Imaging the Postoperative Spine

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 731-747

  Thakkar, Rashmi S ^a   Malloy, John P ^b   Thakkar, Savyasachi C ^a   Carrino, John A ^a   Khanna, A Jay ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Alexander Orthopaedic Associates   (United States)

Author keywords

Complications; Imaging; Postoperative spine; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ADJACENT SEGMENT DISEASE; ARACHNOIDITIS; ARTHROPLASTY; BONE SCREW; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOPROSTHESIS LOOSENING; EPIDURAL FIBROSIS; FIBROSIS; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HERNIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDARTHROSIS; RADICULITIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION; SPINE DISEASE; SPINE FUSION; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS;

DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MYELOGRAPHY; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SPINAL DISEASES; SPINAL FUSION; SPINE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TOTAL DISC REPLACEMENT; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 84861513291     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: 15578275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Van Goethem J.W., Parizel P.M., Jinkins J.R. Review article: MRI of the postoperative lumbar spine. Neuroradiology 2002, 44:723-739.
2. Okubadejo G.O., Daftary A.R., Buchowski J.M., et al. The lumbar and thoracic spine. MRI for orthopaedic surgeons 2010, 269-315. Thieme, New York. A.J. Khanna (Ed.).
3. Hayeri M.R., Tehranzadeh J. Diagnostic imaging of spinal fusion and complications. Appl Radiol 2009, 38:14-28.
4. Rutherford E.E., Tarplett L.J., Davies E.M., et al. Lumbar spine fusion and stabilization: hardware, techniques, and imaging appearances. Radiographics 2007, 27:1737-1749.
5. Slone R.M., MacMillan M., Montgomery W.J. Spinal fixation. Part 1. Principles, basic hardware, and fixation techniques for the cervical spine. Radiographics 1993, 13:341-356.
6. Slone R.M., MacMillan M., Montgomery W.J., et al. Spinal fixation. Part 2. Fixation techniques and hardware for the thoracic and lumbosacral spine. Radiographics 1993, 13:521-543.
7. Roy-Camille R., Saillant G., Mazel C. Internal fixation of the lumbar spine with pedicle screw plating. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986, 203:7-17.
8. Steffee A.D., Brantigan J.W. The variable screw placement spinal fixation system. Report of a prospective study of 250 patients enrolled in Food and Drug Administration clinical trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993, 18:1160-1172.
9. Brantigan J.W., Steffee A.D. A carbon fiber implant to aid interbody lumbar fusion. Two-year clinical results in the first 26 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993, 18:2106-2117.
10. Murtagh R.D., Quencer R.M., Castellvi A.E., et al. New techniques in lumbar spinal instrumentation: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiology 2011, 260:317-330.
11. Slone R.M., MacMillan M., Montgomery W.J. Spinal fixation. Part 3. Complications of spinal instrumentation. Radiographics 1993, 13:797-816.
12. Oskouian R.J., Johnson J.P. Vascular complications in anterior thoracolumbar spinal reconstruction. J Neurosurg 2002, 96:1-5.
13. McAfee P.C. Interbody fusion cages in reconstructive operations on the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999, 81:859-880.
14. Min J.H., Jang J.S., Lee S.H. Comparison of anterior- and posterior-approach instrumented lumbar interbody fusion for spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine 2007, 7:21-26.
15. Ekman P., Moller H., Tullberg T., et al. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007, 32:2178-2183.
16. Murtagh R.D., Quencer R.M., Cohen D.S., et al. Normal and abnormal imaging findings in lumbar total disk replacement: devices and complications. Radiographics 2009, 29:105-118.
17. Venu V., Vertinsky A.T., Malfair D., et al. Plain radiograph assessment of spinal hardware. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2011, 15:151-162.
18. Berquist T.H. Imaging of the postoperative spine. Radiol Clin North Am 2006, 44:407-418.
19. Lonstein J.E., Denis F., Perra J.H., et al. Complications associated with pedicle screws. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999, 81:1519-1528.
20. Zdeblick T.A. The treatment of degenerative lumbar disorders. A critical review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995, 20:126S-137S.
21. Whitecloud T.S., Skalley T.C., Cook S.D., et al. Roentgenographic measurement of pedicle screw penetration. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989, 245:57-68.
22. Ray C.D. Threaded fusion cages for lumbar interbody fusions. An economic comparison with 360-degree fusions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997, 22:681-685.
23. Marshman L.A., Trewhella M., Friesem T., et al. The accuracy and validity of "routine" X-rays in estimating lumbar disc arthroplasty placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007, 32:E661-E666.
24. Cecchini A., Garbagna P., Martelli A., et al. Radiol Med 1988, 75:565-576. [in Italian].
25. Kieffer S.A., Witwer G.A., Cacayorin E.D., et al. Recurrent post-discectomy pain. CT-surgical correlation. Acta Radiol Suppl 1986, 369:719-722.
26. Teplick J.G., Haskin M.E. Intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the postoperative lumbar spine: improved identification of recurrent disk herniation, scar, arachnoiditis, and diskitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984, 143:845-855.
27. Braun I.F., Hoffman J.C., Davis P.C., et al. Contrast enhancement in CT differentiation between recurrent disk herniation and postoperative scar: prospective study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985, 145:785-790.
28. Mall J.C., Kaiser J.A. The usual appearance of the postoperative lumbar spine. Radiographics 1987, 7:245-269.
29. Williams A.L., Gornet M.F., Burkus J.K. CT evaluation of lumbar interbody fusion: current concepts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:2057-2066.
30. Harreld J.H., McMenamy J.M., Toomay S.M., et al. Myelography: a primer. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2011, 40:149-157.
31. Ross J.S. Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2000, 4:281-291.
32. Grane P. The post-operative lumbar spine. A radiological investigation of the lumbar spine after discectomy using MR imaging and CT. Acta Radiol Suppl 1998, 39:2-11.
33. Bundschuh C.V., Stein L., Slusser J.H., et al. Distinguishing between scar and recurrent herniated disk in postoperative patients: value of contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990, 11:949-958.
34. Masaryk T.J., Modic M.T., Geisinger M.A., et al. Cervical myelopathy: a comparison of magnetic resonance and myelography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986, 10:184-194.
35. Modic M.T., Masaryk T., Boumphrey F., et al. Lumbar herniated disk disease and canal stenosis: prospective evaluation by surface coil MR, CT, and myelography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986, 147:757-765.
36. Petersilge C.A., Lewin J.S., Duerk J.L., et al. Optimizing imaging parameters for MR evaluation of the spine with titanium pedicle screws. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996, 166:1213-1218.
37. Rudisch A., Kremser C., Peer S., et al. Metallic artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with spinal fusion. A comparison of implant materials and imaging sequences. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998, 23:692-699.
38. Viano A.M., Gronemeyer S.A., Haliloglu M., et al. Improved MR imaging for patients with metallic implants. Magn Reson Imaging 2000, 18:287-295.
39. Lee M.J., Kim S., Lee S.A., et al. Overcoming artifacts from metallic orthopedic implants at high-field-strength MR imaging and multi-detector CT. Radiographics 2007, 27:791-803.
40. Suh J.S., Jeong E.K., Shin K.H., et al. Minimizing artifacts caused by metallic implants at MR imaging: experimental and clinical studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998, 171:1207-1213.
41. Vandevenne J.E., Vanhoenacker F.M., Parizel P.M., et al. Reduction of metal artefacts in musculoskeletal MR imaging. JBR-BTR 2007, 90:345-349.
42. Frazzini V.I., Kagetsu N.J., Johnson C.E., et al. Internally stabilized spine: optimal choice of frequency-encoding gradient direction during MR imaging minimizes susceptibility artifact from titanium vertebral body screws. Radiology 1997, 204:268-272.
43. Jinkins J.R., Van Goethem J.W. The postsurgical lumbosacral spine. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation following intervertebral disk surgery, surgical decompression, intervertebral bony fusion, and spinal instrumentation. Radiol Clin North Am 2001, 39:1-29.
44. Suk K.S., Lee H.M., Moon S.H., et al. Recurrent lumbar disc herniation: results of operative management. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001, 26:672-676.
45. Annertz M., Jonsson B., Stromqvist B., et al. Serial MRI in the early postoperative period after lumbar discectomy. Neuroradiology 1995, 37:177-182.
46. Boden S.D., Davis D.O., Dina T.S., et al. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging performed after successful lumbar disk surgery: prospective study. Radiology 1992, 182:59-64.
47. Ross J.S., Masaryk T.J., Modic M.T., et al. Lumbar spine: postoperative assessment with surface-coil MR imaging. Radiology 1987, 164:851-860.
48. Gates G.F. SPECT bone scanning of the spine. Semin Nucl Med 1998, 28:78-94.
49. Guhlmann A., Brecht-Krauss D., Suger G., et al. Chronic osteomyelitis: detection with FDG PET and correlation with histopathologic findings. Radiology 1998, 206:749-754.
50. Young P.M., Berquist T.H., Bancroft L.W., et al. Complications of spinal instrumentation. Radiographics 2007, 27:775-789.
51. Tehranzadeh J., Ton J.D., Rosen C.D. Advances in spinal fusion. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2005, 26:103-113.
52. Barsa P., Suchomel P. Factors affecting sagittal malalignment due to cage subsidence in standalone cage assisted anterior cervical fusion. Eur Spine J 2007, 16:1395-1400.
53. Bartels R.H., Donk R.D., Feuth T. Subsidence of stand-alone cervical carbon fiber cages. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:502-508.
54. Gercek E., Arlet V., Delisle J., et al. Subsidence of stand-alone cervical cages in anterior interbody fusion: warning. Eur Spine J 2003, 12:513-516.
55. Lee C.S., Hwang C.J., Lee S.W., et al. Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J 2009, 18:1637-1643.
56. Cho K.J., Suk S.I., Park S.R., et al. Complications in posterior fusion and instrumentation for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007, 32:2232-2237.
57. Emami A., Deviren V., Berven S., et al. Outcome and complications of long fusions to the sacrum in adult spine deformity: Luque-Galveston, combined iliac and sacral screws, and sacral fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002, 27:776-786.
58. Lee J.K., Amorosa L., Cho S.K., et al. Recurrent lumbar disk herniation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2010, 18:327-337.
59. Babar S., Saifuddin A. MRI of the post-discectomy lumbar spine. Clin Radiol 2002, 57:969-981.
60. Van Goethem J.W., Parizel P.M., van den Hauwe L., et al. The value of MRI in the diagnosis of postoperative spondylodiscitis. Neuroradiology 2000, 42:580-585.
61. Ross J.S., Masaryk T.J., Modic M.T., et al. MR imaging of lumbar arachnoiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987, 149:1025-1032.
62. Jinkins J.R., Roeder M.B. MRI of benign lumbosacral nerve root enhancement. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1993, 14:446-454.
63. Park J.B., Cho Y.S., Riew K.D. Development of adjacent-level ossification in patients with an anterior cervical plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005, 87:558-563.