메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 614-628

Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease

Author keywords

Biomarker; MRI; Parkinson; PET; SPECT; Transcranial sonography

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER;

EID: 82755197075     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: 18735118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.009     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (140)

References (173)
  • 2
    • 0037432067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slowing Parkinson's disease progression: recent dopamine agonist trials
    • Ahlskog J.E. Slowing Parkinson's disease progression: recent dopamine agonist trials. Neurology 2003, 60:381-389.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 381-389
    • Ahlskog, J.E.1
  • 4
    • 0031467450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complementary PET studies of striatal neuronal function in the differential diagnosis between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease
    • Antonini A., Leenders K.L., Vontobel P., Maguire R.P., Missimer J., Psylla M., Gunther I. Complementary PET studies of striatal neuronal function in the differential diagnosis between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Brain 1997, 120:2187-2195.
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , pp. 2187-2195
    • Antonini, A.1    Leenders, K.L.2    Vontobel, P.3    Maguire, R.P.4    Missimer, J.5    Psylla, M.6    Gunther, I.7
  • 5
    • 0028168112 scopus 로고
    • 11C]raclopride and positron emission tomography in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease: influence of l-dopa and lisuride therapy on striatal dopamine D2-receptors
    • 11C]raclopride and positron emission tomography in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease: influence of l-dopa and lisuride therapy on striatal dopamine D2-receptors. Neurology 1994, 44:1325-1329.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Antonini, A.1    Schwarz, J.2    Oertel, W.H.3    Beer, H.F.4    Madeja, U.D.5    Leenders, K.L.6
  • 6
    • 0020634081 scopus 로고
    • Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's disease
    • Arendt T., Bigl V., Arendt A., Tennstedt A. Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 1983, 61:101-108.
    • (1983) Acta Neuropathol. , vol.61 , pp. 101-108
    • Arendt, T.1    Bigl, V.2    Arendt, A.3    Tennstedt, A.4
  • 7
    • 0031828022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain muscarinic recptors in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomographic study
    • Asahina M., Suhara T., Shinotoh H., Inoue O., Suzuki K., Hattori T. Brain muscarinic recptors in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomographic study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 1998, 65:155-163.
    • (1998) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. , vol.65 , pp. 155-163
    • Asahina, M.1    Suhara, T.2    Shinotoh, H.3    Inoue, O.4    Suzuki, K.5    Hattori, T.6
  • 8
    • 0025254355 scopus 로고
    • Enkephalinergic and GABAergic modulation of motor activity in the ventral pallidum
    • Austin M.C., Kalivas P.W. Enkephalinergic and GABAergic modulation of motor activity in the ventral pallidum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 252:1370-1377.
    • (1990) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.252 , pp. 1370-1377
    • Austin, M.C.1    Kalivas, P.W.2
  • 10
    • 33645550540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychogenic parkinsonism: a combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and [(123)I]-FP-CIT SPECT scan explorations improves diagnostic accuracy
    • Benaderette S., Fregonara P.Z., Apartis E., Nguyen C., Trocello J.M., Remy P., Devaux J.Y., Askienazy S., Vidailhet M. Psychogenic parkinsonism: a combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and [(123)I]-FP-CIT SPECT scan explorations improves diagnostic accuracy. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21:310-317.
    • (2006) Mov. Disord. , vol.21 , pp. 310-317
    • Benaderette, S.1    Fregonara, P.Z.2    Apartis, E.3    Nguyen, C.4    Trocello, J.M.5    Remy, P.6    Devaux, J.Y.7    Askienazy, S.8    Vidailhet, M.9
  • 13
    • 18144397394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-year follow-up study of hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease
    • Berg D., Merz B., Reiners K., Naumann M., Becker G. Five-year follow-up study of hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2005, 20:383-385.
    • (2005) Mov. Disord. , vol.20 , pp. 383-385
    • Berg, D.1    Merz, B.2    Reiners, K.3    Naumann, M.4    Becker, G.5
  • 15
    • 0034935922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and its relation to clinical findings
    • Berg D., Siefker C., Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and its relation to clinical findings. J. Neurol. 2001, 248:684-689.
    • (2001) J. Neurol. , vol.248 , pp. 684-689
    • Berg, D.1    Siefker, C.2    Becker, G.3
  • 17
    • 0347385143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study
    • Bohnen N.I., Kaufer D.I., Ivanco L.S., Lopresti B., Koeppe R.A., Davis J.G., Mathis C.A., Moore R.Y., DeKosky S.T. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60:1745-1748.
    • (2003) Arch. Neurol. , vol.60 , pp. 1745-1748
    • Bohnen, N.I.1    Kaufer, D.I.2    Ivanco, L.S.3    Lopresti, B.4    Koeppe, R.A.5    Davis, J.G.6    Mathis, C.A.7    Moore, R.Y.8    DeKosky, S.T.9
  • 21
    • 0037378772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging end points for monitoring neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
    • Brooks D.J. Imaging end points for monitoring neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 53:S110-S119.
    • (2003) Ann. Neurol. , vol.53
    • Brooks, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 33846296286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the role of dopamine in health and disease Parkinson's disease as a lesion model
    • Brooks D.J. Imaging the role of dopamine in health and disease Parkinson's disease as a lesion model. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2006, 118:570-572.
    • (2006) Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. , vol.118 , pp. 570-572
    • Brooks, D.J.1
  • 23
    • 43149103142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technology insight: imaging neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease
    • Brooks D.J. Technology insight: imaging neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2008, 4:267-277.
    • (2008) Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. , vol.4 , pp. 267-277
    • Brooks, D.J.1
  • 28
    • 2442595210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased adenosine A2A receptors in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients with dyskinesias
    • Calon F., Dridi M., Hornykiewicz O., Bedard P.J., Rajput A.H., Di Paolo T. Increased adenosine A2A receptors in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients with dyskinesias. Brain 2004, 127:1075-1084.
    • (2004) Brain , vol.127 , pp. 1075-1084
    • Calon, F.1    Dridi, M.2    Hornykiewicz, O.3    Bedard, P.J.4    Rajput, A.H.5    Di Paolo, T.6
  • 30
    • 7244225004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 123I-Ioflupane on diagnosis and management of patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes
    • 123I-Ioflupane on diagnosis and management of patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov. Disord. 2004, 19:1175-1182.
    • (2004) Mov. Disord. , vol.19 , pp. 1175-1182
    • Catafau, A.M.1    Tolosa, E.2
  • 31
    • 0032984845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A PET study of sequential finger movements of varying length in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Catalan M.J., Ishil K., Honda M., Samil A., Hallett M. A PET study of sequential finger movements of varying length in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 1999, 122:483-495.
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 483-495
    • Catalan, M.J.1    Ishil, K.2    Honda, M.3    Samil, A.4    Hallett, M.5
  • 32
    • 32544432029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management
    • Chaudhuri K.R., Healy D.G., Schapira A.H. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol. 2006, 5:235-245.
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol. , vol.5 , pp. 235-245
    • Chaudhuri, K.R.1    Healy, D.G.2    Schapira, A.H.3
  • 34
    • 3042658399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo mechanisms and reward circuitry: clues from Parkinson's disease
    • de la Fuente-Fernandez R., Schulzer M., Stoessl A.J. Placebo mechanisms and reward circuitry: clues from Parkinson's disease. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 56:67-71.
    • (2004) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 67-71
    • de la Fuente-Fernandez, R.1    Schulzer, M.2    Stoessl, A.J.3
  • 37
    • 0037465371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tremor in Parkinson's disease and serotonergic dysfunction: an (11)C-WAY 100635 PET study
    • Doder M., Rabiner E.A., Turjanski N., Lees A.J., Brooks D.J. Tremor in Parkinson's disease and serotonergic dysfunction: an (11)C-WAY 100635 PET study. Neurology 2003, 60:601-605.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 601-605
    • Doder, M.1    Rabiner, E.A.2    Turjanski, N.3    Lees, A.J.4    Brooks, D.J.5
  • 39
    • 0032144627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system
    • Ehringer H., Hornykiewicz O. Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 1998, 4:53-57.
    • (1998) Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. , vol.4 , pp. 53-57
    • Ehringer, H.1    Hornykiewicz, O.2
  • 41
    • 0034073545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Comparison with Parkinson's disease and controls
    • Eisensehr I., Linke R., Noachtar S., Schwarz J., Gildehaus F.J., Tatsch K. Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Comparison with Parkinson's disease and controls. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 6):1155-1160.
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , Issue.PART 6 , pp. 1155-1160
    • Eisensehr, I.1    Linke, R.2    Noachtar, S.3    Schwarz, J.4    Gildehaus, F.J.5    Tatsch, K.6
  • 42
    • 0042970162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
    • Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003, 2:229-237.
    • (2003) Lancet Neurol. , vol.2 , pp. 229-237
    • Emre, M.1
  • 43
    • 0025765058 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa replacement therapy alters enzyme activities in striatum and neuropeptide content in striatal output regions of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats
    • Engberg T.M., Susel Z., Kuo S., et al. Levodopa replacement therapy alters enzyme activities in striatum and neuropeptide content in striatal output regions of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res. 1991, 552:113-118.
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.552 , pp. 113-118
    • Engberg, T.M.1    Susel, Z.2    Kuo, S.3
  • 45
    • 0032890731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson disease, the effect of levodopa, and the ELLDOPA trial
    • Fahn S. Parkinson disease, the effect of levodopa, and the ELLDOPA trial. Arch. Neurol. 1999, 56:529-535.
    • (1999) Arch. Neurol. , vol.56 , pp. 529-535
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 47
    • 0025954066 scopus 로고
    • Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity
    • Fearnley J.M., Lees A.J. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 1991, 114:2283-2301.
    • (1991) Brain , vol.114 , pp. 2283-2301
    • Fearnley, J.M.1    Lees, A.J.2
  • 52
    • 32244431667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetric analysis of basal ganglia nuclei and substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • discussion 256-262
    • Geng D.Y., Li Y.X., Zee C.S. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetric analysis of basal ganglia nuclei and substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:256-262. discussion 256-262.
    • (2006) Neurosurgery , vol.58 , pp. 256-262
    • Geng, D.Y.1    Li, Y.X.2    Zee, C.S.3
  • 57
    • 0037312540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine release during sequential finger movements in health and Parkinson's disease: a PET study
    • Goerendt I.K., Messa C., Lawrence A.D., Grasby P.M., Piccini P., Brooks D.J. Dopamine release during sequential finger movements in health and Parkinson's disease: a PET study. Brain 2003, 126:312-325.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 312-325
    • Goerendt, I.K.1    Messa, C.2    Lawrence, A.D.3    Grasby, P.M.4    Piccini, P.5    Brooks, D.J.6
  • 58
    • 0025244959 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of Parkinson's disease: a reconsideration
    • Golbe L.I. The genetics of Parkinson's disease: a reconsideration. Neurology 1990, 40(Suppl. 3):7-16.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 7-16
    • Golbe, L.I.1
  • 64
    • 1842269379 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy
    • Hirsch E.C., Graybiel A.M., Duyckaerts C., Javoy-Agid F. Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84:5976-5980.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.84 , pp. 5976-5980
    • Hirsch, E.C.1    Graybiel, A.M.2    Duyckaerts, C.3    Javoy-Agid, F.4
  • 66
    • 0026514953 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases
    • Hughes A.J., Daniel S.E., Kilford L., Lees A.J. The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1992, 55:181-184.
    • (1992) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. , vol.55 , pp. 181-184
    • Hughes, A.J.1    Daniel, S.E.2    Kilford, L.3    Lees, A.J.4
  • 67
    • 0035940582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Lewy body Parkinson's disease
    • Hughes A.J., Daniel S.E., Lees A.J. Improved accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Lewy body Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2001, 57:1497-1499.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1497-1499
    • Hughes, A.J.1    Daniel, S.E.2    Lees, A.J.3
  • 68
    • 0029133449 scopus 로고
    • Self-initiated versus externally-triggered movements: measurements of regional cerebral blood flow and movement-related potentials in normals and Parkinson's disease
    • Jahanshahi M., Jenkins I.H., Brown R.G., Marsden C.D., Passingham R.E., Brooks D.J. Self-initiated versus externally-triggered movements: measurements of regional cerebral blood flow and movement-related potentials in normals and Parkinson's disease. Brain 1995, 118:913-933.
    • (1995) Brain , vol.118 , pp. 913-933
    • Jahanshahi, M.1    Jenkins, I.H.2    Brown, R.G.3    Marsden, C.D.4    Passingham, R.E.5    Brooks, D.J.6
  • 69
    • 0001669030 scopus 로고
    • The pathology of parkinsonism
    • Butterworths, London
    • Jellinger K. The pathology of parkinsonism. Movement Disorders 1987, vol. 2:124-165. Butterworths, London.
    • (1987) Movement Disorders , vol.2 , pp. 124-165
    • Jellinger, K.1
  • 70
    • 0023941502 scopus 로고
    • The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease
    • Jellinger K. The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988, 51:540-543.
    • (1988) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 540-543
    • Jellinger, K.1
  • 71
    • 0026468168 scopus 로고
    • Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine
    • Jenkins I.H., Fernandez W., Playford E.D., Lees A.J., Frackowiak R.S.J., Passingham R.E., Brooks D.J. Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine. Ann. Neurol. 1992, 32:749-757.
    • (1992) Ann. Neurol. , vol.32 , pp. 749-757
    • Jenkins, I.H.1    Fernandez, W.2    Playford, E.D.3    Lees, A.J.4    Frackowiak, R.S.J.5    Passingham, R.E.6    Brooks, D.J.7
  • 73
    • 4043084987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 123I) beta-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: unmasking an early diagnosis
    • 123I) beta-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: unmasking an early diagnosis. Arch. Neurol. 2004, 61:1224-1229.
    • (2004) Arch. Neurol. , vol.61 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Jennings, D.L.1    Seibyl, J.P.2    Oakes, D.3    Eberly, S.4    Murphy, J.5    Marek, K.6
  • 74
    • 0028984579 scopus 로고
    • L-Dopa reverses altered gene expression of substance P but not enkephalin in the caudate-putamen of common marmosets treated with MPTP
    • Jolkkonen J., Jenner P., Marsden C.D. l-Dopa reverses altered gene expression of substance P but not enkephalin in the caudate-putamen of common marmosets treated with MPTP. Mol. Brain Res. 1995, 32:297-307.
    • (1995) Mol. Brain Res. , vol.32 , pp. 297-307
    • Jolkkonen, J.1    Jenner, P.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 78
    • 0033626320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptor gene expression in the normal striatum and after 6-OH-dopamine lesion
    • Kaelin-Lang A., Liniger P., Probst A., Lauterburg T., Burgunder J.M. Adenosine A2A receptor gene expression in the normal striatum and after 6-OH-dopamine lesion. J. Neural Transm. 2000, 107:851-859.
    • (2000) J. Neural Transm. , vol.107 , pp. 851-859
    • Kaelin-Lang, A.1    Liniger, P.2    Probst, A.3    Lauterburg, T.4    Burgunder, J.M.5
  • 81
    • 0023874410 scopus 로고
    • Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Kish S.J., Shannak K., Hornykiewicz O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318:876-880.
    • (1988) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.318 , pp. 876-880
    • Kish, S.J.1    Shannak, K.2    Hornykiewicz, O.3
  • 82
    • 37549029102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential loss of serotonin markers in caudate versus putamen in Parkinson's disease
    • Kish S.J., Tong J., Hornykiewicz O., Rajput A., Chang L.J., Guttman M., Furukawa Y. Preferential loss of serotonin markers in caudate versus putamen in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008, 131:120-131.
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 120-131
    • Kish, S.J.1    Tong, J.2    Hornykiewicz, O.3    Rajput, A.4    Chang, L.J.5    Guttman, M.6    Furukawa, Y.7
  • 87
    • 0034018859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review
    • March
    • Laruelle M. Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000, 20(March):423-451.
    • (2000) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. , vol.20 , pp. 423-451
    • Laruelle, M.1
  • 88
    • 0006955633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of reward processing in the human brain: a PET study
    • Lawrence A.D., Brooks D.J. Neural correlates of reward processing in the human brain: a PET study. Neurology 1999, A307.
    • (1999) Neurology
    • Lawrence, A.D.1    Brooks, D.J.2
  • 90
    • 13944254222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters in patients with cerebrovascular disease and clinical diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism
    • 123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters in patients with cerebrovascular disease and clinical diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism. J. Nucl. Med. 2004, 45:1688-1693.
    • (2004) J. Nucl. Med. , vol.45 , pp. 1688-1693
    • Lorberboym, M.1    Djaldetti, R.2    Melamed, E.3    Sadeh, M.4    Lampl, Y.5
  • 92
    • 22544461907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces neuronal sprouting in human brain
    • Love S., Plaha P., Patel N.K., Hotton G.R., Brooks D.J., Gill S.S. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces neuronal sprouting in human brain. Nat. Med. 2005, 11:703-704.
    • (2005) Nat. Med. , vol.11 , pp. 703-704
    • Love, S.1    Plaha, P.2    Patel, N.K.3    Hotton, G.R.4    Brooks, D.J.5    Gill, S.S.6
  • 93
    • 0036427040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic substrates of bradykinesia and tremor in uncomplicated Parkinson's disease
    • Lozza C., Marie R.M., Baron J.C. The metabolic substrates of bradykinesia and tremor in uncomplicated Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2002, 17:688-699.
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.17 , pp. 688-699
    • Lozza, C.1    Marie, R.M.2    Baron, J.C.3
  • 95
    • 0020558122 scopus 로고
    • Pathological basis for neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson's disease
    • Mann D.M., Yates P.O. Pathological basis for neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1983, 9:3-19.
    • (1983) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. , vol.9 , pp. 3-19
    • Mann, D.M.1    Yates, P.O.2
  • 96
    • 33846411796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful antiparkinsonian medication withdrawal in patients with Parkinsonism and normal FP-CIT SPECT
    • Marshall V.L., Patterson J., Hadley D.M., Grosset K.A., Grosset D.G. Successful antiparkinsonian medication withdrawal in patients with Parkinsonism and normal FP-CIT SPECT. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21:2247-2250.
    • (2006) Mov. Disord. , vol.21 , pp. 2247-2250
    • Marshall, V.L.1    Patterson, J.2    Hadley, D.M.3    Grosset, K.A.4    Grosset, D.G.5
  • 100
    • 0018558116 scopus 로고
    • Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems
    • Moore R.Y., Bloom F.E. Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1979, 2:113-168.
    • (1979) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 113-168
    • Moore, R.Y.1    Bloom, F.E.2
  • 103
    • 0029981856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18F]dopa PET and clinical study of the rate of progression in Parkinson's disease
    • 18F]dopa PET and clinical study of the rate of progression in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1996, 119:585-591.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 585-591
    • Morrish, P.K.1    Sawle, G.V.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 104
    • 33749461554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of the middle cerebellar peduncle differentiate the Parkinson variant of MSA from Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy
    • Nicoletti G., Lodi R., Condino F., Tonon C., Fera F., Malucelli E., Manners D., Zappia M., Morgante L., Barone P., Barbiroli B., Quattrone A. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of the middle cerebellar peduncle differentiate the Parkinson variant of MSA from Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 2006, 129:2679-2687.
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 2679-2687
    • Nicoletti, G.1    Lodi, R.2    Condino, F.3    Tonon, C.4    Fera, F.5    Malucelli, E.6    Manners, D.7    Zappia, M.8    Morgante, L.9    Barone, P.10    Barbiroli, B.11    Quattrone, A.12
  • 105
    • 0028908280 scopus 로고
    • Preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin messenger-RNA expression in normal human basal ganglia and in Parkinson's disease
    • Nisbet A.P., Foster O.J.F., Kingsbury A., Eve D.J., Daniel S.E., Marsden C.D., Lees A.J. Preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin messenger-RNA expression in normal human basal ganglia and in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 1995, 66:361-376.
    • (1995) Neuroscience , vol.66 , pp. 361-376
    • Nisbet, A.P.1    Foster, O.J.F.2    Kingsbury, A.3    Eve, D.J.4    Daniel, S.E.5    Marsden, C.D.6    Lees, A.J.7
  • 108
    • 0034041228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression in Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomography study with a dopamine transporter ligand
    • June
    • Nurmi E., Ruottinen H.M., Kaasinen V., Bergman J., Haaparanta M., Solin O., Rinne J.O. Progression in Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomography study with a dopamine transporter ligand. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47(June):804-808.
    • (2000) Ann. Neurol. , vol.47 , pp. 804-808
    • Nurmi, E.1    Ruottinen, H.M.2    Kaasinen, V.3    Bergman, J.4    Haaparanta, M.5    Solin, O.6    Rinne, J.O.7
  • 113
    • 0033847609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease
    • Pahapill P.A., Lozano A.M. The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 9):1767-1783.
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , Issue.PART 9 , pp. 1767-1783
    • Pahapill, P.A.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 114
    • 0027219169 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of striatal fluorodopa uptake in the MPTP monkey with dopaminergic indices
    • Pate B.D., Kawamata T., Yamada T., et al. Correlation of striatal fluorodopa uptake in the MPTP monkey with dopaminergic indices. Ann. Neurol. 1993, 34:331-338.
    • (1993) Ann. Neurol. , vol.34 , pp. 331-338
    • Pate, B.D.1    Kawamata, T.2    Yamada, T.3
  • 115
    • 0026076047 scopus 로고
    • The neuropathological basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease
    • Paulus W., Jellinger K. The neuropathological basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1991, 50:743-755.
    • (1991) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.50 , pp. 743-755
    • Paulus, W.1    Jellinger, K.2
  • 116
    • 33750975077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical correlates of levodopa-induced dopamine release in Parkinson disease: a PET study
    • Pavese N., Evans A.H., Tai Y.F., Hotton G., Brooks D.J., Lees A.J., Piccini P. Clinical correlates of levodopa-induced dopamine release in Parkinson disease: a PET study. Neurology 2006, 67:1612-1617.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 1612-1617
    • Pavese, N.1    Evans, A.H.2    Tai, Y.F.3    Hotton, G.4    Brooks, D.J.5    Lees, A.J.6    Piccini, P.7
  • 118
    • 78049460075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatigue in Parkinson's disease is linked to striatal and limbic serotonergic dysfunction
    • Pavese N., Metta V., Bose S.K., Chaudhuri K.R., Brooks D.J. Fatigue in Parkinson's disease is linked to striatal and limbic serotonergic dysfunction. Brain 2010, 133:3434-3443.
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 3434-3443
    • Pavese, N.1    Metta, V.2    Bose, S.K.3    Chaudhuri, K.R.4    Brooks, D.J.5
  • 119
    • 33746872887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional brain volumes distinguish PSP, MSA-P, and PD: MRI-based clinico-radiological correlations
    • Paviour D.C., Price S.L., Jahanshahi M., Lees A.J., Fox N.C. Regional brain volumes distinguish PSP, MSA-P, and PD: MRI-based clinico-radiological correlations. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21:989-996.
    • (2006) Mov. Disord. , vol.21 , pp. 989-996
    • Paviour, D.C.1    Price, S.L.2    Jahanshahi, M.3    Lees, A.J.4    Fox, N.C.5
  • 120
    • 33847738108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates Parkinsonian variant of multiple-system atrophy from progressive supranuclear palsy
    • Paviour D.C., Thornton J.S., Lees A.J., Jager H.R. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates Parkinsonian variant of multiple-system atrophy from progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov. Disord. 2007, 22:68-74.
    • (2007) Mov. Disord. , vol.22 , pp. 68-74
    • Paviour, D.C.1    Thornton, J.S.2    Lees, A.J.3    Jager, H.R.4
  • 122
    • 0032913951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of inheritance in sporadic Parkinson's disease: evidence from a longitudinal study of dopaminergic function in twins
    • Piccini P., Burn D.J., Ceravalo R., Maraganore D.M., Brooks D.J. The role of inheritance in sporadic Parkinson's disease: evidence from a longitudinal study of dopaminergic function in twins. Ann. Neurol. 1999, 45:577-582.
    • (1999) Ann. Neurol. , vol.45 , pp. 577-582
    • Piccini, P.1    Burn, D.J.2    Ceravalo, R.3    Maraganore, D.M.4    Brooks, D.J.5
  • 125
    • 0038523950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous dopamine release after pharmacological challenges in Parkinson's disease
    • Piccini P., Pavese N., Brooks D.J. Endogenous dopamine release after pharmacological challenges in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 53:647-653.
    • (2003) Ann. Neurol. , vol.53 , pp. 647-653
    • Piccini, P.1    Pavese, N.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 127
    • 0030727688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in opioid receptor binding in Parkinson's disease patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias
    • Piccini P., Weeks R.A., Brooks D.J. Alterations in opioid receptor binding in Parkinson's disease patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Ann. Neurol. 1997, 42:720-726.
    • (1997) Ann. Neurol. , vol.42 , pp. 720-726
    • Piccini, P.1    Weeks, R.A.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 132
    • 77957594121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A(2A) receptor availability in Parkinson's disease patients with and without levodopa induced dyskinesias studied with C-11 SCH442416 PET
    • Ramlackhansingh A.F., Bose S.K., Ahmed I., Turkheimer F.E., Pavese N., Brooks D.J. Adenosine A(2A) receptor availability in Parkinson's disease patients with and without levodopa induced dyskinesias studied with C-11 SCH442416 PET. Neurology 2010, 74:A588.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74
    • Ramlackhansingh, A.F.1    Bose, S.K.2    Ahmed, I.3    Turkheimer, F.E.4    Pavese, N.5    Brooks, D.J.6
  • 133
    • 20444477480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system
    • Remy P., Doder M., Lees A.J., Turjanski N., Brooks D.J. Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 2005, 128:1314-1322.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 1314-1322
    • Remy, P.1    Doder, M.2    Lees, A.J.3    Turjanski, N.4    Brooks, D.J.5
  • 137
    • 0027176890 scopus 로고
    • PET study on striatal dopamine D2 receptor changes during the progression of early Parkinson's disease
    • Rinne J.O., Laihinen A., Rinne U.K., Nagren K., Bergman J., Ruotsalainen U. PET study on striatal dopamine D2 receptor changes during the progression of early Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 1993, 8:134-138.
    • (1993) Mov. Disord. , vol.8 , pp. 134-138
    • Rinne, J.O.1    Laihinen, A.2    Rinne, U.K.3    Nagren, K.4    Bergman, J.5    Ruotsalainen, U.6
  • 138
    • 0022631832 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in frontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of demented and non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Ruberg M., Rieger F., Villageois A., Bonnet A.M., Agid Y. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in frontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of demented and non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1986, 362:83-91.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.362 , pp. 83-91
    • Ruberg, M.1    Rieger, F.2    Villageois, A.3    Bonnet, A.M.4    Agid, Y.5
  • 140
    • 0030946212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for lateral premotor and parietal overactivity in Parkinson's disease during sequential and bimanual movements: a PET study
    • Samuel M., Ceballos-Baumann A.O., Blin J., Uema T., Boecker H., Brooks D.J. Evidence for lateral premotor and parietal overactivity in Parkinson's disease during sequential and bimanual movements: a PET study. Brain 1997, 120:963-976.
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , pp. 963-976
    • Samuel, M.1    Ceballos-Baumann, A.O.2    Blin, J.3    Uema, T.4    Boecker, H.5    Brooks, D.J.6
  • 141
    • 44949221767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease
    • Sawamoto N., Piccini P., Hotton G., Pavese N., Thielemans K., Brooks D.J. Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008, 131:1294-1302.
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1294-1302
    • Sawamoto, N.1    Piccini, P.2    Hotton, G.3    Pavese, N.4    Thielemans, K.5    Brooks, D.J.6
  • 142
    • 0027246667 scopus 로고
    • Asymmetrical presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in the striatal dopamine projection in dopa-naive parkinsonism: diagnostic implications of the D2 receptor status
    • Sawle G.V., Playford E.D., Brooks D.J., Quinn N., Frackowiak R.S.J. Asymmetrical presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in the striatal dopamine projection in dopa-naive parkinsonism: diagnostic implications of the D2 receptor status. Brain 1993, 116:853-867.
    • (1993) Brain , vol.116 , pp. 853-867
    • Sawle, G.V.1    Playford, E.D.2    Brooks, D.J.3    Quinn, N.4    Frackowiak, R.S.J.5
  • 143
    • 0020578137 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease
    • September
    • Scatton B., Javoy-Agid F., Rouquier L., Dubois B., Agid Y. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1983, 275(September):321-328.
    • (1983) Brain Res. , vol.275 , pp. 321-328
    • Scatton, B.1    Javoy-Agid, F.2    Rouquier, L.3    Dubois, B.4    Agid, Y.5
  • 144
    • 33745827777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upregulation of dopamine D2 receptors in dopaminergic drug-naive patients with Parkin gene mutations
    • Scherfler C., Khan N.L., Pavese N., Lees A.J., Quinn N.P., Brooks D.J., Piccini P.P. Upregulation of dopamine D2 receptors in dopaminergic drug-naive patients with Parkin gene mutations. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21:783-788.
    • (2006) Mov. Disord. , vol.21 , pp. 783-788
    • Scherfler, C.1    Khan, N.L.2    Pavese, N.3    Lees, A.J.4    Quinn, N.P.5    Brooks, D.J.6    Piccini, P.P.7
  • 145
    • 38049086748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with adult-onset dystonic tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor have scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs)
    • Schneider S.A., Edwards M.J., Mir P., Cordivari C., Hooker J., Dickson J., Quinn N., Bhatia K.P. Patients with adult-onset dystonic tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor have scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs). Mov. Disord. 2007, 22:2210-2215.
    • (2007) Mov. Disord. , vol.22 , pp. 2210-2215
    • Schneider, S.A.1    Edwards, M.J.2    Mir, P.3    Cordivari, C.4    Hooker, J.5    Dickson, J.6    Quinn, N.7    Bhatia, K.P.8
  • 146
    • 0037176815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted MRI differentiates the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy from PD
    • February
    • Schocke M.F., Seppi K., Esterhammer R., Kremser C., Jaschke W., Poewe W., Wenning G.K. Diffusion-weighted MRI differentiates the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy from PD. Neurology 2002, 58(February):575-580.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 575-580
    • Schocke, M.F.1    Seppi, K.2    Esterhammer, R.3    Kremser, C.4    Jaschke, W.5    Poewe, W.6    Wenning, G.K.7
  • 147
    • 0032925853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetry differentiates idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome from multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy
    • January
    • Schulz J.B., Skalej M., Wedekind D., Luft A.R., Abele M., Voigt K., Dichgans J., Klockgether T. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetry differentiates idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome from multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann. Neurol. 1999, 45(January):65-74.
    • (1999) Ann. Neurol. , vol.45 , pp. 65-74
    • Schulz, J.B.1    Skalej, M.2    Wedekind, D.3    Luft, A.R.4    Abele, M.5    Voigt, K.6    Dichgans, J.7    Klockgether, T.8
  • 151
    • 0037465774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates progressive supranuclear palsy from PD, but not from the parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy
    • March
    • Seppi K., Schocke M.F., Esterhammer R., Kremser C., Brenneis C., Mueller J., Boesch S., Jaschke W., Poewe W., Wenning G.K. Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates progressive supranuclear palsy from PD, but not from the parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 2003, 60(March):922-927.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 922-927
    • Seppi, K.1    Schocke, M.F.2    Esterhammer, R.3    Kremser, C.4    Brenneis, C.5    Mueller, J.6    Boesch, S.7    Jaschke, W.8    Poewe, W.9    Wenning, G.K.10
  • 152
    • 0028156806 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels and metabolism in the human hypothalamus: observations in Parkinson's disease and normal subjects
    • Shannak K., Rajput A., Rozdilsky B., Kish S., Gilbert J., Hornykiewicz O. Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels and metabolism in the human hypothalamus: observations in Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Brain Res. 1994, 639:33-41.
    • (1994) Brain Res. , vol.639 , pp. 33-41
    • Shannak, K.1    Rajput, A.2    Rozdilsky, B.3    Kish, S.4    Gilbert, J.5    Hornykiewicz, O.6
  • 155
    • 3843057052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of dopamine turnover in the progression of Parkinson's disease as measured by positron emission tomography: their relation to disease-compensatory mechanisms
    • Sossi V., de la Fuente-Fernandez R., Holden J.E., Schulzer M., Ruth T.J., Stoessl J. Changes of dopamine turnover in the progression of Parkinson's disease as measured by positron emission tomography: their relation to disease-compensatory mechanisms. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2004, 24:869-876.
    • (2004) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. , vol.24 , pp. 869-876
    • Sossi, V.1    de la Fuente-Fernandez, R.2    Holden, J.E.3    Schulzer, M.4    Ruth, T.J.5    Stoessl, J.6
  • 156
    • 11244260421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of 'idiopathic' REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT
    • Stiasny-Kolster K., Doerr Y., Moller J.C., Hoffken H., Behr T.M., Oertel W.H., Mayer G. Combination of 'idiopathic' REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. Brain 2005, 128:126-137.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 126-137
    • Stiasny-Kolster, K.1    Doerr, Y.2    Moller, J.C.3    Hoffken, H.4    Behr, T.M.5    Oertel, W.H.6    Mayer, G.7
  • 157
    • 0345306184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex
    • Strafella A.P., Paus T., Fraraccio M., Dagher A. Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 2003, 126:2609-2615.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 2609-2615
    • Strafella, A.P.1    Paus, T.2    Fraraccio, M.3    Dagher, A.4
  • 158
    • 0030716172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of adenosine receptors in the postmortem human brain: an extended autoradiographic study
    • Svenningsson P., Hall H., Sedvall G., Fredholm B.B. Distribution of adenosine receptors in the postmortem human brain: an extended autoradiographic study. Synapse 1997, 27:322-335.
    • (1997) Synapse , vol.27 , pp. 322-335
    • Svenningsson, P.1    Hall, H.2    Sedvall, G.3    Fredholm, B.B.4
  • 159
    • 0032781426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution, biochemistry and function of striatal adenosine A2A receptors
    • Svenningsson P., Le Moine C., Fisone G., Fredholm B.B. Distribution, biochemistry and function of striatal adenosine A2A receptors. Prog. Neurobiol. 1999, 59:355-396.
    • (1999) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.59 , pp. 355-396
    • Svenningsson, P.1    Le Moine, C.2    Fisone, G.3    Fredholm, B.B.4
  • 161
    • 0026698939 scopus 로고
    • Effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and prolonged l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine treatment on peptidergic systems in rat basal ganglia
    • Taylor M.D., De Ceballos M.L., Rose S., et al. Effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and prolonged l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine treatment on peptidergic systems in rat basal ganglia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992, 219:183-192.
    • (1992) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.219 , pp. 183-192
    • Taylor, M.D.1    De Ceballos, M.L.2    Rose, S.3
  • 164
    • 0030827709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PET studies on striatal dopaminergic receptor binding in drug naive and l-dopa treated Parkinson's disease patients with and without dyskinesia
    • Turjanski N., Lees A.J., Brooks D.J. PET studies on striatal dopaminergic receptor binding in drug naive and l-dopa treated Parkinson's disease patients with and without dyskinesia. Neurology 1997, 49:717-723.
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.49 , pp. 717-723
    • Turjanski, N.1    Lees, A.J.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 166
    • 1842290405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which clinical sign of Parkinson's disease best reflects the nigrostriatal lesion?
    • January
    • Vingerhoets F.J.G., Schulzer M., Calne D.B., Snow B.J. Which clinical sign of Parkinson's disease best reflects the nigrostriatal lesion?. Ann. Neurol. 1997, 41(January):58-64.
    • (1997) Ann. Neurol. , vol.41 , pp. 58-64
    • Vingerhoets, F.J.G.1    Schulzer, M.2    Calne, D.B.3    Snow, B.J.4
  • 167
    • 0028172598 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism
    • Vingerhoets F.J.G., Snow B.J., Lee C.S., Schulzer M., Mak E., Calne D.B. Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 36:759-764.
    • (1994) Ann. Neurol. , vol.36 , pp. 759-764
    • Vingerhoets, F.J.G.1    Snow, B.J.2    Lee, C.S.3    Schulzer, M.4    Mak, E.5    Calne, D.B.6
  • 168
    • 36148935186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease
    • Walter U., Dressler D., Probst T., Wolters A., Abu-Mugheisib M., Wittstock M., Benecke R. Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64:1635-1640.
    • (2007) Arch. Neurol. , vol.64 , pp. 1635-1640
    • Walter, U.1    Dressler, D.2    Probst, T.3    Wolters, A.4    Abu-Mugheisib, M.5    Wittstock, M.6    Benecke, R.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.