Observations of polar patches generated by solar wind Alfvén wave coupling to the dayside magnetosphere

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 463-489

  Prikryl, P ^a   MacDougall, J W ^b   Grant, I F ^b,e   Steele, D P ^c   Sofko, G J ^c   Greenwald, R A ^d  

^a Industry Canada   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Ionosphere (polar ionosphere); Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere ionosphere interactions; polar wind magnetosphere interactions)

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033416859     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00585-999-0463-0     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Anderson, D. N., J. Buchau, and R. A. Heelis, Origin of density enhancements in the winter polar cap ionosphere. Radio Sci., 23, 513-519, 1988.
2. André, D., A. G. McNamara, D. D. Wallis, B. A. McIntosh, T. J. Hughes, G. J. Sofko, J. A. Koehler, D. R. McDiarmid, P. Prikryl, and J. Watermann, Diurnal radio aurora variations at 50 MHz measured by the Bistatic Auroral Radar System radars, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8651-8661, 1988.
3. Biker, K. B., J. R. Dudeney, R. A. Greenwald, M. Pinnock, P. T. Newell, A. S. Rodger, N. Mattin, and C.-I. Meng, HF radar signatures of the cusp and low-latitude boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7671-7695, 1995.
4. Banks, P. M., T. Araki, C. R. Clauer, J.-P. St-Maurice, and J. C. Foster, The interplanetary electric field, cleft currents, and plasma convection in the polar caps. Planet. Space Sci., 32, 1551-1557, 1984.
5. Basu, S., Su. Basu, P. K. Chaturvedi, and C. M. Bryant, Jr., Irregularity structures in the cusp/cleft and polar cap regions, Radio Sci., 29, 195-207, 1994.
6. Belcher, J. W., and L. Davis, Jr., Large-amplitude Alfvén waves in the interplanetary medium, 2, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3534-3563, 1971.
7. Buchau, J., and B. W. Reinisch, Electron density structures in the polar F region, Adv. Space Res., 11(10), 29, 1991.
8. Buchau, J., B. W. Reinisch, E. J. Weber, and J. G. Moore, Structure and dynamics of the winter polar cap F region, Radio Sci., 18, 995-1010, 1983.
9. Buchau, J., E. J. Weber, D. N. Anderson, H. C. Carlson, Jr., J. G. Moore, B. W. Reinisch, and R. C. Livingston, Ionospheric structures in the polar cap: their origin and relation to 250-MHz scintillation, Radio Sci., 20, 325-338, 1985.
10. Chen, L., and A. Hasegawa, A theory of long-period magnetic pulsations, 1, steady state excitation of field line resonance, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1024-1032, 1974.
11. Clauer, C. R., and P. M. Banks, Relationship of the interplanetary electric field to the high-latitude ionospheric electric field and currents: observations and model simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6959-6971, 1986.
12. Clauer, C. R., P. M. Banks, A. Q. Smith, T. S. Jorgensen, E. Friis-Christensen, S. Vennerstrom, V. B. Wickwar, J. D. Kelly, and J. Doupnik, Observation of interplanetary magnetic field and of ionospheric plasma convection in the vicinity of the dayside polar cleft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1, 891-894, 1984.
13. Clauer, C. R., P. Stauning, T. J. Rosenberg, E. Friis-Christensen, P. M. Miller, and R. J. Sitar, Observations of a solar-wind-driven modulations of the dayside ionospheric DPY current system, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7697-7713, 1995.
14. Cowley, S. W. H., and M. Lockwood, Excitation and decay of solar-wind driven flows in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, Annales Geophysicae, 10, 103-115, 1992.
15. Cowley, S. W. H., J. P. Morelli, and M. Lockwood, Dependence of convective flows and particle precipitation in the high-latitude dayside ionosphere on the X and Y components of the interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5557-5564, 1991.
16. Crooker, N. U., Dayside merging and cusp geometry, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 951-959, 1979.
17. Crooker, N. U., F. R. Toffoletto, and M. S. Gussenhoven, Opening the cusp, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 263, 1991.
18. Crowley, G., Critical review of ionospheric patches and blobs, in Ed. W. Ross Stone Review of Radio Science 1993-1996, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 619-648, 1996.
19. Doe, R. A. and J. F. Vickrey, Electrodynamic model for the formation of auroral ionospheric cavities, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9683-9696, 1995.
20. Doe, R. A., M. Mendillo, J. F. Vickrey, L. Zanetti, and R. Eastes, Observations of nightside auroral cavities. J. Geophvs. Res., 98, 263, 1993.
21. Fairfleld, D. H., Average and unusual locations of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock. J. Geophys. Res., 76, 6700-6716, 1971.
22. Farley D. T., and B. G. Fejer, The effect of the gradient drift term on the type 1 electrojet irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3087-3090, 1975.
23. Fasel, G. J., Dayside poleward moving auroral forms: a statistical study. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11891-11905, 1995.
24. Fasel, G. J., J. I. Minow, R. W. Smith, C. S. Deehr, and L. C. Lee, Multiple brightenings of transient dayside auroral forms during oval expansions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 2429-2432, 1992.
25. Fenrich, F. R., J. C. Samson, G. Sofko, and R. A. Greenwald, ULF high and low-m field line resonances observed with Super-DARN, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21535-21547, 1995.
26. Foster, J. C., Storm time plasma transport at middle and high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1675-1689, 1993.
27. Foster, J. C., and J. R. Doupnik, Plasma convection in the vicinity of the dayside cleft, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9107-9113, 1984.
28. Fukui, K., J. Buchau, and C. E. Valladares, Convection of polar cap patches observed at Qaanaaq, Greenland, during the winter 1989-1990, Radio Sci., 29, 231-248, 1994.
29. Friis-Christensen, E., and J. Wilhjelm, Polar cap currents for different directions of the interplanetary magnetic field in the Y-Z plane. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1248-1260, 1975.
30. Grant, I. F., J. W. MacDougall, J. M. Ruohoniemi, W. A. Bristow, G. J. Sofko, J. A. Koehler, D. Danskin, and D. André, Comparison of plasma flow velocities determined by the ionosonde Doppler drift technique. SuperDARN radars, and patch motion, Radio Sci., 30, 1537-1549, 1995.
31. y, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 8057-8072, 1990.
32. Greenwald, R. A., K. B. Baker, J. R. Dudeney, M. Pinnock, T. B. Jones, E. C. Thomas, J.-C. Villain, J.-C. Cerrisier, C. Senior, C. Hanuise, R. D. Hunsucker, G. Sofko, J. Koehler, E. Nielsen, R. Pellinen, A. D. M. Walker, N. Sato, and H. Yamagishi, DARN SUPERDARN: a global view of the dynamics of high-latitude convection, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 761-796, 1995.
33. Hall, G., D. R. Moorcroft, L. L. Cogger, and D. André, Spatial relationship between large aspect angle VHF radio aurora and 557.7-nm emission: evidence from refraction, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15281-15288, 1990.
34. Hassam, A. B., Transmission of Alfvén waves through the earth's bow shock: theory and observation. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 643-653, 1978.
35. Hughes, T. J., and G. Rostoker, Current flow in the magnetosphere and ionosphere during periods of moderate activity, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2271-2282, 1977.
36. Hughes, W. J., and D. J. Southwood, The screening of micropulsation signals by the atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3234-3240, 1976a.
37. Hughes, W. J., and D. J. Southwood, An illustration of modification of geomagnetic pulsation structure by the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3241-3247, 1976b.
38. International Reference Ionosphere 1990, URSI/COSPAR, National Space Science Data Center/World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites, Rep. 90-22, 1990.
39. Lin, Y., L. C. Lee, and M. Yan, Generation of dynamic pressure pulses downstream of the bow shock by variations in the interplanetary magnetic field orientation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 479-493, 1996.
40. Leontyev, S. V., G. V. Starkov, V. G. Vorobjev, V. L. Zverev, and Y. I. Feldstein, Dayside aurorae and their relation to other geophysical phenomena, Planet. Space Sci., 40, 621-639, 1992.
41. Lockwood, M., The case for transient magnetopause reconnection, Eos, Trans., 77, 246-250, 1996.
42. Lockwood, M., and H. C. Carlson, Jr., Production of polar cap electron density patches by transient magnetopause reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1731-1734, 1992.
43. Lockwood, M., P. E. Sandholt, S. W. H. Cowley, and T. Oguti, Interplanetary magnetic field control of dayside auroral activity and the transfer of momentum across the dayside magnetopause, Planet. Space Sci., 67, 1347-1365, 1989.
44. Lockwood, M., W. F. Denig, A. D. Farmer, V. N. Davda, S. W. H. Cowley, and H. Luhr, Ionospheric signatures of pulsed reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. Nature, 361, 424-428, 1993.
45. MacDougall, J. W., I. F. Grant, and X. Shen, The Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde: design and results, in "Report UAG-14: Ionospheric Networks and Stations", World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 21, 1995.
46. McHarg, M. G., and J. V. Olson, Correlated optical and ULF magnetic observations of the winter cusp - boundary layer system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 817-820, 1992.
47. McKenzie, J. F., and K. O. Westphal, Transmission of Alfvén waves through the Earth's bow shock, Planet. Space Sci., 17, 1029-1037, 1969.
48. McNamara, A. G., D. R. McDiarmid, G. J. Sofko, J. A. Koehler, P. A. Forsyth, and D. R. Moorcroft, BARS a dual bistatic auroral radar system for the study of electric fields in the Canadian sector of the auroral zone, Adv. Space Res., 2, 145-148, 1983.
49. Newell, P. T. and Ch. -I. Meng, Ionospheric projections of magnetospheric regions under low and high solar wind pressure conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 273-286, 1994.
50. Newell, P. T., D. G. Sibeck, and Ch.-I. Meng, Penetration of the interplanetary magnetic field By and magnetosheath plasma into the magnetosphere: implications for the predominant magnetopause merging site. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 235-243, 1995.
51. Nielsen, E., and K. Schlegel, Coherent radar Doppler measurements and their relationship to the ionospheric electron drift velocity. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3498-3504, 1985.
52. Nishino, M., S. Nozawa, and J. A. Holtet, Daytime ionospheric absorption features in the polar cap associated with poleward drifting F-region plasma patches, Earth Planet, Space, 50, 107-117, 1998.
53. Opgenoorth, H. J., I. Haggstrom, P. J. S. Williams, and G. O. L. Jones, Regions of strongly enhanced perpendicular electric fields adjacent to auroral arcs, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 449-458, 1990.
54. y, conditions: Signatures of pulsed magnetopause reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 7191-7205, 1997.
55. Pinnock, M., A. S. Rodger, J. R. Dudeney, K. B. Baker, P. T. Newell, R. A. Greenwald, and M. E. Greenspan, Observations of an enhanced convection channel in the cusp ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3767-3776, 1993.
56. Pinnock, M., A. S. Rodger, and K. B. Berkey, High-latitude F-region electron concentration measurements near noon - a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7723-7729, 1995a.
57. Pinnock, M., A. S. Rodger, J. R. Dudeney, F. Rich, and K. B. Baker, High spatial and temporal resolution observations of the ionospheric cusp, Annales Geophysicae, 13, 919-925, 1995b.
58. Prikryl, P., and L. L. Cogger, Statistical analysis of the spatial relationship between the radio and optical aurora: further evidence for refraction, Radio Sci., 27, 469-479, 1992.
59. Prikryl, P., G. J. Sofko, J. A. Koehler, J. Mu, and D. André, Steep electron density gradients associated with discrete aurorae explaining the diversity of auroral VHF doppler spectra, Annales Geophysicae, 13, 25-37, 1995.
60. Prikryl, P., R. A. Greenwald, G. J. Sofko, J. P. Villain, C. W. S. Ziesolleck, and E. Friis-Christensen, Solar-wind-driven pulsed magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, Pc5 compressional oscillations and field line resonances, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17 307-17322, 1998.
61. Roble, R. G., and M. H. Rees, Time-dependent studies of the aurora: effects of particle precipitation on the dynamic morphology of ionospheric and atmospheric properties, Planet. Space. Sci., 25, 991-1010, 1977.
62. Rodger, A. S., and A. C. Graham, Diurnal and seasonal occurrence of polar patches. Annales Geophysicae, 14, 533-537, 1996.
63. Rodger, A. S., M. Pinnock, J. R. Dudeney, K. B. Baker, and R. A. Greenwald, A new mechanism for polar patch formation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6425-6436, 1994a.
64. Rodger, A. S., M. Pinnock, J. R. Dudeney, J. Watermann, O. de la Beaujardiere, and K. B. Baker, Simultaneous two hemisphere observations of the presence of polar patches in the nightside ionosphere. Annales Geophysicae, 12, 642-648, 1994b.
65. zand solar wind dynamic pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21 421-21 450, 1993.
66. Rosenberg, T. J., Z. Wang, A. S. Rodger, J. R. Dudeney, and K. B. Baker, Imaging riometer and HF radar measurements of drifting F region electron density structures in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7757-7764, 1993.
67. Rostoker, G., J. C. Samson, F. Creutzberg, T. J. Hughes, D. R. McDiarmid, A. G. McNamara, A. Vallance Jones, D. D. Wallts, L. L. Cogger, CANOPUS - a ground-based instrument array for remote sensing the high-latitude ionosphere during the ISTP GGS program, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 743-760, 1995.
68. Ruohoniemi, J. M., R. A. Greenwald, K. B. Baker, and J. C. Samson, HF radar observations of Pc5 field line resonances in the midnight/early morning MLT sector, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15697-15710, 1991.
69. Samson, J. C., Pure states, polarized waves, and principal components in the spectra of multiple, geophysical time-series, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 72, 647-664, 1983a.
70. Samson, J. C., The reduction of sample-bias in polarization estimators for multichannel geophysical data with anisotropic noise, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 75, 289-308, 1983b.
71. Samson, J. C., and J. V. Olson, Some comments on the descriptions of the polarization states of waves, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 61, 115-129, 1980.
72. Samson, J. C., R. A. Greenwald, J. M. Ruohoniemi, T. J. Hughes, and D. D. Wallis, Magnetometer and radar observations of magnetohydrodynamic cavity modes in the earth's magnetosphere, Can. J. Phys., 69, 929-937, 1991.
73. Samson, J. C., B. G. Harrold, J. M. Ruohoniemi, and A. D. M. Walker, Field line resonances associated with MHD waveguides in the magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 441-444, 1992a.
74. Samson, J. C., D. D. Wallis, T. J. Hughes, F. Creutzberg, J. M. Ruohoniemi, and R. A. Greenwald, Substorm intensifications and field line resonances in the nightside magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8495-8518, 1992b.
75. Sandholt, P. E., M. Lockwood, T. Oguti, S. W. H. Cowley, K. S. C. Freeman, B. Lybekk, A. Egeland, and D. M. Willis, Midday auroral breakup events and related energy and momentum transfer from the magnetosheath, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1039-1060, 1990.
76. y, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17 323-17 342, 1994.
77. Scholer, M., and J. W. Belcher, The effect of Alfvén waves on MHD fast shocks, Solar Phys., 16, 472-483, 1971.
78. Sibeck, D. G., K. Takahashi, S. Kokubun, T. Mukai, K. W. Ogilvie, and A. Szabo, A case study of oppositely propagating Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind and magnetosheath, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3133-3136, 1997.
79. Smith, M. F., M. Lockwood, and S. W. H. Cowley, The statistical cusp: a flux transfer event model, Planet. Space Sci., 40, 1251-1268, 1992.
80. Sojka, J. J., and R. W. Schunk, A theoretical study of the production and decay of localized electron density enhancements in the polar ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3245-3253, 1986.
81. Sojka, J. J., M. D. Bowline, R. W. Schunk, D. T. Decker, C. E. Valladares, R. Sheehan, D. N. Anderson, and R. A. Heelis, Modeling polar cap F-region patches using time varying convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1783-1786, 1993.
82. Sojka, J. J., M. D. Bowline, and R. W. Schunk, Patches in the polar ionosphere: UT and seasonal dependence, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14959-14 970, 1994.
83. Southwood, D. J., Some features of field line resonances in the magnetosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 483-491, 1974.
84. Southwood, D. J., C. J. Farrugia, and M. A. Saunders, What are flux transfer events?, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 503-508, 1988.
85. Stauning, P., E. Friis-Christensen, O. Rasmussen, and S. Vennerstrom, Progressing polar convection disturbances: signature of a open magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11 303-11 317, 1994.
86. y-related dayside ionospheric disturbances, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7567-7585, 1995.
87. Steele, D. P., and L. L. Cogger, Polar patches and the "tongue of ionization", Radio Sci., 31, 667-677, 1996.
88. St.-Maurice, J.-P., P. Prikryl, G. J. Sofko, A. Kustov, J. A. Koehler, D. Danskin, A. Hamza, and J. Chen, On the origin of narrow non-ion-acoustic coherent radar spectra in the high-latitude E region, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6447-6474, 1994.
89. y-dependent field-aligned currents in the cleft region based on DE 2 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1393-1407, 1993.
90. Tsunoda, R. T., High-latitude Fregion irregularities: a review and synthesis, Rev. Geophys., 26, 719-760, 1988.
91. Valladares C. E., S. Basu, J. Buchau, and E. Friis-Christensen, Experimental evidence for the formation and entry of patches into the polar cap, Radio Sci., 29, 167-194, 1994.
92. Valladares C. E., D. T. Decker, R. Sheehan, and D. N. Anderson, Modeling the formation of polar cap patches using large plasma flows, Radio Sci., 31, 573-593, 1996.
93. Vorobjev, V. G., G. Gustafsson, G. V. Starkov, Y. I. Feldstein, and N. F. Shevnina, Dynamics of day and night aurora during substorms, Planet. Space Sci., 23, 269-278, 1975.
94. Walker, A. D. M., R. A. Greenwald, aid, and K. B. Baker, HF radar observations of pulsations near the magnetospheric cusp, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8919-8928, 1986.
95. Walker, I. K., J. Moen, C. N. Mitchell, L. Kersley, and P. E. Sandholt, Ionospheric effects of magnetopause reconnection observed using ionospheric tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 293-296, 1998.
96. Watermann, J., Refraction of 50-MHz dara waves in a realistic ionospheric model, Radio Sci., 25, 805-812, 1990.
97. Weber E. J., J. Buchau, J. G. Moore, J. R. Sharber, R. C. Livingston, J. D. Winningham, and B. W. Reinisch, F Layer ionization patches in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1683-1694, 1984.
98. Weber, E. J., J. A. Klobuchar, J. Buchau, H. C. Carlson, Jr., R. C. Livingston, O. de la Beaujardiere, M. McCready, J.G. Moore, and G. J. Bishop, Polar cap F layer patches: Structure and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12 121-12 129, 1986.
99. Ziesolleck, C. W. S., and D. R. McDiarmid, Auroral latitude Pc 5 field line resonances: quantized frequencies, spatial characteristics, and diurnal variation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5817-5830, 1994.
100. Ziesolleck, C. W. S., and D. R. McDiarmid, Statistical survey of auroral latitude Pc5 spectral and polarization characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19299-19312, 1995.