The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Annals of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 23-37

  Bond, David J ^a   Hadjipavlou, George ^a   Lam, Raymond W ^a   McIntyre, Roger S ^b   Beaulieu, Serge ^c   Schaffer, Ayal ^b   Weiss, Margaret ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c DOUGLAS MENTAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^d CHILDREN S AND WOMEN S HEALTH CENTRE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity; Major depressive disorder; Management

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMPHETAMINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATOMOXETINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; FLUOXETINE; LISDEXAMFETAMINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; MODAFINIL; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VENLAFAXINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; LITHIUM DERIVATIVE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; CANADA; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISABILITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; INTERVIEW; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MANIA; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; ONSET AGE; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SELF REPORT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIOLENCE; ADVISORY COMMITTEE; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ADVISORY COMMITTEES; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CANADA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HUMANS; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; MOOD DISORDERS;

EID: 84861432005     PISSN: 10401237     EISSN: 15473325     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Breton JJ, Bergeron L, Valla JP, et al. Quebec child mental health survey: prevalence of DSM-III-R mental health disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:375-384. (Pubitemid 29108105)
2. Pliszka S; AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:894-921.
3. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36:159-165. (Pubitemid 43126140)
4. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:716-723. (Pubitemid 44464584)
5. Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:402-409. (Pubitemid 46706952)
6. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, et al. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1792-1798. (Pubitemid 23356570)
7. Millstein RB, Wilens TE, Biederman J, et al. Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 1997;2:159-166. (Pubitemid 127729777)
8. Heiligenstein E, Conyers LM, Berns AR, et al. Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. J Am Coll Health. 1998;46:185-188. (Pubitemid 28110429)
9. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Faraone SV, et al. Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:1557-1562.
10. Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21:761-774. (Pubitemid 28560017)
11. Gibbins C, Weiss M. Clinical recommendations in current practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007;9:420-426. (Pubitemid 47565024)
12. Barkley RA, Brown TE. Unrecognized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:977-984.
13. Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M. Identifying new symptoms for ADHD in adulthood. In: Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M, eds. ADHD in adults: what the science says. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008:170-204.
14. Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Resource Alliance. Assessment and treatment of ADHD uncomplicated - adults. http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/index. php?option=com-content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=124&lang=en. Accessed November 8, 2011.
15. Hervey AS, Epstein JN, Curry JF. Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology. 2004; 18:485-503. (Pubitemid 38944385)
16. Doyle AE. Executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67(suppl 8):21-26. (Pubitemid 44385603)
17. Biederman J, Petty C, Fried R, et al. Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1730-1738. (Pubitemid 44522481)
18. Biederman J, Faraone SV. The effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on employment and household income. Med Gen Med. 2006;8:12.
19. Pratt TC, Cullen FT, Blevins KR, et al. The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to crime and delinquency: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Police Science and Management. 2002; 4:344-360.
20. Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Dupaul GI, et al. Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:655-672.
21. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL 3rd. Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160:237-246.
22. Kessler RC, Lane M, Stang PE, et al. The prevalence and workplace costs of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a large manufacturing firm. Psychol Med. 2009;39:137-147.
23. Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Lowe SW, et al. Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:195-206.
24. Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Nierenberg AA, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood among adults with major depression. Psychiatry Res. 1996;62:213-219. (Pubitemid 26189427)
25. Nierenberg AA, Miyahara S, Spencer T, et al. Clinical and diagnostic implications of lifetime attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in adults with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 STEP-BD participants. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1467-1473. (Pubitemid 40798569)
26. Tamam L, Tuglu C, Karatas G, et al. Adult attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission: preliminary study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60:480-485. (Pubitemid 44060806)
27. Tamam L, Karakus G, Ozpoyraz N. Comorbidity of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258:385-393.
28. Sentissi O, Navarro JC, De Oliveira H, et al. Bipolar disorders and quality of life: the impact of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse in euthymic patients. Psychiatry Res. 2008;161:36-42.
29. Rydén E, Thase ME, Stråht D, et al. A history of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;120:239-246.
30. McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, Soczynska JK, et al. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in adults with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder: results from the International Mood Disorders Collaborative Project. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010; 12:e1-e7.
31. Bernardi S, Cortese S, Solanto M, et al. Bipolar disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A distinct clinical phenotype? Clinical characteristics and temperamental traits. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11:656-666.
32. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:543-552. (Pubitemid 46718287)
33. Strober M, DeAntonio M, Schmidt-Lackner S, et al. Early childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predicts poorer response to acute lithium therapy in adolescent mania. J Affect Disord. 1998; 51:145-151. (Pubitemid 29101688)
34. State RC, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, et al. Chart review of the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on response to lithium or divalproex sodium in adolescent mania. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1057-1063.
35. Masi G, Perugi G, Toni C, et al. Predictors of treatment nonresponse in bipolar children and adolescents with manic or mixed episodes. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:395-404. (Pubitemid 39473124)
36. Masi G, Perugi G, Millepiedi S, et al. Pharmacological response in juvenile bipolar disorder subtypes: a naturalistic retrospective examination. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177:192-198.
37. Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, et al. Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a large open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1038-1045. (Pubitemid 39571826)
38. Fishman PA, Stang PE, Hogue SL. Impact of comorbid attention deficit disorder on the direct medical costs of treating adults with depression in managed care. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:248-253. (Pubitemid 46362646)
39. Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS, Tripathi A. A cohort study of the prevalence and impact of comorbid medical conditions in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1518-1525.
40. Simon NM, Otto MW, Weiss RD, et al STEP-BD Investigators. Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions: baseline data from STEP-BD. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24:512-520. (Pubitemid 39274205)
41. Fischer M. Persistence of ADHD into adulthood: it depends on whom you ask. ADHD Report. 1997;5:8-10.
42. Sandra Kooij JJ, Marije Boonstra A, Swinkels SH, et al. Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of ADHD in adult patients. J Atten Disord. 2008;11:445-458.
43. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Klein DF, et al. Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1882-1888. (Pubitemid 35283254)
44. Belendiuk KA, Clarke TL, Chronis AM, et al. Assessing the concordance of measures used to diagnose adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;10:276-287.
45. Applegate B, Lahey BB, Hart EL, et al. Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1211-1221. (Pubitemid 27381277)
46. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, et al. Diagnosing adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: are late onset and subthreshold diagnoses valid? Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1720-1729. (Pubitemid 44522480)
47. Scheffer RE. Concurrent ADHD and bipolar disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007;9:415-419.
48. Harmer CJ, Clark L, Grayson L, et al. Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder is not a working memory impairment in disguise. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40:1586-1590. (Pubitemid 34436914)
49. Najt P, Glahn D, Bearden CE, et al. Attention deficits in bipolar disorder: a comparison based on the Continuous Performance Test. Neurosci Lett. 2005;379:122-126.
50. Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F. Sustained attention deficits in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:1097-1102. (Pubitemid 43928225)
51. Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, et al. Increased trait-like impulsivity and course of illness in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:280-288.
52. Strakowski SM, Fleck DE, DelBello MP, et al. Impulsivity across the course of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:285-297.
53. Paelecke-Habermann Y, Pohl J, Leplow B. Attention and executive functions in remitted major depression patients. J Affect Disord. 2005;89:125-135. (Pubitemid 41740840)
54. van der Meere J, Börger N, van Os T. Sustained attention in major unipolar depression. Percept Mot Skills. 2007;104:1350-1354.
55. Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ, et al. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with early- and late-onset bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:466-468. (Pubitemid 30145939)
56. Klassen LJ, Katzman MA, Chokka P. Adult ADHD and its comorbidities, with a focus on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;124:1-8.
57. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1793-1799.
58. Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:997-1008. (Pubitemid 26266330)
59. Scheffer RE, Kowatch RA, Carmody T, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mixed amphetamine salts for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in pediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization with divalproex sodium. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162:58-64. (Pubitemid 40095673)
60. Findling RL, Short EJ, McNamara NK, et al. Methylphenidate in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1445-1453. (Pubitemid 351338965)
61. Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Ketzer CR, et al. Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:756-764.
62. Chang K, Nayar D, Howe M, et al. Atomoxetine as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:547-551.
63. Biederman J, Munir K, Knee D, et al. High rate of affective disorders in probands with attention deficit disorder and in their relatives: a controlled family study. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:330-333. (Pubitemid 17031664)
64. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, et al. Evidence of familial association between attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:633-642.
65. Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mundy E, et al. A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:1577-1583.
66. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1378-1387.
67. Chang KD, Steiner H, Ketter TA. Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:453-460. (Pubitemid 30185540)
68. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J, Henin A, et al. Psychopathology in the young offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a controlled pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2006;145:155-167. (Pubitemid 44755400)
69. Tully EC, Iacono WG, McGue M. An adoption study of parental depression as an environmental liability for adolescent depression and childhood disruptive disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:1148-1154.
70. Ghanizadeh A, Mohammadi MR, Moini R. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and parental psychiatric disorders in a sample of Iranian children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008;12:149-155.
71. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Petty C, Micco JA, et al. Disruptive behavior disorders in offspring of parents with major depression: associations with parental behavior disorders. J Affect Disord. 2008;111:176-184.
72. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, et al. Psychiatric disorders in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:321-330.
73. Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Mick E, et al. A controlled family study of children with DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1079-1088.
74. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr, et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997;386:824-827. (Pubitemid 27181254)
75. Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, et al. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1542-1552. (Pubitemid 29292830)
76. Ernst M, Kimes AS, London ED, et al. Neural substrates of decision making in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1061-1070. (Pubitemid 41070964)
77. Schweitzer JB, Lee DO, Hanford RB, et al. Effect of methylphenidate on executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: normalization of behavior but not related brain activity. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:597-606. (Pubitemid 39336408)
78. Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, et al. Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:1071-1080. (Pubitemid 44754859)
79. Makris N, Biederman J, Valera EM, et al. Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:1364-1375. (Pubitemid 47343622)
80. Konarski JZ, McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, et al. Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:1-37.
81. Makris N, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, et al. Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD: a pilot study. J Atten Disord 2010;13:407-413.
82. Schneider MF, Krick CM, Retz W, et al. Impairment of fronto-striatal and parietal cerebral networks correlates with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) psychopathology in adults - a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Psychiatry Res. 2010;183:75-84.
83. Ehlis AC, Bähne CG, Jacob CP, et al. Reduced lateral prefrontal activation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during a working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:1060-1067.
84. Wolf RC, Plichta MM, Sambataro F, et al. Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009; 30:2252-2266.
85. Hesslinger B, Tebartz van Elst L, Thiel T, et al. Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2002;328:319-321.
86. Frodl T, Stauber J, Schaaff N, et al. Amygdala reduction in patients with ADHD compared with major depression and healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:111-118.
87. Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N. Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1263-1272. (Pubitemid 40798545)
88. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, et al. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 61:1361-1369. (Pubitemid 46855763)
89. Lopez-Larson M, Michael ES, Terry JE, et al. Subcortical differences among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to those with bipolar disorder with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:31-39.
90. Biederman J, Makris N, Valera EM, et al. Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes. Psychol Med. 2008;38:1045-1056. (Pubitemid 351769218)
91. Gardner A, Salmaso D, Varrone A, et al. Differences at brain SPECT between depressed females with and without adult ADHD and healthy controls: etiological considerations. Behav Brain Funct. 2009; 5:37-48.
92. Berk M, Dodd S, Kauer-Sant'anna M, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;434:41-49. (Pubitemid 47241063)
93. Dunlop BW, Nemeroff CB. The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:327-337. (Pubitemid 46376789)
94. Krause J. SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8:611-625. (Pubitemid 351551013)
95. Dhillon S, Yang LP, Curran MP. Spotlight on bupropion in major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:613-617.
96. McIntyre RS, Muzina DJ, Adams A, et al. Quetiapine XR efficacy and tolerability as monotherapy and as adjunctive treatment to conventional antidepressants in the acute and maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder: a review of registration trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10:3061-3075.
97. Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM. Spotlight on atomoxetine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:85-88.
98. Rydén E, Johansson C, Blennow K, et al. Lower CSF HVA and 5-HIAA in bipolar disorder type 1 with a history of childhood ADHD. J Neural Transm. 2009;116:1667-1674.
99. Nutt DJ, Fone K, Asherson P, et al British Association for Psychopharmacology. Evidence-based guidelines for management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents in transition to adult services and in adults: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21:10-41. (Pubitemid 46012081)
100. Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:754-763.
101. Wilens TE, Prince JB, Spencer T, et al. An open trial of bupropion for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:9-16. (Pubitemid 36776718)
102. Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, et al. Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:553-561.
103. Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Pheula GF, et al. Aripiprazole in juvenile bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. CNS Spectr. 2007;12:758-762. (Pubitemid 350072173)
104. Biederman J, Hammerness P, Doyle R, et al. Risperidone treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4:203-207. (Pubitemid 351460956)
105. Findling RL, McNamara NK, Gracious BL, et al. Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolarity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:895-901. (Pubitemid 44515837)
106. Findling RL, McNamara NK, Youngstrom EA, et al. Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:409-417. (Pubitemid 40559688)
107. Dorrego MF, Canevaro L, Kuzis G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of methylphenidate and lithium in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14:289-295. (Pubitemid 34827684)
108. Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, et al. A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1242-1249. (Pubitemid 47292414)
109. Turner DC, Clark L, Dowson J, et al. Modafinil improves cognition and response inhibition in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:1031-1040. (Pubitemid 38581919)
110. Taylor FB, Russo J. Efficacy of modafinil compared to dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10:311-320. (Pubitemid 32103907)
111. Parker G, Brotchie H. Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:308-314.
112. El-Mallakh RS. An open study of methylphenidate in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:56-59.
113. Lydon E, El-Mallakh RS. Naturalistic long-term use of methylphenidate in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:516-518. (Pubitemid 44401475)
114. Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN. Frequency of stimulant treatment and of stimulant-associated mania/hypomania in bipolar disorder patients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41:37-47.
115. Hornig-Rohan M, Amsterdam JD. Venlafaxine versus stimulant therapy in patients with dual diagnosis ADD and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26:585-589. (Pubitemid 34252955)
116. Findling RL. Open-label treatment of comorbid depression and attentional disorders with co-administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psychostimulants in children, adolescents, and adults: a case series. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1996;6:165-175. (Pubitemid 26414050)
117. Atomoxetine ADHD and Comorbid MDD Study Group; Bangs ME, Emslie GJ, Spencer TJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:407-420.
118. Kratochvil CJ, Newcorn JH, Arnold LE, et al. Atomoxetine alone or combined with fluoxetine for treating ADHD with comorbid depressive or anxiety symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 44:915-924. (Pubitemid 41193203)
119. Daviss WB, Bentivoglio P, Racusin R, et al. Bupropion sustained release in adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001; 40:307-314. (Pubitemid 32179966)
120. Gammon GD, Brown TE. Fluoxetine and methylphenidate in combination for treatment of attention deficit disorder and comorbid depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1993;3:1-10.
121. Quintana H, Butterbaugh GJ, Purnell W, et al. Fluoxetine monotherapy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid non-bipolar mood disorders in children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2007;37:241-253. (Pubitemid 46169768)
122. Wilens TE, Haight BR, Horrigan JP, et al. Bupropion XL in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:793-801. (Pubitemid 40487924)
123. Wilens TE, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, et al. A controlled clinical trial of bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:282-288. (Pubitemid 32116526)
124. Kuperman S, Perry PJ, Gaffney GR, et al. Bupropion SR vs. methylphenidate vs. placebo for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2001;13:129-134. (Pubitemid 34020146)
125. Reimherr FW, Hedges DW, Strong RE, et al. Bupropion SR in adults with ADHD: a short-term, placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2005;1:245-251.
126. Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, et al. Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:649-657.
127. Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:1314-1321. (Pubitemid 26327705)
128. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Prince J, et al. Six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of desipramine for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1147-1153. (Pubitemid 26299833)
129. Spencer T, Biederman J, Coffey B, et al. A double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:649-656. (Pubitemid 34747245)
130. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28:777-784. (Pubitemid 19239933)
131. Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, et al. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics. 1995;95:74-81.
132. Weiss M, Hechtman L; Adult ADHD Research Group. A randomized double-blind trial of paroxetine and/or dextroamphetamine and problem-focused therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:611-619. (Pubitemid 43764238)
133. Findling RL, Schwartz MA, Flannery DJ, et al. Venlafaxine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:184-189. (Pubitemid 26158852)
134. Adler LA, Resnick S, Kunz M, et al. Open-label trial of venlafaxine in adults with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:785-788. (Pubitemid 26091748)
135. Hedges D, Reimherr FW, Rogers A, et al. An open trial of venlafaxine in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:779-783. (Pubitemid 26091747)
136. Upadhyaya HP, Brady KT, Sethuraman G, et al. Venlafaxine treatment of patients with comorbid alcohol/cocaine abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:116-118. (Pubitemid 32096765)
137. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, et al. A systematic assessment of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183:48-50.
138. Ratner S, Laor N, Bronstein Y, et al. Six-week open-label reboxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:428-433. (Pubitemid 40559690)
139. Mozes T, Meiri G, Ben-Amity G, et al. Reboxetine as an optional treatment for hyperkinetic conduct disorder: a prospective open-label trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15:259-269. (Pubitemid 40734105)
140. Tehrani-Doost M, Moallemi S, Shahrivar Z. An open-label trial of reboxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18:179-184. (Pubitemid 351591435)
141. Arabgol F, Panaghi L, Hebrani P. Reboxetine versus methylphenidate in treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18:53-59.
142. Toren P, Ratner S, Weizman A, et al. Reboxetine maintenance treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a long-term follow-up study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:803-812.
143. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al. Nortriptyline treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993; 32:205-210. (Pubitemid 23052921)
144. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Geist DE, et al. Nortriptyline in the treatment of ADHD: a chart review of 58 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993; 32:343-349. (Pubitemid 23099640)
145. Stevenson CS, Whitmont S, Bornholt L, et al. A cognitive remediation programme for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36:610-616. (Pubitemid 35174399)
146. Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Wasserstein J, et al. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:958-968.
147. Safren SA, Sprich S, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:875-880.
148. Philipsen A, Richter H, Peters J, et al. Structured group psychotherapy in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of an open multicentre study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:1013-1019. (Pubitemid 350306555)
149. Hesslinger B, Tebartz van Elst L, Nyberg E, et al. Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults-a pilot study using a structured skills training program. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252:177-184. (Pubitemid 36056674)
150. Zylowska L, Ackerman DL, Yang MH, et al. Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: a feasibility study. J Atten Disord. 2008;11:737-746.
151. Rostain AL, Ramsay JR. A combined treatment approach for adults with ADHD-results of an open study of 43 patients. J Atten Disord. 2006;10:150-159. (Pubitemid 44622769)
152. Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, et al. Evaluation of group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009;12:434-441.
153. Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ, et al. Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008;11:728-736.
154. Virta M, Vedenpää A, Grönroos N, et al. Adults with ADHD benefit from cognitive-behaviorally oriented group rehabilitation: a study of 29 participants. J Atten Disord. 2008;12:218-226.
155. Salakari A, Virta M, Grönroos N, et al. Cognitive-behaviorally- oriented group rehabilitation of adults with ADHD: results of a 6-month follow-up. J Atten Disord. 2010;13:516-523.
156. Safren SA, Otto MW, Sprich S, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:831-842. (Pubitemid 40719607)
157. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35:245-256. (Pubitemid 40259916)
158. Adler LA, Spencer T, Faraone SV, et al. Training raters to assess adult ADHD: reliability of ratings. J Atten Disord. 2005;8:121-126. (Pubitemid 40805795)
159. Snyder SM, Hall JR, Cornwell SL, et al. Review of clinical validation of ADHD behavior rating scales. Psychol Rep. 2006;99:363-378. (Pubitemid 44831799)
160. Rösler M, Retz W, Stieglitz RD. Psychopathological rating scales as efficacy parameters in adult ADHD treatment investigations-benchmarking instruments for international multicentre trials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2010;43:92-98.
161. Conners CK, Erhardt T, Sparrow E. CAARS adult ADHD rating scales. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.; 1998.
162. Weiss MD. Diagnosis of childhood-onset conditions in adult psychiatry. Primary Psychiatry. 2010; 17:21-28.
163. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:885-890. (Pubitemid 23156767)
164. Adler LA, Goodman DW, Kollins SH, et al; 303 Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:1364-1373.
165. Wigal T, Brams M, Gasior M, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: novel findings using a simulated adult workplace environment design. Behav Brain Funct. 2010;6:34.
166. Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al. Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:232-239. (Pubitemid 44480842)
167. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:225-255.
168. Sachs GS, Lafer B, Stoll AL, et al. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55:391-393. (Pubitemid 24337995)
169. Vieta E, Martinez-Arán A, Goikolea JM, et al. A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63:508-512. (Pubitemid 34680359)