Eye movements in a sequential scanning task: Evidence for distributed processing

Journal of Vision

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-12

  Trukenbrod, Hans A ^a   Engbert, Ralf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Distributed processing; Eyemovements; Parafoveal on foveal effects; Sequential attention shifts; Skipping costs benefits

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; RETINA FOVEA;

ATTENTION; EYE MOVEMENTS; FIXATION, OCULAR; FOVEA CENTRALIS; HUMANS; REACTION TIME;

EID: 84862096869     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/12.1.5     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Baldauf, D., & Deubel, H. (2008). Properties of attentional selection during the preparation of sequential saccades. Experimental Brain Research, 184, 411-425.
2. Bates, D., & Maechler, M. (2010). Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999375-37. Available at http://lme4.r-forge.r-project.org/.
3. Becker, S. I., & Williams, M. (2011). Determinants of dwell time in visual search: Similarity or perceptual difficulty? PLoS ONE, 6, e17740.
4. Bichot, N. P., Rossi, A. F., & Desimone, R. (2005). Parallel and serial neural mechanisms for visual search in macaque area V4. Science, 308, 529-534.
5. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 443-446.
6. Cornelissen, F. W., Peters, E., & Palmer, J. (2002). The Eyelink Toolbox: Eye tracking with MATLAB and the Psychophysics Toolbox. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 34, 613-617.
7. Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36, 1827-1837.
8. Drieghe, D. (2008). Foveal processing and word skipping during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 856-860.
9. Drieghe, D., Brysbaert, M., Desmet, T., & De Baecke, C. (2004). Word skipping in reading: On the interplay of linguistic and visual factors. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 79-103.
10. Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2001). Mathematical models of eye movements in reading: A possible role for autonomous saccades. Biological Cybernetics, 85, 77-87.
11. Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2011). Parallel graded attention models of reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 787-800). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12. Engbert, R., & Mergenthaler, K. (2006). Microsaccades are triggered by low level retinal image slip. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 7192-7197.
13. Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M., & Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review, 112, 777-813.
14. Findlay, J. M. (1995). Visual search: Eye movements and peripheral vision. Optometry and Vision Science, 72, 461-466.
15. Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford, UK: University Press.
16. Findlay, J. M., & Walker, R. (1999). A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 661-721.
17. Gersch, T. M., Kowler, E., & Dosher, B. (2004). Dynamic allocation of visual attention during the execution of sequences of saccades. Vision Research, 44, 1469-1483.
18. Gersch, T. M., Kowler, E., Schnitzer, B. S.,&Dosher, B. A. (2009). Attention during sequences of saccades along marked and memorized paths. Vision Research, 49, 1256-1266.
19. Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2003). Parallel allocation of attention prior to the execution of saccade sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 882-896.
20. Golomb, J. D., Pulido, V. Z., Albrecht, A. R., Chun, M. M., & Mazer, J. A. (2010). Robustness of the retinotopic attentional trace after eye movements. Journal of Vision, 10(3):19, 1-12, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/3/19, doi:10.1167/10.3.19.
21. Greene, H. H., & Rayner, K. (2001). Eye-movement control in direction-coded visual search. Perception, 30, 147-157.
22. Heinzle, J., Hepp, K., & Martin, K. A. C. (2010). A biologically realistic cortical model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 117, 808-830.
23. Henderson, J. M. (1992). Visual attention and eye movement control during reading and picture viewing. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (pp. 260-283). New York: Springer Verlag.
24. Hooge, I. T. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1998). Adjustment of fixation duration in visual search. Vision Research, 38, 1295-1302.
25. Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2001). Computational modelling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 194-203.
26. Kliegl, R. (2007). Toward a perceptual-span theory of distributed processing in reading: A reply to Rayner, Pollatsek, Drieghe, Slattery, and Reichle (2007). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 530-537.
27. Kliegl, R., & Engbert, R. (2005). Fixation durations before word skipping in reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 132-138.
28. Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A., & Engbert, R. (2006). Tracking the mind during reading: The influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 12-35.
29. Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B., & Blaser, E. (1995). The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research, 35, 1897-1916.
30. Logan, G. D. (2002). Parallel and serial processing. In J. Wixted (Ed.), Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology: Methodology in experimental psychology (3rd ed., vol. 4, pp. 271-300). New York: Wiley.
31. Najemnik, J., & Geisler, W. S. (2005). Optimal eye movement strategies in visual search. Nature, 434, 387-391.
32. Nuthmann, A., Smith, T. J., Engbert, R., & Henderson, J.M. (2010). CRISP: A computational model of fixation durations in scene viewing. Psychological Review, 117, 382-405.
33. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442.
34. Pitt, M. A., Myung, I. J., & Zhang, S. B. (2002). Toward a method of selecting among computational models of cognition. Psychological Review, 109, 472-491.
35. Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Balota, D. A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 123-130.
36. Pynte, J., Kennedy, A., & Ducrot, S. (2004). The influence of parafoveal typographical errors on the eye movements in reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 178-202.
37. Radach, R., & Heller, D. (2000). Relations between spatial and temporal aspects of eye movement control. In A. Kennedy, R. Radach, D. Heller, & J. Pynte (Eds.), Reading as a perceptual process (pp. 165-191). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
38. Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In J. Findlay, R. Walker, & R. Kentridge (Eds.), Eye movement research (pp. 3-22). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
39. Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457-1506.
40. Rayner, K., Ashby, J., Pollatsek, A., & Reichle, E. D. (2004). The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading: Implications for the E-Z Reader model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 720-732.
41. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1992). Eye-movements and scene perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 46, 342-376.
42. Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Drieghe, D., Slattery, T. J., & Reichle, E. D. (2007). Tracking the mind during reading via eye movements: Comments on Kliegl, Nuthmann, and Engbert (2006). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 520-529.
43. Reichle, E. D., Liversedge, S. P., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2009). Encoding multiple words simultaneously in reading is implausible. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 115-119.
44. Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. F., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125-157.
45. Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2012). Using E-Z Reader to simulate eye movements in nonreading tasks: A unified framework for understanding the eye-mind link. Psychological Review.
46. Reichle, E. D., Warren, T., & McConnell, K. (2009). Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 1-21.
47. Salvucci, D. D. (2001). An integrated model of eye movements and visual encoding. Cognitive Systems Research, 1, 201-220.
48. Townsend, J. T. (1990). Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science, 1, 46-54.
49. Trukenbrod, H. A., & Engbert, R. (2007). Oculomotor control in a sequential search task. Vision Research, 47, 2426-2443.
50. Trukenbrod, H. A., & Engbert, R. (submitted for publication). ICAT: A computational model for the adaptive control of fixation durations.
51. Williams, C. C., & Pollatsek, A. (2007). Searching for an O in an array of Cs: Eye movements track momentto-moment processing in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 372-381.