Sharpening our thinking about polar cap ionospheric patch morphology, research, and mitigation techniques

Radio Science

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Carlson, Herbert C ^a  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION SIGNALS; DESCRIPTORS; DOMINANT MECHANISM; HIGH DENSITY PLASMAS; HIGH-DENSITY PATCHES; LOW DENSITY; MAGNETIC RECONNECTIONS; MITIGATION TECHNIQUES; PARTICLE PRECIPITATION; PHYSICAL PROCESS; POLAR CAP; POLAR CAP PATCHES; RADIOFREQUENCY SIGNALS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SATELLITE DRAG; STRUCTURING MECHANISMS; TENSION FORCE; THERMOSPHERIC DENSITY; VELOCITY SHEAR; VELOCITY-DEPENDENT;

DRAG; PLASMA DENSITY; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); SATELLITES;

MAGNETOPLASMA;

EID: 84861881124     PISSN: 00486604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011RS004946     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Anderson, D. N., J. Buchau, and R. A. Heelis (1988), Origin of density enhancements in the winter polar cap, Radio Sci., 23, 513-519, doi:10.1029/RS023i004p00513.
2. Anderson, D. N., D. T. Decker, and C. E. Valladares (1996), Modeling boundary blobs using time varying convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 579-582, doi:10.1029/96GL00371. (Pubitemid 126606375)
3. Basu, S., and C. E. Valladares (1999), Global aspects of plasma structures, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 61, 127-139, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(98) 00122-9. (Pubitemid 129595604)
4. Basu, S., E. MacKenzie, S. Basu, E. Costa, P. F. Fougere, H. C. Carlson, and H. E. Whitney (1987), 250 MHz/CHz scintillation parameters in the equatorial, polar and auroral environments, IEEE Trans. Commun., 5, 102-115. (Pubitemid 17534686)
5. Basu, S., E. MacKenzie, and S. Basu (1988a), Ionospheric constraints on VHF/UHF communications links during solar maximum and minimum periods, Radio Sci., 23, 363-378, doi:10.1029/RS023i003p00363.
6. Basu, S., S. Basu, E. MacKenzie, P. F. Fougere, W. R. Coley, N. C. Maynard, J. D. Winningham, M. Sugiura, W. B. Hanson, and W. R. Hoegy (1988b), Simultaneous density and electric field fluctuation spectra associated with velocity shears in the auroral oval, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 115-136, doi:10.1029/JA093iA01p00115.
7. Basu, S., S. Basu, E. MacKenzie, W. R. Coley, J. R. Sharber, and W. R. Hoegy (1990), Plasma structuring by the gradient drift instability at high latitudes and comparison with velocity shear driven processes, J. Geophys. Res., 95(A6), 7799-7818, doi:10.1029/JA095iA06p07799.
8. Carlson, H. C. (1994), The dark polar ionosphere: Progress and future challenges, Radio Sci., 29, 157-165, doi:10.1029/93RS02125.
9. Carlson, H. C. (1998), Response of the polar cap ionosphere to changes (solar wind) IMF, in Polar Cap Boundary Phenomena, edited by J. Moen, A. Egeland, and M. Lockwood, pp. 255-270, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
10. Carlson, H. C. (2007), Role of neutral atmospheric dynamics in cusp density and ionospheric patch formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13101, doi:10.1029/2007GL029316. (Pubitemid 47399618)
11. Carlson, H. C., K. Oksavik, J. Moen, A. P. van Eyken, and P. Guio (2002), ESR mapping of polar-cap patches in the dark cusp, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1386, doi:10.1029/2001GL014087.
12. Carlson, H. C., K. Oksavik, J. Moen, and T. Pedersen (2004), Ionospheric patch formation: Direct measurements of the origin of a polar cap patch, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08806, doi:10.1029/2003GL018166. (Pubitemid 38893052)
13. Carlson, H. C., J. Moen, K. Oksavik, C. Nielsen, I. W. McCrea, T. Pedersen and P. Gallop (2006), Direct observations of injection events of subauroral plasma into the polar cap, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05103, doi:10.1029/2005GL025230.
14. Carlson, H. C., T. Pedersen, S. Basu, M. Keskinen, and J. Moen (2007), Case for a new process, not mechanism, for cusp irregularity production, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A11304, doi:10.1029/2007JA012384.
15. Carlson, H. C., K. Oksavik, and J. Moen (2008), On a new process for cusp irregularity production, Ann. Geophys., 26, 2871-2885, doi:10.5194/ angeo-26-2871-2008.
16. Coley, W. R., and R. A. Heelis (1998), Structure and occurrence of polar ionization patches, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2201-2208, doi:10.1029/ 97JA03345. (Pubitemid 128664999)
17. Cowley, S. W. H., and M. Lockwood (1992), Excitation and decay of solar wind-driven flows in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, Ann. Geophys., 10, 103-115.
18. Crowley, G. (1996), A critical review of ionospheric patches and blobs, in Review of Radio Science 1993-1996, pp. 619-648, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
19. Dandekar, B. S., and T. W. Bullett (1999), Morphology of polar-cap patch activity, Radio Sci., 34, 1187-1205, doi:10.1029/1999RS900056.
20. Demars, H. G., and R. W. Schunk (2007), Thermospheric response to ion heating in the dayside 398 cusp, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 649-660, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.11.002. (Pubitemid 46488920)
21. Foster, J. C. (1993), Storm time plasma transport at middle and high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1675-1689, doi:10.1029/92JA02032.
22. Foster, J. C., et al. (2005), Multiradar observations of the polar tongue of ionization, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A09S31, doi:10.1029/2004JA010928. (Pubitemid 44228354)
23. Heelis, R. (1984), The effects of interplanetary magnetic field orientation on dayside high-latitude convection, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2873-2880, doi:10.1029/JA089iA05p02873. (Pubitemid 14587105)
24. Keskinen, M. J., and S. L. Ossakow (1983), Theories of high-latitude ionospheric irregularities: A review, Radio Sci., 18(6), 1077-1091, doi:10.1029/ RS018i006p01077.
25. Lockwood, M., and H. C. Carlson (1992), Production of polar cap electron density patches by transient magnetopause reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1731-1734, doi:10.1029/92GL01993.
26. Lühr, H., M. Rother, K. Kohler, P. Ritter, and L. Grunwaldt (2004), Thermospheric up-welling in the cusp region: Evidence from CHAMP observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06805, doi:10.1029/2003GL019314.
27. Ma, T.-Z., and R. W. Schunk (1997), Effect of Sun-aligned arcs on the polar thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9729-9735, doi:10.1029/97JA00294. (Pubitemid 127694671)
28. McEwen, D. J., and D. P. Harris (1996), Occurrence patterns of F region layer patches over the north magnetic pole, Radio Sci., 31, 619-628, doi:10.1029/96RS00312. (Pubitemid 126587302)
29. McWilliams, K. A., T. K. Yeoman, and G. Provan (2000), A statistical survey of dayside pulsed ionospheric flows as seen by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar, Ann. Geophys., 18, 445-453, doi:10.1007/s00585-000-0445-8.
30. Milan, S. E., M. Lester, S. W. H. Cowley, and M. Brittnacher (2000), Convection and auroral response to a southward turning of the IMF: Polar UVI, CUTLASS, and IMAGE signatures of transient magnetic 410 flux transfer at the magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 105(A7), 15,741-15,755, doi:10.1029/ 2000JA900022.
31. Millward, C. H., R. J. Moffett, H. F. Balmforth, and A. S. Rodger (1999), Modeling the ionospheric effects of ion and electron precipitation in the cusp, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,603-24,612, doi:10.1029/1999JA900249.
32. Moen, J., H. C. Carlson, S. E. Milan, N. Shumilov, B. Lybekk, P. E. Sandholt, and M. Lester (2000), On the collocation between dayside auroral activity and coherent HF radar backscatter, Ann. Geophys., 18, 1531-1549, doi:10.1007/s00585-001-1531-2.
33. Moen, J., K. Oksavik, and H. C. Carlson (2004), On the relationship between ion upflow events and cusp auroral transients, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11808, doi:10.1029/2004GL020129. (Pubitemid 39103529)
34. Moen, J., H. C. Carlson, 2006), EISCAT observations of plasma patches at sub-auroral cusp latitudes, Ann. Geophys., 24(9), 2363-2374, doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2363-2006. (Pubitemid 44770398)
35. Moen, J., N. Gulbrandsen, D. A. Lorentzen, and H. C. Carlson (2007), On the MLT distribution of F region polar cap patches at night, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14113, doi:10.1029/2007GL029632. (Pubitemid 47393957)
36. Moen, J., Y. Rinne, H. C. Carlson, K. Oksavik, R. Fujii, and H. Opgenoorth (2008), On the relationship between narrow Birkeland current sheets and reversed flow channels in the winter cusp/cleft ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A09220, doi:10.1029/2008JA013061.
37. Neudegg, D. A., et al. (2000), A survey of magnetopause FTEs and associated flow bursts in the polar ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 18, 416-435, doi:10.1007/s00585-000-0416-0.
38. Oksavik, K., J. Moen, H. C. Carlson, R. A. Greenwald, S. E. Milan, M. Lester, W. F. Denig, and R. J. Barnes (2005), Multi-instrument mapping of the small-scale flow dynamics related to a cusp auroral transient, Ann. Geophys., 23, 2657-2670, doi:10.5194/angeo-23-2657-2005. (Pubitemid 41683037)
39. Oksavik, K., J. M. Ruohoniemi, R. A. Greenwald, J. B. H. Baker, J. Moen, H. C. Carlson, T. K. Yeoman, and M. Lester (2006), Observations of isolated polar cap patches by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) Finland radars, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A05310, doi:10.1029/2005JA011400.
40. Oksavik, K., V. L. Barth, J. Moen, and M. Lester (2010), On the entry and transit of high density plasma across the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12308, doi:10.1029/2010JA015817.
41. Oksavik, K., J. Moen, E. H. Rekaa, H. C. Carlson, and M. Lester (2011), Reversed flow events in the cusp ionosphere detected by SuperDARN HF radars, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A12303, doi:10.1029/2011JA016788.
42. Pinnock, M., A. S. Rodger, J. R. Dudeney, K. B. Baker, P. T. Newell, R. A. Greenwald, and M. E. Greenspan (1993), Observations of an Enhanced convection channel in the cusp ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98(A3), 3767-3776, doi:10.1029/92JA01382.
43. Pinnock, M., A. S. Rodger, J. R. Dudeney, F. Rich, and K. B. Baker (1995), High spatial and temporal resolution observations of the ionospheric cusp, Ann. Geophys., 13, 919-925, doi:10.1007/s00585-995-0919-9.
44. Prikryl, P., J. W. MacDougal, I. F. Grant, D. P. Steel, G. J. Sofko, and R. A. Greenwald (1999), Observations of polar patches generated by solar wind Alfven wave coupling to the Dayside magnetosphere, Ann. Geophys., 17, 463-489, doi:10.1007/s00585-999-0463-0.
45. Rinne, Y., J. Moen, K. Oksavik, and H. C. Carlson (2007), Reversed flow events in the winter cusp ionosphere observed by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10313, doi:10.1029/ 2007JA012366.
46. Rodger, A. S., M. Pinnock, J. R. Dudeney, K. B. Baker, and R. A. Greenwald (1994), A new mechanism for polar patch formation, J. Geophys. Res., 99(A4), 6425-6436, doi:10.1029/93JA01501.
47. Rodger, A. S., S. B. Mende, T. J. Rosenberg, and K. B. Baker (1995), Simultaneous optical and HF radar observations of the ionospheric cusp, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(15), 2045-2048, doi:10.1029/95GL01797.
48. Sandholt, P. E., H. C. Carlson, and A. Egeland (2002), Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
49. Schunk, R. W., and J. J. Sojka (1996), Ionosphere-thermosphere space weather issues, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1527-1574, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(96) 00029-3. (Pubitemid 126832016)
50. Smith, M. F., and M. Lockwood (1996), Earth's magnetospheric cusps, Rev. Geophys., 34, 233-260, doi:10.1029/96RG00893. (Pubitemid 126646247)
51. Sojka, J. J., M. D. Bowline, R. W. Schunk, D. T. Decker, C. E. Valladares, R. Sheehan, D. N. Anderson, and R. A. Heelis (1993), Modeling polar cap F-region patches using time varying convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(17), 1783-1786, doi:10.1029/93GL01347.
52. Sojka, J. J., M. D. Bowline, and R. W. Schunk (1994), Patches in the polar ionosphere: UT and seasonal dependence, J. Geophys. Res., 99(A8), 14,959-14,970, doi:10.1029/93JA03327.
53. Thayer, J. P., and J. Semeter (2004), The convergence of magnetospheric energy flux in the polar atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 807-824, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.01.035. (Pubitemid 38592043)
54. Tsunoda, R. T. (1988), High-latitude F region irregularities: A review and synthesis, Rev. Geophys., 26(4), 719-760, doi:10.1029/RG026i004p00719.
55. Valladares, C. E., and H. C. Carlson (1991), The electrodynamic, thermal, and energetic character of intense Sun-aligned arcs in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1379-1400, doi:10.1029/90JA01765.
56. Valladares, C. E., H. C. Carlson, and K. Fukui (1994), Interplanetary magnetic field dependency of stable Sun-aligned arcs, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6247-6272, doi:10.1029/93JA03255.
57. Valladares, C. E., D. T. Decker, R. Sheehan, D. N. Anderson, T. Bullett, and B. W. Reinisch (1998), Formation of polar cap patches associated with north-to-south transitions of the interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A7), 14,657-14,670, doi:10.1029/97JA03682. (Pubitemid 128664760)
58. Valladares, C. E., J. Moen, P. E. Sandholt, W. F. Denig, and O. Troshichev (2002), Simultaneous observations of dayside aurora from Heiss Island and Ny Alesund, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2202, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016001.
59. Weber, E. J., and J. Buchau (1981), Polar cap F-455 layer auroras, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 125-128, doi:10.1029/GL008i001p00125.
60. Weber, E. J., J. J. Buchau, J. G. Moore, J. R. Sharber, R. C. Livingston, J. D. Winningham, and B. W. Reinish (1984), F layer ionization patches in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 89(A3), 1683-1694, doi:10.1029/ JA089iA03p01683. (Pubitemid 14543976)
61. Weber, E. J., J. A. Klobuchar, J. Buchau, H. C. Carlson, R. C. Livingston, O. de la Beaujardiere, M. McCready, J. G. Moore, and G. J. Bishop (1986), Polar cap F layer patches: Structure and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 91(A11), 12,121-12,129, doi:10.1029/JA091iA11p12121.
62. Zhu, L., R. W. Schunk, and J. J. Sojka (1997), Polar-cap arcs: A review, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 1087-1126, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(96) 00113-7.