Early stuttering, temperament and anxiety: Two hypotheses

Journal of Fluency Disorders

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 151-163

  Kefalianos, Elaina ^a,b   Onslow, Mark ^c   Block, Susan ^d   Menzies, Ross ^c   Reilly, Sheena ^a,b,e  

^a MURDOCH CHILDREN'S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Children; Stuttering; Temperament

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANGER; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISTRACTIBILITY; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEAR; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; MOOD; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STUTTERING; TEMPERAMENT;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STUTTERING; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 84861950580     PISSN: 0094730X     EISSN: 1873801X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Achenbach T.M. Child behavior checklist for ages 2-3 1988, University of Vermont, Burlington.
2. Alm P.A., Risberg J. Stuttering in adults: The acoustic startle response, temperamental traits, and biological factors. Journal of Communication Disorders 2007, 40(1):1-41.
3. Ambrose N., Yairi E. The development of awareness of stuttering in preschool children. Journal of Fluency Disorders 1994, 19(4):229-245.
4. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
5. Ameringen M., Mancini C., Farvolden P. The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2003, 17(5):561-571.
6. Anderson J.D., Pellowski M.W., Conture E.G., Kelly E.M. Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2003, 46(5):1221-1233.
7. Arnold H.S., Conture E.G., Key A.P.F., Walden T. Emotional reactivity; regulation and childhood stuttering: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Journal of Communication Disorders 2011, 44(3):276-293.
8. Baker L., Cantwell D.P. A prospective psychiatric follow-up of children with speech/language disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1987, 26:546-553.
9. Beitchman J.H., Wilson B., Johnson C.J., Atkinson L., Young A., Adlaf A., et al. Fourteen-year follow-up of speech/language-impaired and control children: Psychiatric outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 10(1):75-82.
10. Bernstein Ratner N.E. Leaving Las Vegas: Clinical odds and individual outcomes. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 1997, 6:29-33.
11. Blood G.W., Blood I.M., Maloney K., Meyer C., Qualls C.D. Anxiety levels in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders 2007, 40(6):452-469.
12. Blumgart E., Tran Y., Craig A. Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter. Depression and Anxiety 2010, 27(7):687-692.
13. Boey R.A., Van de Heyning P.H., Wuyts F.L., Heylen L., Stoop R., De Bodt M.S. Awareness and reactions of young stuttering children aged 2-7 years old towards their speech disfluency. Journal of Communication Disorders 2009, 42(5):334-346.
14. Bosquet M.B., Egeland B. The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Development and Psychopathology 2006, 18:517-550.
15. Breton J.J., Bergeron L., Valla J.P., Berthiaume C., Gaudet N., Lambert J., et al. Quebec child mental health survey: Prevalence of DSM-III mental health disorders. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1999, 40(3):375-384.
16. Briggs-Gowan M.J., Carter A.S., Skuban E.M., Howitz S.M. Prevalence of socio-emotional and behavioral problems in a community sample of 1- and 2-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40:811-819.
17. Buss A.H., Plomin R. Temperament: Early developing personality traits 1984, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
18. Canino G., Shrout P.E., Rubio-Stipec M., Bird H.R., Bravo M. The DSM-IV rates of child and adolescent disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:85-93.
19. Caspi A. Personality development across the life course. Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development 1998, vol. 3:311-388. Wiley, New York. 5th ed.
20. Chorpita B.F., Barlow D.H. The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124(1):3-21.
21. Coan J., Allen J. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biological Psychology 2004, 67:7-49.
22. Conture E.G. Young stutterers' speech production: A critical review. Speech motor control and stuttering 1991, 365-384. Elsevier/Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. H.F.M. Peters, W. Hulstijn, C.W. Starkweather (Eds.).
23. Conture E.G. Its nature, diagnosis, and treatment 2001, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
24. Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. A theoretical context for adult temperament. Temperament in context 2001, 1-22. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T.D. Wachs, G.A. Kohnstamm (Eds.).
25. Costello E., Mustillo S., Erkanli A., Keeler G., Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60(8):837-844.
26. Cote S.M., Boivin M., Liu X., Nagin D.S., Zoccolillo M., Tremblay R.E. Depression and anxiety symptoms: Onset, developmental course and risk factors during early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2009, 50(10):1201-1208.
27. Craig A. An investigation into the relationship between anxiety and stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1990, 55(2):290-294.
28. Craig A. Clinical psychology and neurological disability: Psychological therapies for stuttering. Clinical Psychologist 2003, 7(2):93-103.
29. Crawford A.M., Manassis K. Anxiety, social skills, friendship quality, and peer victimization: An integrated model. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25(7):924-931.
30. Eggers K., De Nil L.F., van den Bergh B.R.H. Factorial temperament structure in stuttering, voice-disordered, and typically developing children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2009, 52(6):1610-1622.
31. Eggers K., De Nil L.F., van den Bergh B.R.H.V.D. Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2010, 35(4):355-372.
32. Ehringer M.A., Rhee S.H., Young S., Corley R., Hewitt J.K. Genetic and environmental contributions to common psychopathologies of childhood and adolescence: A study of twins and their siblings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 34(1):1-17.
33. Embrechts M., Ebben H., Franke P., van de Poel C. Temperament: A comparison between children who stutter and children who do not stutter. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on fluency disorders: Theory, research, treatment, and self help 2000, 557-562. University of Nijmegen Press, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. J.S. Bosshardt, J.S. Yaruss, H.F.M. Peters (Eds.).
34. Endler N.S., Parker J.D.A. Stress and anxiety: Conceptual and assessment issues. Stress Medicine 1990, 6:243-248.
35. Essau C.A., Conradt J., Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2000, 14(3):263-279.
36. Ezrati-Vinacour R., Levin I. The relationship between anxiety and stuttering: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2004, 29(2):135-148.
37. Ezrati-Vinacour R., Platzky R., Yairi E. The young child's awareness of stuttering-like disfluency. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2001, 44(2):368-380.
38. Ford T., Goodman R., Meltzer H. The British child and adolescent mental health survey 1999: The prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2003, 42(10):1203-1211.
39. Gabel R.M., Colcord R.D., Petrosino L. Self-reported anxiety of adults who do and do not stutter. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2002, 94:775-784.
40. Goldsmith H.H. Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development 1996, 67:218-235.
41. Goldsmith H.H., Buss K.A., Lemery K.S. Toddler and childhood temperament: Expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of the environment. Developmental Psychology 1997, 33:891-905.
42. Gregory A.M., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Koenen K., Eley T.C., Poulton R. Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Human Psychiatry 2007, 164:301-308.
43. Guerin D.W., Allen W.G., Craig W.T. Difficult temperament and behavior problems: A longitudinal study from 1.5 to 12 years. International Journal of Behavioral Development 1997, 21:71-90.
44. Guitar B. Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment 1998, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
45. Hayward C., Killen J.D., Kraemer H.C., Taylor C.B. Linking self-reported childhood behavioural inhibition to adolescent social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37(12):1308-1318.
46. Hettema J.M., Neale M.C., Kendler K.S. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:1568-1578.
47. Howell P., Davis S., Patel H., Cuniffe P., Downing-Wilson D., Au-Yeung J., et al. Fluency development and temperament in fluent children and children who stutter. Theory, research and therapy in fluency disorders. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on fluency disorders 2004, 250-256. A. Packman, A. Meltzer, H.F.M. Peters (Eds.).
48. Hudson J.L., Rapee R.M. From anxious temperament to disorder: An etiological model of generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice 2004, 51-76. (Reprinted from: Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (Eds.)).
49. Iverach L., Jones M., O'Brian S., Block S., Lincoln M., Harrison E., et al. The relationship between mental health disorders and treatment outcomes among adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2009, 34(1):29-43.
50. Iverach L., Jones M., O'Brian S., Block S., Lincoln M., Harrison E., et al. Screening for personality disorders among adults seeking speech treatment for stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2009, 34:173-186.
51. Iverach L., Jones M., O'Brian S., Block S., Lincoln M., Harrison E., et al. Mood and substance use disorders among adults seeking speech treatment for stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2010, 53(5):1178-1191.
52. Iverach L., Menzies R., O'Brian S., Packman A., Onslow M. Anxiety and stuttering: continuing to explore a complex relationship. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 2011, 20:221-232. 10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0091).
53. Johnson K.N., Walden T.A., Conture E.G., Karrass J. Spontaneous regulation of emotions in preschool children who stutter: Preliminary findings. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2010, 53:1478-1495.
54. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Clarke C., Snidman N., Garcia-Coll C. Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Childhood Development 1984, 55:2212-2225.
55. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Gibbons J. Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development 1989, 60:838-845.
56. Karrass J., Walden T.A., Conture E.G., Graham C.G., Arnold H.S., Hartfield K.N., et al. Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders 2006, 39(6):402-423.
57. Kraaimaat F.W., Vanryckeghem M., Van Dam-Baggen R. Stuttering and social anxiety. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2002, 27(4):319-331.
58. Langevin M., Packman A., Onslow M. Peer responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 2009, 18(3):264-276.
59. Langevin M., Packman A., Onslow M. Parent perceptions of the impact of stuttering on their preschoolers and themselves. Journal of Communication Disorders 2010, 43(5):407-423.
60. Last C.G., Hersen M., Kazdin A.E., Francis G., Grubb H.J. Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 144:1580-1583.
61. Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H., Roberts R.E., Seeley J.R., Andrews J.A. Adolescent psychopathology. I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:133-144.
62. Lewinsohn P.M., Zinbarg R., Lewinsohn M., Sack W.H. Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1997, 11(4):377-394.
63. Lewis K.E., Golberg L.L. Measurements of temperament in the identification of children who stutter. European Journal of Disorders of Communication 1997, 32(4):441-448.
64. Lieb R., Wittchen H.U., Hofler M., Fuetsch M., Stein M.B., Merikangas K.R. Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archive of General Psychiatry 2000, 57(9):859-866.
65. Loehlin J.C. Genes and environment in personality development 1992, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
66. Manassis K., Bradley S.J. The development of childhood anxiety disorders: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1994, 15(3):345-366.
67. Marks I.M. Fears, phobias and rituals 1987, Oxford Press University, New York.
68. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., Hrebickova M., Smith P.B., et al. Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, life span development. Journal of Personality Social Psychology 2000, 78(1):173-186.
69. McDevitt S.C., Carey W.B. The measurement of temperament in 3-7 year old children. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1978, 19:245-253.
70. Millard S.K., Edwards S., Cook F.M. Parent-child interaction therapy: Adding to the evidence. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology 2009, 11(1):61-76.
71. Millard S.K., Nicholas A., Cook F.M. Is parent-child interaction therapy effective in reducing stuttering?. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2008, 51(3):636-650.
72. Mulcahy K., Hennessey N., Beilby J., Byrnes M. Social anxiety and the severity and typography of stuttering in adolescents. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2008, 33(4):306-319.
73. Onslow M., Attanasio J., Harrison E. Parents talk about the Lidcombe Program. The Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention: A clinician's guide 2003, 193-206. Pro-Ed, Austin, TX. M. Onslow, A. Packman, E. Harrison (Eds.).
74. Onslow M., Jones M., Menzies R., O'Brian S., Packman A. Stuttering. Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology 2012, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. P. Sturmey, M. Hersen (Eds.).
75. Packman A., Attanasio J. Theoretical issues in stuttering 2004, Psychology Press, London, UK.
76. Pahl K.M., Barrett P.M., Gullo M.J. Examining potential risk factors for anxiety in early childhood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2012, 26:311-320.
77. Peters H.F.M., Hulstijn W. Stuttering and anxiety: The difference between stutterers and nonstutterers in verbal apprehension and physiologic arousal during the anticipation of speech and non-speech tasks. Journal of Fluency Disorders 1984, 9:67-84.
78. Prior, M., Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Oberklaid, F. (2000). Structure and stability of temperament in infancy and early childhood. Pathways from infancy to adolescence. Australian temperament project 1983-2000. <> Accessed 25.01.11. http://aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/resreport4/4.html.
79. Prior M., Smart D., Sanson A., Oberklaid F. Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence?. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000, 39(4):461-468.
80. Rapee R.M. The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: Prevention of a lifetime of anxiety?. Biological Psychiatry 2002, 52(10):947-957.
81. Rapee R.M., Schniering C.A., Hudson J.L. Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2009, 5:311-341.
82. Rapee R.M., Szollos A.A. Developmental antecedents of clinical anxiety in childhood. Behaviour Change 2003, 19(3):146-157.
83. Reilly S., Onslow M., Packman A., Wake M., Barvin E.L., Prior M., et al. Predicting stuttering onset by the age of 3 years: A prospective, community cohort study. Pediatrics 2009, 123(1):270-277.
84. Riley G., Riley J. A component model for diagnosing and treating children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders 1979, 4:279-293.
85. Riley G., Riley J. A revised component model for diagnosing and treating children who stutter. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 2000, 27:188-199.
86. Rosenthal R. The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 1979, 86(3):638-641.
87. Rothbart M.K., Ahadi S.A., Hershey K.L., Fisher P. Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The children's behavior questionnaire. Child Development 2001, 72(5):1394-1408.
88. Rothbart M.K., Bates J.E. Temperament. Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development 1998, vol. 3:105-176. Wiley, New York. 5th ed.
89. Rothbart M.K., Derryberry D. Development of individual differences in temperament. Advances in developmental psychology 1981, vol. 1:37-86. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
90. Rothbart M.K., Derryberry D., Hershey K. Stability of temperament in childhood: Laboratory infant assessment to parent report at seven years. Temperament and personality: Development across the lifespan 2000, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. V.J. Molfese, D.L. Molfese (Eds.).
91. Saudino K.J. Behavioral genetics and child temperament. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2005, 26:214-233.
92. Schwartz C.E., Snidman N., Kagan J. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999, 38(8):1008-1015.
93. Schwenk K.A., Conture E.G., Walden T.A. Reaction to background stimulation of preschool children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders 2007, 40(2):129-141.
94. Sermas C.E., Cox M.D. The stutterer and stuttering: Personality correlates. Journal of Fluency Disorders 1982, 7:141-158.
95. Smith A., Kelly E. Stuttering: A dynamic, multifactorial model. Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions 1997, 204-217. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA. R.F. Curlee, G.M. Siegel (Eds.).
96. Spence S.H., Rapee R. Preschool anxiety scale (parent report) 1999, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
97. Starkweather C.W., Gottwald S.R. The demands and capacities model. II. Clinical implications. Journal of Fluency Disorders 1990, 15:143-157.
98. Stein M.B., Baird A., Walker J.R. Social phobia in adults with stuttering. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 153:278-280.
99. Sterba S., Egger H.L., Angold A. Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions of preschool psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2007, 48:1005-1013.
100. Stevenson J., Batten N., Cherner M. Fears and fearfulness in children and adolescents: A genetic analysis of twin data. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1992, 33(6):977-985.
101. Thapar A., McGuffin P. Are anxiety symptoms in childhood heritable?. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1995, 36:439-447.
102. Thomas A., Chess S. Temperament and development 1977, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
103. Thompson M.J.J., Stevenson J., Sonuga-Barke E., Nott P., Bhatti Z., Price A., et al. Mental health of preschool children and their mothers in a mixed urban/rural population. I. Prevalence and ecological factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 168:16-20.
104. Topolski T.D., Hewitt J.K., Eaves L.J., Silberg J.L., Meyer J.M., Rutter M., et al. Genetic and environmental influences on child reports of manifest anxiety and symptoms of separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: A community-based twin study. Behavior Genetics 1997, 27(1):15-28.
105. Tran Y., Blumgart E., Craig A. Subjective distress associated with chronic stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2011, 36:17-26.
106. van der Merwe B., Robb M.P., Lewis J.G., Ormond T. Anxiety measures and salivary cortisol responses in preschool children who stutter. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 2011, 38:1-10.
107. Vanryckeghem M., Brutten G. KiddyCAT: A measure of stuttering and nonstuttering preschoolers' attitude. ASHA Leader 2002, 7(15):104.
108. Vanryckeghem M., Brutten G.J., Hernandez L.M. A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders 2005, 30(4):307-318.
109. Wilens T.E., Biederman J., Brown S., Monuteaux M., Prince J., Spencer T.J. Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in clinically referred preschoolers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2002, 23:S31-S36.
110. Woods S., Shearsby J., Onslow M., Burnham D. Psychological impact of the Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 2002, 37(1):31-40.
111. Yairi E. The onset of stuttering in two- and three-year-old children: A preliminary report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1983, 48(2):171-177.
112. Zebrowski P., Conture E.G. Influence of nontreatment variables on treatment effectiveness for school-age children who stutter. Treatment efficacy for stuttering: A search for empirical bases 1998, 293-310. Singular, San Diego, CA. A. Cordes, R. Ingham (Eds.).
113. Zebrowski P.M., Schum R.L. Counseling parents of children who stutter. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 1993, 2:65-73.