The DSM-IV Rates of Child and Adolescent Disorders in Puerto Rico: Prevalence, Correlates, Service Use, and the Effects of Impairment

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 85-93

  Canino, Glorisa ^a,i   Shrout, Patrick E ^b   Rubio Stipec, Maritza ^a,c   Bird, Hector R ^d   Bravo, Milagros ^a   Ramírez, Rafael ^a   Chavez, Ligia ^a   Alegría, Margarita ^a,e   Bauermeister, José J ^a   Hohmann, Ann ^f   Ribera, Julio ^a,g   García, Pedro ^a   Martínez Taboas, Alfonso ^a,h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Psychiatric Institute of Washington DC   (United States)

^d Columbia Univ/NY State Psych Inst ^*  (United States)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^g VA MEDICAL CENTER   (Puerto Rico)

^h Carlos Albizu University   (Puerto Rico)

ⁱ Medical Sciences Campus   (Puerto Rico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DISEASE; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHILD CARE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; PARENT; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PUERTO RICO; RATING SCALE; RURAL AREA; SAMPLING; SCHOOL; SCORING SYSTEM; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SPAIN; TRAINING; URBAN AREA;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PUERTO RICO; SAMPLING STUDIES;

EID: 9144244813     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.85     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
3. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel E, Gruenberg E, Burke JD Jr, Regier DA. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:949-958.
4. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8-19.
5. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, Davies M, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone ME, Lahey BB, Bourdon K, Jensen PS, Bird HR, Canino G, Regier DA. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study: Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:865-877.
6. Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J, Rojas M, Brook J, Streuning EL. An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: age- and gender-specific prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1993; 34(pt 1):851-867.
7. Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Stangl DK, Tweed DL, Erkanli A, Worthman CM. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth: goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:1129-1136.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
9. Pine DS, Alegría M, Cook EH, Costello EJ, Dahl RE, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Reiss AL, Vitiello B. Advances in developmental science and DSM-V In: Kupfer DJ, First MD, Regier DA, eds. A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2002.
10. Angold A, Costello EJ, Farmer EMZ, Burns BJ, Erkanli A. Impaired but undiagnosed? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:129-137.
11. Spitzer RL, Wakefield JC. DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for clinical significance: does it help solve the false positives problem? Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1856-1864.
12. Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, Regier DA. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:115-123.
13. Pickles A, Rowe R, Simonoff E, Foley D, Rutter M, Silberg J. Child psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment: relationship and prognostic significance. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:230-235.
14. Wakefield JC. DSM-IV are we making diagnostic progress? Contemp Psychol. 1996;41:646-652.
15. Wakefield JC, Spitzer RL. Lowered estimates - but of what? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:129-130.
16. Bird H, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Gould MS, Ribera J, Sesman M, Woodbury M, Huertas-Goldman S, Pagán A, Sánchez-Lacay A, Moscoso M. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1120-1126.
17. Roberts RE, Attkisson CC, Rosenblatt A. Prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:715-725.
18. Bird HR, Andrews H, Schwab-Stone M, Goodman S, Dulcan M, Richters J, Rubio-Stipec M, Moore RE, Chiang PH, Hoven C, Canino G, Fisher P, Gould MS. Global measures of impairment for epidemiologic and clinical use with children and adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 1996;6:295-307.
19. Angold A, Costello EJ. A test-retest reliability study of child-reported psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA-C). Psychol Med. 1995;25:755-762.
20. Angold A, Costello EJ. The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:39-48.
21. Shaffer D, Richters J, Lucas CP, eds. Diagnostic Assessment in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999.
22. Rutter M, Nikapota A. Culture, ethnicity, society and psychopathology. In: Rutter M, Taylor E, eds. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 4th ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing; 2002:277-286.
23. Angold A, Erkanli A, Farmer EM, Fairbank JA, Burns BJ, Keeler G, Costello EJ. Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in rural African American and white youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:893-901.
24. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME. NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:28-38.
25. Bravo M, Ribera J, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G, Shrout P, Ramirez R, Fábregas L, Chávez L, Alegría M, Bauermeister JJ, Martinez-Taboas A. Test-retest reliability of the Spanish version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV). J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29:433-444.
26. Bird HR, Canino GJ, Davies M, Zhang H, Ramirez R, Lahey BB. Prevalence and correlates of antisocial behaviors among three ethnic groups. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29:465-478.
27. Canino G, Bird H, Shrout P, Rubio-Stipec M, Bravo M, Martínez R, Sesman M, Guevara LM. The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:727-735.
28. Canino G, Burnam A, Caetano R. The prevalence of alcohol abuse and/or dependence in two Hispanic communities. In: Helzer J, Canino G, eds. Alcoholism-North America, Europe, and Asia: A Coordinated Analysis of Population Data from Ten Regions. London, England: Oxford University Press; 1992:131-158.
29. Achenbach TM, Bird HR, Canino G, Phares V, Gould MS, Rubio-Stipec M. Epidemiological comparisons of Puerto Rican and US mainland children: parent, teacher, and self reports. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29:84-93.
30. Bird HR, Gould MS, Yager T, Staghezza B, Canino G. Risk factors of maladjustment in Puerto Rican children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28: 847-850.
31. Kish L. Survey Sampling. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1965.
32. Schwab-Stone M, Fallon T, Briggs M, Crowther B. Reliability of diagnostic reporting for children aged 6-11 years: a test-retest study of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1048-1054.
33. Jensen P, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G, Bird H, Dulcan M, Schwab-Stone M, Lahey B. Parent and child contributions to child psychiatric diagnosis: are both informants always necessary? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1569-1579.
34. Bird HR, Yager TJ, Staghezza B, Gould MS, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M. Impairment in the epidemiological measurement of childhood psychopathology in the community. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29:796-803.
35. 58 Federal Register 29425 (1993).
36. Canino G, Shrout PE, Alegria M, Rubio-Stipec M, Chávez LM, Ribera JC, Bravo M, Bauermeister JJ, Fábregas LM, Horwitz S, Martínez-Taboas A. Methodological challenges in assessing children's mental health services utilization. MentHealth Serv Res. 2002;4:97-107.
37. Horwitz SM, Hoagwood K, Stiffman AR, Summerfeld T, Weisz JR, Costello EJ, Rost K, Bean DL, Cottler L, Leaf PJ, Roper M, Norquist G. Reliability of services assessment for children and adolescents. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52:1088-1094.
38. Bergeron L, Valla JP, Breton JJ, Gaudet N, Berthiaume C, Lambert J, Georges MS, Smolla N. Correlates of mental disorders in the Quebec general population of 6- to 14-year-olds. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000;28:47-62.
39. Zahner GE, Jacobs JH, Freeman DH Jr, Trainor KF. Rural-urban child psychopathology in a Northeastern US state: 1986-1989. JAm Acad ChildAdolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32:378-387.
40. Bird H, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Ribera J. Further measures of the psychometric properties of the Children's Global Assessment Scales. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:821-825.
41. Canino G, Anthony JC, Freeman D, Shrout P, Rubio-Stipec M. Drug abuse and illicit drug use in Puerto Rico. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:194-200.
42. Warner LA, Canino G, Colón HM. Prevalence and correlates of substance use disorders among older adolescents in Puerto Rico and the Unites States: a crosscultural comparison. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;63:229-243.
43. Angold A, Costello EJ. The epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In: Goodyer IM, ed. The Depressed Child and Adolescent Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2001:143-178.
44. Romano E, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Zoccolillo M, Pagani L. Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and the role of perceived impairment: findings from an adolescent community sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:451-461.
45. Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107:128-140.
46. Costello EJ, Keeler GP, Angold A. Poverty, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric disorder: a study of rural children. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1494-1498.
47. Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ. The effects of poverty on children. Future Child. 1997; 7:55-71.
48. Bor W, Najman JM, Andersen MJ, O'Callaghan M, Williams GM, Behrens BC. The relationship between low family income and psychological disturbance in young children: an Australian longitudinal study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997; 31:664-675.
49. Costello EJ, Farmer EM, Angold A, Burns BJ, Erkanli A. Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:827-832.
50. US Census Bureau. (2000). Economic Characteristics: Employment, Income, Poverty and more. Puerto Rico. Summary File 3-Sample Data. Washington, DC: Available at: http://www.census.gov. Accessed July 10, 2003.
51. McLoyd VC. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. Am Psychol. 1998;53:185-204.
52. Lipman EL, Offord DR, Boyle MH. What if we could eliminate child poverty: the theoretical effect on child psychosocial morbidity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1996;31:303-307.
53. Coleman JS. Social capital, human illness, and investment in youth. In: Petersen AC, Mortimer JT, eds. Youth Unemployment and Society. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1994:34-50.
54. Alegría M, Frank R, McGuire T. Managed care and systems cost-effectiveness: treatment for depression. Medical Care. In press.
55. Breiman L, Freidman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth; 1984.
56. Narrow WE, Regier DA, Goodman SH, Rae DS, Roper MT, Bourdon KH, Hoven C, Moore R. A comparison of federal definitions of severe mental illness among children and adolescents in four communities. Psychiatr Serv. 1998;49:1601-1608.
57. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.