; Gerlach, M. Influence of neuromelanin on oxidative pathways within the human substantia nigra. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2002, 24, 621-628.
53. Dusek, P.; Jankovic, J.; Weidong, L. Iron dysregulation in movement disorders. Neurobiol. Dis., 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
54. Pavese, N.; Kiferle, L.; Piccini, P. Neuroprotection and imaging Studies in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2009, 15S, S33-S37.
55. Feng, L.; Maguire-Zeiss, K. Gene therapy in parkinson's disease: rationale and current status. CNS Drugs., 2010, 24(3), 177-192.
56. Mendez, I.; Sadi, D.; Hong, M. Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal pathway by simultaneous intrastriatal and intranigral dopaminergic transplants. J. Neurosci., 1996, 16, 7216-7227.
57. Yoshimoto, Y.; Lin, Q.; Collier, T.J.; Frim, D.M.; Breakefield, X.O.; Bohn, M.C. Astrocytes retrovirally transduced with BDNF elicit behavioral improvement in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res., 1995, 691, 25-36.
58. Li, J.Y.; Englund, E.; Holton, J.L.; Soulet, D.; Hagell, P.; Lees, A.J.; Lashley, T.; Quinn, N.P.; Rehncrona, S.; Bjorklund, A. Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation. Nat. Med., 2008, 14(5), 501-503.
59. Kordower, J.H.; Chu, Y.; Hauser, R.A.; Olanow, C.W.; Freeman, T.B. Transplanted dopaminergic neurons develop PD pathologic changes: a second case report. Mov. Disord., 2008, 23(16), 2303-2306.
60. Pardridge, W. Tyrosine hydroxylase replacement in experimental parkinson's disease with transvascular gene therapy. Neurorx., 2005, 2, 129-138.
61. Bjorklund, A.; Bjorklund, T.; Kirik, D. Gene therapy for dopamine replacement in parkinson's disease. Sci. Transl. Med., 2009, 1(2), 1-5.
62. Kanagy, N. A2-adrenergic receptor signalling in hypertension. Clin. Sci., 2005, 109, 431-437.