Cognitive impairment in degenerative parkinsonisms: Role of radionuclide brain imaging

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 55-67

  Arnaldi, D ^a   Morbelli, S ^a   Morrone, E ^a   Campus, C ^b   Nobili, Flavio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO ITALIANO DI TECNOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Parkinson disease; Positron emission tomography; Tomography, emission computed, single photon

Indexed keywords

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; NEUROTRANSMITTER; RADIOISOTOPE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN METABOLISM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; MEMORY DISORDER; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROIMAGING; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 84861324426     PISSN: 18244785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Kehagia AA, Barker RA, Robbins TW. Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:1200-13.
2. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, Georges J, McKeith IG, Rossor M et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:e1-26.
3. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N. How does Parkinson's disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population. Mov Disord 2000;15:1112-8.
4. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Karlsen K, Lim NG, Tandberg E. Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:866-74. (Pubitemid 29495548)
5. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:938-42. (Pubitemid 30637303)
6. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sorensen P. Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurology 2001;56:730-6. (Pubitemid 32240091)
7. Caviness JN, Driver-Dunckley E, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Hentz JG, Noble B et al. Defining mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007;22:1272-7. (Pubitemid 47325034)
8. Dickson DW, Braak H, Duda JE, Duyckaerts C, Gasser T, Halliday GM et al. Neuropathological assessment of Parkinson's disease: refining the diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:1150-7.
9. Ferrer I. Neuropathology and neurochemistry of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis 2011;2011:708404.
10. Brown RG, Lacomblez L, Landwehrmeyer BG, Bak T, Uttner I, Dubois B et al. Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 2010;133:2382-93.
11. Samii A, Nutt JG, Ransom BR. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2004;363:1783-93. (Pubitemid 38698383)
12. Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, Orr C, DelleDonne A, Josephs KA, Frigerio R et al. Neuropathology of non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009:15 Suppl 3.S1-5.
13. Janvin C, Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Hugdahl K. Neuropsychological profile of patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;15:126-31. (Pubitemid 36206641)
14. Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Postuma RB, Desjardins C, Massicotte-Marquez J, Panisset M et al. Mild cognitive impairment in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2009;66:39-47.
15. Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Hugdahl K. Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: progression to dementia. Mov Disord 2006;21:1343-9. (Pubitemid 44613283)
16. Caballol N, Marti MJ, Tolosa E. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2007;22 Suppl 17:S358-66. (Pubitemid 350134189)
17. Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:229-37. (Pubitemid 37443310)
18. Huber SJ, Freidenberg DL, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW, Christy JA. Neuropsychological impairments associated with severity of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1989;1:154-8. (Pubitemid 19247959)
19. Song SK, Lee JE, Park HJ, Sohn YH, Lee JD, Lee PH. The pattern of cortical atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease according to cognitive status. Mov Disord 2011;26:289-96.
20. Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Tolosa E, Junque C, Marti MJ. MRI and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009;24 Suppl 2:S748-53.
21. Cropley VL, Fujita M, Innis RB, Nathan PJ. Molecular imaging of the dopaminergic system and its association with human cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:898-907.
22. Jokinen P, Bruck A, Aalto S, Forsback S, Parkkola R, Rinne JO. Impaired cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease is related to caudate dopaminergic hypofunction and hippocampal atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15:88-93.
23. Rinne JO, Portin R, Ruottinen H, Nurmi E, Bergman J, Haaparanta M et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson disease: [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 2000;57:470-5. (Pubitemid 30212118)
24. Duchesne N, Soucy JP, Masson H, Chouinard S, Bedard MA. Cognitive deficits and striatal dopaminergic denervation in Parkinson's disease: a single photon emission computed tomography study using 123iodine-beta-CIT in patients on and off levodopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:216-24. (Pubitemid 34832762)
25. Muller U, Wachter T, Barthel H, Reuter M, von Cramon DY. Striatal [123I]beta-CIT SPECT and prefrontal cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 2000;107:303-19. (Pubitemid 30162692)
26. Marie RM, Barre L, Dupuy B, Viader F, Defer G, Baron JC. Relationships between striatal dopamine denervation and frontal executive tests in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 1999;260:77-80. (Pubitemid 29066869)
27. Nobili F, Campus C, Arnaldi D, De Carli F, Cabassi G, Brugnolo A et al Cognitive-nigrostriatal relationships in de novo, drug-naive Parkinson's disease patients: a [I-123]FP-CIT SPECT study. Mov Disord 2010;25:35-43.
28. Armandi D, Campus C, Ferrara M, Famà F, Picco A, De Carli F et al. What predicts cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Aging 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22226489.
29. Bruck A, Aalto S, Nurmi E, Bergman J, Rinne JO. Cortical 6-[18F] fluoro-L-dopa uptake and frontal cognitive functions in early Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2005;26:891-8. (Pubitemid 40249492)
30. Sawamoto N, Piccini P, Hotton G, Pavese N, Thielemans K, Brooks DJ. Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008;131:1294-302.
31. Hirsch EC, Orieux G, Muriel MP, Francois C, Feger J. Non-dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 2003;91:29-37.
32. Kish SJ, Tong J, Hornykiewicz O, Rajput A, Chang LJ, Guttman M et al. Preferential loss of serotonin markers in caudate versus putamen in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008;131:120-31.
33. Moore RY, Whone AL, Brooks DJ. Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson's disease: an 18F-dopa PET study. Neurobiol Dis 2008;29:381-90.
34. Pavese N, Rivero-Bosch M, Lewis SJ, Whone AL, Brooks DJ. Progression of monoaminergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal 18F-dopa PET study. Neuroimage 2011;56:1463-8.
35. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Nan B, Wang CN, Wang X, Junck L et al. Cerebral cortical and subcortical cholinergic deficits in parkinsonian syndromes. Neurology 2010;74:1416-23.
36. Shimada H, Hirano S, Shinotoh H, Aotsuka A, Sato K, Tanaka N et al. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology 2009;73:273-8.
37. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Ivanco LS, Lopresti B, Koeppe RA, Davis JG et al. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1745-8. (Pubitemid 37521630)
38. Maidment I, Fox C, Boustani M. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson's disease dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD004747.
39. Rezak M. Current pharmacotherapeutic treatment options in Parkinson's disease. Dis Mon 2007;53:214-22. (Pubitemid 46935688)
40. Brooks DJ, Pavese N. Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011.
41. Boileau I, Warsh JJ, Guttman M, Saint-Cyr JA, McCluskey T, Rusjan P et al. Elevated serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease: a preliminary PET study with [11C]DASB. Mov Disord 2008;23:1776-80.
42. Sargent PA, Kjaer KH, Bench CJ, Rabiner EA, Messa C, Meyer J et al. Brain serotonin1A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:174-80. (Pubitemid 30075269)
43. Kim SE, Choi JY, Choe YS, Choi Y, Lee WY. Serotonin transporters in the midbrain of Parkinson's disease patients: a study with 123I-beta-CIT SPECT. J Nucl Med 2003;44:870-6. (Pubitemid 39663396)
44. Strecker K, Wegner F, Hesse S, Becker GA, Patt M, Meyer PM et al. Preserved serotonin transporter binding in de novo Parkinson's disease: negative correlation with the dopamine transporter.J Neurol 2011;258:19-26.
45. Kehagia AA, Murray GK, Robbins TW. Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010;20:199-204.
46. Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Bratzke H, Del Tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2004;318:121-34. (Pubitemid 39362633)
47. Remy P, Doder M, Lees A, Turjanski N, Brooks D. Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 2005;128:1314-22. (Pubitemid 40826185)
48. Cummings JL, Masterman DL. Depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:711-8. (Pubitemid 29450282)
49. Fernandez HH, See RH, Gary MF, Bowers D, Rodriguez RL, Jacobson Ct et al. Depressive symptoms in Parkinson disease correlate with impaired global and specific cognitive performance. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009;22:223-7.
50. Kuzis G, Sabe L, Tiberti C, Leiguarda R, Starkstein SE. Cognitive functions in major depression and Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 1997;54:982-6. (Pubitemid 27330407)
51. Troster AI, Paolo AM, Lyons KE, Glatt SL, Hubble JP, Koller WC. The influence of depression on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a pattern of impairment distinguishable from Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:672-6.
52. Feldmann A, Illes Z, Kosztolanyi P, Illes E, Mike A, Kover F et al. Morphometric changes of gray matter in Parkinson's disease with depression: a voxel-based morphometry study. Mov Disord 2008;23:42-6. (Pubitemid 351281216)
53. Kostic VS, Agosta F, Petrovic I, Galantucci S, Spica V, Jecmenica-Lukic M et al. Regional patterns of brain tissue loss associated with depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010;75:857-63.
54. Weintraub D, Newberg AB, Cary MS, Siderowf AD, Moberg PJ, Kleiner-Fisman G et al. Striatal dopamine transporter imaging correlates with anxiety and depression symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Nucl Med 2005;46:227-32. (Pubitemid 43073428)
55. Koerts J, Leenders KL, Koning M, Portman AT, van Beilen M. Striatal dopaminergic activity (FDOPA-PET) associated with cognitive items of a depression scale (MADRS) in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2007;25:3132-6. (Pubitemid 46888822)
56. Meyer PM, Strecker K, Kendziorra K, Becker G, Hesse S, Woelpl D et al. Reduced alpha4beta2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and its relationship to mild cognitive and depressive symptoms in Parkinson disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:866-77.
57. Huang C, Mattis P, Perrine K, Brown N, Dhawan V, Eidelberg D. Metabolic abnormalities associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008;70:1470-7. (Pubitemid 351521942)
58. Huang C, Mattis P, Tang C, Perrine K, Carbon M, Eidelberg D. Metabolic brain networks associated with cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2007;34:714-23. (Pubitemid 44827754)
59. Borghammer P, Cumming P, Aanerud J, Gjedde A. Artefactual subcortical hyperperfusion in PET studies normalized to global mean: lessons from Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2009;45:249-57.
60. Tang CC, Eidelberg D. Abnormal metabolic brain networks in Parkinson's disease from blackboard to bedside. Prog Brain Res 2010;184:161-76.
61. Firbank MJ, Colloby SJ, Burn DJ, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT. Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Neuroimage 2003;20:1309-19. (Pubitemid 37268148)
62. Van Laere K, Santens P, Bosnian T, De Reuck J, Mortelmans L, Dierckx R. Statistical parametric mapping of (99m)Tc-ECD SPECT in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonian features: correlation with clinical parameters. J Nucl Med 2004;45:933-42. (Pubitemid 47611679)
63. Matsui H, Udaka F, Miyoshi T, Hara N, Tamura A, Oda M et al. Frontal assessment battery and brain perfusion image in Parkinson's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006;19:41-5-
64. Nagano-Saito A, Kato T, Arahata Y, Washimi Y, Nakamura A, Abe Y et al. Cognitive- and motor-related regions in Parkinson's disease: FDOPA and FDG PET studies. Neuroimage 2004;22:553-61. (Pubitemid 38759417)
65. Nobili F, Arnaldi D, Campus C, Ferrara M, De Carli F, Brugnolo A et al. Brain perfusion correlates of cognitive and nigrostriatal functions in de novo Parkinson's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:2209-18.
66. Nobili F, Abbruzzese G, Morbelli S, Marchese R, Girtler N, Dessi B et al. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a brain perfusion SPECT study. Mov Disord 2009;24:414-21.
67. Dujardin K, Defebvre L, Duhamel A, Lecouffe P, Rogelet P, Steinling M et al. Cognitive and SPECT characteristics predict progression of Parkinson's disease in newly diagnosed patients. J Neurol 2004;251:1383-92.
68. Lyoo CH, Jeong Y, Ryu YH, Rinne JO, Lee MS. Cerebral glucose metabolism of Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. Eur Neurol 2010;64:65-73.
69. Pappata S, Santangelo G, Aarsland D, Vicidomini C, Longo K, Bronnick K et al. Mild cognitive impairment in drug-naive patients with PD is associated with cerebral hypometabolism. Neurology 2011;77:1357-62.
70. Bohnen NI, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, Giordani B, Albin RL, Frey KA et al. Cerebral glucose metabolic features of Parkinson disease and incident dementia: longitudinal study. J Nucl Med 2011;52:848-55.
71. Girotti F, Soliveri P, Carella F, Piccolo I, Caffarra P, Musicco M et al. Dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1498-502. (Pubitemid 19026519)
72. Levy G, Jacobs DM, Tang MX, Cote LJ, Louis ED, Alfaro B et al. Memory and executive function impairment predict dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002;17:1221-6. (Pubitemid 36050002)
73. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005;65:1863-72. (Pubitemid 43970103)
74. Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Salmon DP, Galasko D, Hugdahl K, Aarsland D. Cognitive profiles of individual patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: comparison with dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:337-42.
75. Aarsland D, Litvan I, Salmon D, Galasko D, Wentzel-Larsen T, Larsen JP. Performance on the dementia rating scale in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1215-20.
76. Aarsland D, Ballard CG, Halliday G. Are Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies the same entity? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:137-45. (Pubitemid 39128223)
77. Klein JC, Eggers C, Kalbe E, Weisenbach S, Hohmann C, Vollmar S et al. Neurotransmitter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia in vivo. Neurology 2010;74:885-92.
78. Ito K, Nagano-Saito A, Kato T, Arahata Y, Nakamura A, Kawasumi Y et al. Striatal and extrastriatal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease with dementia: a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa PET study. Brain 2002;125:1358-65. (Pubitemid 34587144)
79. Vander Borght T, Minoshima S, Giordani B, Foster NL, Frey KA, Berent S et al. Cerebral metabolic differences in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases matched for dementia severity. J Nucl Med 1997;38:797-802.
80. Walker Z, Costa DC, Walker RW, Shaw K, Gacinovic S, Stevens T et al. Differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease using a dopaminergic presynaptic ligand. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:134-40.
81. Shi M, Huber BR, Zhang J. Biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Brain Pathol 2010;20:660-71.
82. Brooks DJ. Imaging amyloid in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies with positron emission tomography. Mov Disord 2009;24 Suppl 2:S742-7.
83. Maetzler W, Liepelt I, Reimold M, Reischl G, Solbach C, Becker C et al. Cortical PIB binding in Lewy body disease is associated with Alzheimer-like characteristics. Neurobiol Dis 2009;34:107-12.
84. Burack MA, Hartlein J, Flores HP, Taylor-Reinwald L, Perlmutter JS, Cairns NJ. In vivo amyloid imaging in autopsy-confirmed Parkinson disease with dementia. Neurology 2010;74:77-84.
85. Gomperts SN, Rentz DM, Moran E, Becker JA, Locascio JJ, Klunk WE et al. Imaging amyloid deposition in Lewy body diseases. Neurology 2008;71:903-10.
86. Foster ER, Campbell MC, Burack MA, Hartlein J, Flores HP, Cairns NJ et al. Amyloid imaging of Lewy body-associated disorders. Mov Disord 2010;25:2516-23.
87. Dukart J, Mueller K, Horstmann A, Barthel H, Moller HE, Villringer A et al. Combined evaluation of FDG-PET and MRI improves detection and differentiation of dementia. PLoS One 2011;6:e18111.
88. Mark MH. Lumping and splitting the Parkinson Plus syndromes: dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration. Neurol Clin 2001;19:607-27, vi.
89. Gilman S, Low PA, Quinn N, Albanese A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Fowler CJ et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1999;163:94-8. (Pubitemid 29155424)
90. Rajput A, Rajput AH. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging 2001;18:913-25. (Pubitemid 34275752)
91. Rinne JO, Lee MS, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Corticobasal degeneration. A clinical study of 36 cases. Brain 1994;117(Pt 5):1183-96. (Pubitemid 24350549)
92. Dubois B, Pillon B, Legault F, Agid Y, Lhermitte F. Slowing of cognitive processing in progressive supranuclear palsy. A comparison with Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1988;45:1194-9.
93. Litvan I, Grafman J, Gomez C, Chase TN. Memory impairment in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Arch Neurol 1989;46:765-7. (Pubitemid 19182370)
94. Pillon B, Dubois B, Lhermitte F, Agid Y. Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1986;36:1179-85. (Pubitemid 16046994)
95. Bak TH, Crawford LM, Hearn VC, Mathuranath PS, Hodges JR. Subcortical dementia revisited: similarities and differences in cognitive function between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Neurocase 2005;11:268-73. (Pubitemid 41179597)
96. Cotelli M, Borroni B, Manenti R, Alberici A, Calabria M, Agosti C et al. Action and object naming in frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropsychology 2006;20:558-65. (Pubitemid 44358922)
97. Donker Kaat L, Boon AJ, Kamphorst W, Ravid R, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Swieten JC. Frontal presentation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 2007;69:723-9. (Pubitemid 47300928)
98. Paviour DC, Price SL, Stevens JM, Lees AJ, Fox NC. Quantitative MRI measurement of superior cerebellar peduncle in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 2005:64:675-9. (Pubitemid 40261897)
99. Kertesz A, McMonagle P. Behavior and cognition in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci 2010;289:138-43.
100. Bak TH, Caine D, Hearn VC, Hodges JR. Visuospatial functions in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:454-6.
101. Litvan I, Cummings JL, Mega M. Neuropsychiatric features of corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:717-21. (Pubitemid 28486651)
102. Burn DJ, Sawle GV, Brooks DJ. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome: discriminant analysis of striatal 18F-dopa PET data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:278-84. (Pubitemid 24083410)
103. Pirker W, Asenbaum S, Bencsits G, Prayer D, Gerschlager W, Deecke L et al. [123I]beta-CIT SPECT in multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2000;15:1158-67.
104. Paviour DC, Price SL, Jahanshahi M, Lees AJ, Fox NC. Regional brain volumes distinguish PSP, MSA-P, and PD: MRI-based clinico-radiological correlations. Mov Disord 2006;21:989-96. (Pubitemid 44184601)
105. Kawai Y, Suenaga M, Takeda A, Ito M, Watanabe H, Tanaka F et al. Cognitive impairments in multiple system atrophy: MSA-C vs MSA-P. Neurology 2008;70:1390-6. (Pubitemid 351521930)
106. De Volder AG, Francart J, Laterre C, Dooms G, Bol A, Michel C et al. Decreased glucose utilization in the striatum and frontal lobe in probable striatonigral degeneration. Ann Neurol 1989;26:239-47. (Pubitemid 19193093)
107. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Junck L, Kluin KJ, Lohman M, St Laurent RT. Patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism detected with positron emission tomography differ in multiple system atrophy and olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Ann Neurol 1994;36:166-75. (Pubitemid 24239233)
108. Otsuka M, Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, Hosokawa S, Sasaki M, Yoshida T et al. Glucose metabolism in the cortical and subcortical brain structures in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomographic study. J Neurol Sci 1996;144:77-83. (Pubitemid 27019161)
109. Blin J, Baron JC, Dubois B, Pillon B, Cambon H, Cambier J et al. Positron emission tomography study in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain hypometabolic pattern and clinicometabolic correlations. Arch Neurol 1990;47:747-52. (Pubitemid 20208614)
110. D'Antona R, Baron JC, Samson Y, Serdaru M, Viader F, Agid Y et al. Subcortical dementia. Frontal cortex hypometabolism detected by positron tomography in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 1985;108(Pt 3):785-99.
111. Foster NL, Gilman S, Berent S, Morin EM, Brown MB, Koeppe RA. Cerebral hypometabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy studied with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 1988;24:399-406.
112. Goffinet AM, De Volder AG, Gillain C, Rectem D, Bol A, Michel C et al. Positron tomography demonstrates frontal lobe hypometabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol 1989;25:131-9. (Pubitemid 19051245)
113. Varrone A, Pagani M, Salvatore E, Salmaso D, Sansone V, Amboni M et al. Identification by [99mTc]ECD SPECT of anterior cingulate hypoperfusion in progressive supranuclear palsy, in comparison with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:1071-81. (Pubitemid 46919555)
114. Lutte I, Laterre C, Bodart JM, De Volder A. Contribution of PET studies in diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Eur Neurol 2000;44:12-21. (Pubitemid 30456787)
115. Nagasawa H, Tanji H, Nomura H, Saito H, Itoyama Y, Kimura I et al. PET study of cerebral glucose metabolism and fluorodopa uptake in patients with corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Sci 1996;139:210-7. (Pubitemid 26280889)
116. Sawle GV, Brooks DJ, Marsden CD, Frackowiak RS. Corticobasal degeneration. A unique pattern of regional cortical oxygen hypometabolism and striatal fluorodopa uptake demonstrated by positron emission tomography. Brain 1991;114(Pt 1B):541-56.
117. Laureys S, Salmon E, Garraux G, Peigneux P, Lemaire C, Degueldre C et al. Fluorodopa uptake and glucose metabolism in early stages of corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol 1999;246:1151-8. (Pubitemid 30021239)
118. Cilia R, Rossi C, Frosini D, Volterrani D, Siri C, Pagni C et al. Dopamine Transporter SPECT Imaging in Corticobasal Syndrome. PLoS One 2011;6:e18301.
119. Doran N, Du Plessis DG, Enevoldson TP, Fletcher NA, Ghadiali E, Larner AJ. Pathological heterogeneity of clinically diagnosed corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Sci 2003;216:127-34. (Pubitemid 37371877)
120. Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H. Pathological heterogeneity in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropathology 2004;24:79-86. (Pubitemid 38391499)
121. Lang AE, Boeve BF, Bergeron C. Corticobasal degeneration. In: Jankovic JJ, Tolosa E, editors. Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott and Williams; 2006. p. 186-202.