Executive summary of the report by the WPA section on pharmacopsychiatry on general and comparative efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants in the acute treatment of depressive disorders

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 262, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 13-22

  Baghai, Thomas C ^a   Blier, Pierre ^b   Baldwin, David S ^c   Bauer, Michael ^d   Goodwin, Guy M ^e   Fountoulakis, Kostas N ^f   Kasper, Siegfried ^g   Leonard, Brian E ^h   Malt, Ulrik F ⁱ   Stein, Dan J ^j   Versiani, Marcio ^k   Möller, Hans Jürgen ^a  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^e WARNEFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^f ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^g MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^h NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

ⁱ OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^j STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^k FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

more..

Author keywords

Antidepressant treatments; Depression; Pharmacological treatments; Psychotherapy

Indexed keywords

AGOMELATINE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; NORTRIPTYLINE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL THERAPY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOOD DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIST; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SUICIDE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); STATISTICS;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84861695523     PISSN: 09401334     EISSN: 14338491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0274-7     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Adli M, Bauer M, Rush AJ (2006) Algorithms and collaborative-care systems for depression: are they effective and why? A systematic review. Biol Psychiatry 59: 1029-1038 (Pubitemid 43849663)
2. Adli M, Berghofer A, Linden M, Helmchen H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Mackert A, Stamm T, Bauer M (2002) Effectiveness and feasibility of a standardized stepwise drug treatment regimen algorithm for inpatients with depressive disorders: results of a 2-year observational algorithm study. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 782-790
3. Adli M, Rush AJ, Möller HJ, Bauer M (2003) Algorithms for optimizing the treatment of depression: making the right decision at the right time. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(Suppl 3): S222-S229 (Pubitemid 38088029)
4. American Psychiatric Association (2010) http: //www.psychiatryonline.com/ pracGuide/pracGuideTopic-7.aspx. Accessed 28 Feb 2011
5. Anderson IM (1998) SSRIS versus tricyclic antidepressants in depressed inpatients: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Depress Anxiety 7(Suppl 1): 11-17
6. Anderson IM (2000) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 58: 19-36 (Pubitemid 30173208)
7. Angst J, Angst F, Gerber-Werder R, Gamma A (2005) Suicide in 406 mood-disorder patients with and without long-term medication: a 40 to 44 years' follow-up. Arch Suicide Res 9: 279-300 (Pubitemid 40977549)
8. Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD (1996) Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment of refractory depression. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 842-848 (Pubitemid 26303624)
9. Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, Kerse N, Macgillivray S (2009) Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD007954
10. Baghai TC, Möller H-J, Rupprecht R (2006) Recent progress in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options of major depression. Curr Pharm Des 12: 503-515
11. Baldwin D, Broich K, Fritze J, Kasper S, Westenberg H, Möller HJ (2003) Placebo-controlled studies in depression: necessary, ethical and feasible. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 253: 22-28 (Pubitemid 37205221)
12. Barbui C, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A (2008) Effectiveness of paroxetine in the treatment of acute major depression in adults: a systematic re-examination of published and unpublished data from randomized trials. CMAJ 2008(01/30): 296-305 (Pubitemid 351212875)
13. Bauer M, Adli M, Baethge C, Berghofer A, Sasse J, Heinz A, Bschor T (2003) Lithium augmentation therapy in refractory depression: clinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. Can J Psychiatry 48: 440-448 (Pubitemid 37295201)
14. Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Müller- Oerlinghausen B (2000) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Am J Psychiatry 157: 1429-1435
15. Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Möller HJ (2007) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders in primary care. World J Biol Psychiatry 8: 67-104 (Pubitemid 46690921)
16. Bauer M, Döpfmer S (1999) Lithium augmentation in treatmentresistant depression: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 427-434 (Pubitemid 29451507)
17. Bauer M, Pfennig A, Linden M, Smolka MN, Neu P, Adli M (2009) Efficacy of an algorithm-guided treatment compared with treatment as usual: a randomized, controlled study of inpatients with depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 29: 327-333
18. Bauer M, Pretorius HW, Constant EL, Earley WR, Szamosi J, Brecher M (2009) Extended-release quetiapine as adjunct to an antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 70: 540-549
19. Bauer M, Tharmanathan P, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Freemantle N (2009) The effect of venlafaxine compared with other antidepressants and placebo in the treatment of major depression: ameta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259: 172-185
20. Bauer M, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Mö ller HJ (2002) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder and treatment of chronic depressive disorders and subthreshold depressions. World J Biol Psychiatry 3: 69-86
21. Bauer M, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Unipolar Depressive Disorders (2002) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorder, part 1: acute and continuation treatment of major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 3: 4-43
22. Berger M, Brakemeier EL, Klesse C, Schramm E (2009) Affective disorders. The significance of psychotherapeutic approaches. Nervenarzt 80: 540, 542-540, 548
23. Bschor T, Bauer M (2006) Efficacy and mechanisms of action of lithium augmentation in refractory major depression. Curr Pharm Des 12: 2985-2992 (Pubitemid 44184631)
24. Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr, Macfadden W, Minkwitz M, Ketter TA, Weisler RH, Cutler AJ, McCoy R, Wilson E, Mullen J (2005) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1351-1360 (Pubitemid 40905587)
25. Canadian Psychiatric Association and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) (2001) Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. Can J Psychiatry 46: 5S-90S
26. Charney DS, Grothe DR, Smith SL, Brady KT, Kaltsounis-Puckett J, Wright CW, Laird LK, Rush AJ (2002) Overview of psychiatric disorders and the role of newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 3-9
27. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Furukawa TA, Hotopf M, Geddes JR (2006) Are all antidepressants really the same? The case of fluoxetine: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 67: 850-864 (Pubitemid 44049083)
28. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C (2009) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multipletreatments meta-analysis. Lancet 373: 746-758
29. Cipriani A, Santilli C, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, McGuire H, Churchill R, Barbui C (2009) Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006532
30. Compton MT, Nemeroff CB (2000) The treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 9): 57-67 (Pubitemid 30453889)
31. Conte HR, Plutchik R, Wild KV, Karasu TB (1986) Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. A systematic analysis of the evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 471-479 (Pubitemid 16082752)
32. Cook RJ, Sackett DL (1995) The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 310: 452-454
33. Crossley NA, Bauer M (2007) Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two metaanalyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 935-940 (Pubitemid 47015495)
34. Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valenti M, Vieta E (2009) Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebocontrolled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 1(13): 5-14
35. Cuijpers P, Dekker J, Hollon SD, Andersson G (2009) Adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 70: 1219-1229
36. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, van Oppen P, Andersson G (2008) Are psychological and pharmacologic interventions equally effective in the treatment of adult depressive disorders? A metaanalysis of comparative studies. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 1675-1685
37. Cutler AJ, Montgomery SA, Feifel D, Lazarus A, Astrom M, Brecher M (2009) Extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-and duloxetine-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 70: 526-539
38. Dam J, Ryde L, Svejso J, Lauge N, Lauritsen B, Bech P (1998) Morning fluoxetine plus evening mianserin versus morning fluoxetine plus evening placebo in the acute treatment of major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 31: 48-54 (Pubitemid 28150203)
39. Damm J, Eser D, Schule C, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC (2009). Core symptoms of depression. Effectiveness of antidepressant therapy. Nervenarzt 80: 515-516, 518, 520
40. Danish University Antidepressant Group (1993) Moclobemide: a reversible MAO-A-inhibitor showing weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. J Affect Disord 28: 105-116
41. de Mello MF, de Jesus MJ, Bacaltchuk J, Verdeli H, Neugebauer R (2005) A systematic review of research findings on the efficacy of interpersonal therapy for depressive disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 75-82 (Pubitemid 40575662)
42. Derry S, Moore RA (2007) Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Psychiatry 7: 40
43. DeRubeis RJ, Gelfand LA, Tang TZ, Simons AD (1999) Medications versus cognitive behaviour therapy for severely depressed outpatients: mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1007-1013 (Pubitemid 29302791)
44. DeRubeis RJ, Siegle GJ, Hollon SD (2008) Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 9: 788-796
45. DGPPN (2009) http: //www.versorgungsleitlinien.de. Accessed 10 Dec 2009
46. Dodd S, Horgan D, Malhi GS, Berk M (2005) To combine or not to combine? A literature review of antidepressant combination therapy. J Affect Disord 89: 1-11 (Pubitemid 41740829)
47. Edelsberg J, Oster G (2009) Summary measures of number needed to treat: how much clinical guidance do they provide in neuropathic pain? Eur J Pain 13: 11-16
48. Elkin I, Gibbons RD, Shea MT, Sotsky SM, Watkins JT, Pilkonis PA, Hedeker D (1995) Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of depression collaborative research program. J Consult Clin Psychol 63: 841-847
49. Ellis P (2004) Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 38: 389-407 (Pubitemid 39029045)
50. Euromean Medicines Agency (EMA) (2009) http: //www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en- GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2009/10/WC500004861.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb 2011
51. Fava M, Evins AE, Dorer DJ, Schoenfeld DA (2003) The problem of the placebo response in clinical trials for psychiatric disorders: culprits, possible remedies, and a novel study design approach. Psychother Psychosom 72: 115-127 (Pubitemid 36469860)
52. Fergusson D, Doucette S, Glass KC, Shapiro S, Healy D, Hebert P, Hutton B (2005) Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 330: 396-402
53. Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ (2001) Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103: 66-72 (Pubitemid 32066159)
54. Fountoulakis KN, Möller HJ (2010) Efficacy of antidepressants: a re-analysis and re-interpretation of the Kirsch data. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(3): 405-412
55. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J (2010) Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 303: 47-53
56. Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Spanier CA, Buysse DJ, Cherry CR, Houck PR, Stapf DM, Kupfer DJ (2000) Interpersonal psychotherapy and antidepressant medication: evaluation of a sequential treatment strategy in women with recurrent major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61: 51-57 (Pubitemid 30104385)
57. Fritze J, Möller HJ (2001) Design of clinical trials of antidepressants: should a placebo control arm be included? CNS Drugs 15: 755-764 (Pubitemid 33065426)
58. Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, Furukawa TA, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Goodwin GM (2003) Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet 361: 653-661 (Pubitemid 36246547)
59. Gelenberg AJ, Thase ME, Meyer RE, Goodwin FK, Katz MM, Kraemer HC, Potter WZ, Shelton RC, Fava M, Khan A, Trivedi MH, Ninan PT, Mann JJ, Bergeson S, Endicott J, Kocsis JH, Leon AC, Manji HK, Rosenbaum JF (2008) The history and current state of antidepressant clinical trial design: a call to action for proof-of-concept studies. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 1513-1528
60. Ghaemi SN (2008) Why antidepressants are not antidepressants: STEP-BD, STAR*D, and the return of neurotic depression. Bipolar Disord 10: 957-968
61. Hale A, Corral RM, Mencacci C, Ruiz JS, Severo CA, Gentil V (2010) Superior antidepressant efficacy results of agomelatine versus fluoxetine in severe MDD patients: a randomized, double-blind study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 25: 305-314
62. Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23: 56-62
63. Hamoda HM, Osser DN (2008) The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the Harvard South Shore Program: an update on psychotic depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 16: 235-247
64. Healy D, Whitaker C (2003) Antidepressants and suicide: riskbenefit conundrums. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28: 331-337
65. Hegerl U, Mergl R (2009) The clinical significance of antidepressant treatment effects cannot be derived from placebo-verum response differences. J Psychopharmacol 24(4): 445-458
66. Hegerl U, Plattner A, Moller HJ (2004) Should combined pharmaco-and psychotherapy be offered to depressed patients? A qualitative review of randomized clinical trials from the 1990 s. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254: 99-107 (Pubitemid 39304477)
67. Henkel V, Seemuller F, Obermeier M, Adli M, Bauer M, Mundt C, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Zeiler J, Gaebel W, Mayr A, Möller HJ, Riedel M (2009) Does early improvement triggered by antidepressants predict response/remission? Analysis of data from a naturalistic study on a large sample of inpatients with major depression. J Affect Disord 115: 439-449
68. Hirschfeld RM, Dunner DL, Keitner G, Klein DN, Koran LM, Kornstein SG, Markowitz JC, Miller I, Nemeroff CB, Ninan PT, Rush AJ, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Borian FE, Crits-Christoph P, Keller MB (2002) Does psychosocial functioning improve independent of depressive symptoms? A comparison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination. Biol Psychiatry 51: 123-133 (Pubitemid 34127902)
69. Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ (2005) Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry 66: 455-468 (Pubitemid 40593574)
70. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, Arnow B, Dunner DL, Gelenberg AJ, Markowitz JC, Nemeroff CB, Russell JM, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Zajecka J (2000) A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med 342: 1462-1470 (Pubitemid 30318269)
71. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (2008) Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the food and drug administration. PLoS Med 5: e45
72. Kobayashi N, Sawamura T, Yoshida T, Yoshino A, Nomura S (2004) The effectiveness of lithium augmentation of milnacipran: preliminary data using the modified Japanese psychopharmacology algorithm. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 24: 279-281 (Pubitemid 40040728)
73. Lau MA (2008) New developments in psychosocial interventions for adults with unipolar depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21: 30-36 (Pubitemid 351339805)
74. Lee MS, Lim SW, Cha JH, Chung SK, Kim KS, Kasper S, Executive Committee for the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Major Depressive Disorder (2006) Korean medication algorithm for major depressive disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 10: 186-194
75. Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM (2009) How to read and understand and use systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119: 443-450
76. Melander H, Salmonson T, Abadie E, van Zwieten-Boot B (2008) A regulatory Apologia-a review of placebo-controlled studies in regulatory submissions of new-generation antidepressants. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18: 623-627
77. Möller HJ (2008) Isn't the efficacy of antidepressants clinically relevant? A critical comment on the results of the metaanalysis by Kirsch et al. 2008. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258: 451-455
78. Möller HJ, Grunze H, Broich K (2006) Do recent efficacy data on the drug treatment of acute bipolar depression support the position that drugs other than antidepressants are the treatment of choice? A conceptual review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256: 1-16 (Pubitemid 43288239)
79. Möller HJ, Maier W (2010) Evidence-based medicine in psychopharmacotherapy: possibilities, problems and limitations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 260: 25-39
80. Moncrieff J, Wessely S, Hardy R (2004) Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003012
81. Montgomery SA, Asberg M (1979) A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134: 382-389 (Pubitemid 9136500)
82. Montgomery SA, Baldwin DS, Blier P, Fineberg NA, Kasper S, Lader M, Lam RW, Lepine JP, Moller HJ, Nutt DJ, Rouillon F, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME (2007) Which antidepressants have demonstrated superior efficacy? A review of the evidence. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 323-329 (Pubitemid 47530836)
83. Mukai Y, Tampi RR (2009) Treatment of depression in the elderly: a review of the recent literature on the efficacy of single-versus dual-action antidepressants. Clin Ther 31: 945-961
84. Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Lewitzka U (2010) Lithium reduces pathological aggression and suicidality: a mini-review. Neuropsychobiology 62: 43-49
85. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009) London, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). http: //guidance.nice.org. uk/CG90. Accessed 7 Dec 2009
86. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) http: //www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG23fullguideline.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2010
87. Nelson JC, Docherty JP, Henschen GM, Kasper S, Nierenberg AA, Ward NG (1995) Algorithms for the treatment of subtypes of unipolar major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 31: 475-482
88. Nelson JC, Papakostas GI (2009) Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 166: 980-991
89. Nierenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Huffman JC, Ametrano RM, Fava M, Perlis RH (2008) A brief review of antidepressant efficacy, effectiveness, indications, and usage for major depressive disorder. J Occup Environ Med 50: 428-436 (Pubitemid 351521617)
90. Ostacher MJ (2006) The evidence for antidepressant use in bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 67(Suppl 11): 18-21 (Pubitemid 44439684)
91. Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C (2004) Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 714-719 (Pubitemid 38890806)
92. Papakostas GI (2007) Augmentation strategies in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Examining the evidence on augmentation with atypical antipsychotics. CNS Spectr 12: 10-12
93. Papakostas GI (2009) Pharmacologic and therapeutic strategies in treatment-resistant depression. Switching antidepressants vs. conventional augmentation strategies. CNS Spectr 14: 11-14
94. Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Nelson JC, Shelton RC (2007) Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer agents. Biol Psychiatry 62: 1217-1227 (Pubitemid 350060895)
95. Parker G, Parker I, Brotchie H, Stuart S (2006) Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression? The need to define its ecological niche. J Affect Disord 95: 1-11 (Pubitemid 46107017)
96. Price LH, Conwell Y, Nelson JC (1983) Lithium augmentation of combined neuroleptic-tricyclic treatment in delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 140: 318-322 (Pubitemid 13146695)
97. Reeves RR, Ladner ME (2010) Antidepressant-induced suicidality: an update. CNS Neurosci Ther 16: 227-234
98. Rihmer Z, Akiskal H (2006) Do antidepressants t(h)reat(en) depressives? Toward a clinically judicious formulation of the antidepressant-suicidality FDA advisory in light of declining national suicide statistics from many countries. J Affect Disord.:
99. Rush AJ, Crismon ML, Kashner TM, Toprac MG, Carmody TJ, Trivedi MH, Suppes T, Miller AL, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Witte BP, Shon SP, Rago WV, Altshuler KZ (2003) Texas medication algorithm project, phase 3 (TMAP-3): rationale and study design. J Clin Psychiatry 64(4): 357-369 (Pubitemid 36547277)
100. Rush AJ, Thase ME (1997) Strategies and tactics in the treatment of chronic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl 13): 14-22 (Pubitemid 28011968)
101. Rush AJ, Trivedi M, Fava M (2003) Depression, IV: STAR*≪ treatment trial for depression. Am J Psychiatry 160: 237
102. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, Niederehe G, Thase ME, Lavori PW, Lebowitz BD, McGrath PJ, Rosenbaum JF, Sackeim HA, Kupfer DJ, Luther J, Fava M (2006) Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 163: 1905-1917 (Pubitemid 44807782)
103. Sartorius N, Baghai TC, Baldwin DS, Barrett B, Brand U, Fleischhacker W, Goodwin G, Grunze H, Knapp M, Leonard BE, Lieberman J, Nakane Y, Pinder RM, Schatzberg AF, Svestka J, Baumann P, Ghalib K, Markowitz JC, Padberg F, Fink M, Furukawa T, Fountoulakis KN, Jensen P, Kanba S, Riecher-Rossler A (2007) Antidepressant medications and other treatments of depressive disorders: a CINP Task Force report based on a review of evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10(Suppl 1): S1-S207
104. Seemüller F, Riedel M, Obermeier M, Bauer M, Adli M, Kronmuller K, Holsboer F, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Zeiler J, Gaebel W, Dichgans E, Bottlander R, Musil R, Möller HJ (2010) Outcomes of 1014 naturalistically treated inpatients with major depressive episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20(5): 346-355
105. Seyringer ME, Kasper S (2009) Ranking antidepressants. Lancet 373: 1760-1761
106. Simon GE, Savarino J (2007) Suicide attempts among patients starting depression treatment with medications or psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1029-1034 (Pubitemid 47121391)
107. Souery D, Amsterdam J, de Montigny C, Lecrubier Y, Montgomery S, Lipp O, Racagni G, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J (1999) Treatment resistant depression: methodological overview and operational criteria. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 9: 83-91 (Pubitemid 29073687)
108. Storosum JG, Elferink AJ, van Zwieten BJ, van den Brink W, Gersons BP, van Strik R, Broekmans AW (2001) Short-term efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants revisited: a meta-analytic study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11: 173-180 (Pubitemid 32335560)
109. Stübner S, Grohmann R, von Stralendorff I, Ruther E, Moller HJ, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Engel RR, Horvath A, Greil W (2010) Suicidality as rare adverse event of antidepressant medication: report from the AMSP multicenter drug safety surveillance project. J Clin Psychiatry 71: 1293-1307
110. Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH, Chang W, Paulsson B, Khan A, Calabrese JR (2006) Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar I and II depression: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study (the BOLDER II study). J Clin Psychopharmacol 26: 600-609 (Pubitemid 44772737)
111. Thase ME, Rush AJ (1997) When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl 13): 23-29 (Pubitemid 28011969)
112. Trivedi MH, Daly EJ (2007) Measurement-based care for refractory depression: a clinical decision support model for clinical research and practice. Drug Alcohol Depend 88(Suppl 2): S61-S71 (Pubitemid 46528065)
113. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Quitkin F, Warden D, Ritz L, Nierenberg AA, Lebowitz BD, Biggs MM, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Rush AJ (2006) Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 354: 1243-1252
114. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Crismon ML, Kashner TM, Toprac MG, Carmody TJ, Key T, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Witte B, Suppes T, Miller AL, Altshuler KZ, Shon SP (2004) Clinical results for patients with major depressive disorder in the Texas medication algorithm project. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 669-680 (Pubitemid 38890800)
115. Turner E, Moreno SG, Sutton AJ (2009) Ranking antidepressants. Lancet 373: 1760-1762
116. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R (2008) Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 358: 252-260
117. U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2007) http: //www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm096273.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2011
118. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2009) http: //www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/PublicHealthAdvisories/ucm161696. htm. Accessed 1 Feb 2011
119. Uchida H, Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Nomura K, Watanabe K, Kashima H (2005) Combined treatment with sulpiride and paroxetine for accelerated response in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 25: 545-551 (Pubitemid 41669047)
120. Walsh BT, Seidman SN, Sysko R, Gould M (2002) Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA 287: 1840-1847 (Pubitemid 34303629)
121. Weissman MM (1979) The psychological treatment of depression. Evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapy alone, in comparison with, and in combination with pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1261-1269 (Pubitemid 10109194)
122. Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Dimascio A, Neu C, Goklaney M, Klerman GL (1979) The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. Am J Psychiatry 136: 555-558 (Pubitemid 9183112)
123. Wisniewski SR, Rush AJ, Nierenberg AA, Gaynes BN, Warden D, Luther JF, McGrath PJ, Lavori PW, Thase ME, Fava M, Trivedi MH (2009) Can phase III trial results of antidepressant medications be generalized to clinical practice? A STAR*≪ report. Am J Psychiatry 166: 599-607
124. Workman EA, Short DD (1993) Atypical antidepressants versus imipramine in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 54: 5-12 (Pubitemid 23057951)
125. World Health Organization (2004) http: //www.who.int/healthinfo/global- burden-disease/2004-report-update/en/index.html. Accessed 10 Feb 2011
126. Young AH, McElroy SL, Bauer M, Philips N, Chang W, Olausson B, Paulsson B, Brecher M (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). J Clin Psychiatry 71: 150-162
127. Zullino D, Baumann P (2001) Lithium augmentation in depressive patients not responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacopsychiatry 34: 119-127 (Pubitemid 32701760)