Carbonaceous species and humic like substances (HULIS) in Arctic snowpack during OASIS field campaign in Barrow

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 117, Issue 9, 2012, Pages

  Voisin, Didier ^a   Jaffrezo, Jean Luc ^a   Houdier, Stéphan ^a   Barret, Manuel ^a   Cozic, Julie ^a   King, Martin D ^b   France, James L ^b   Reay, Holly J ^b   Grannas, Amanda ^c   Kos, Gregor ^d   Ariya, Parisa A ^d   Beine, Harry J ^e   Domine, Florent ^a,f  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OPTICAL PROPERTIES;

AVERAGE FLUX; BIOMASS-BURNING; CARBONACEOUS SPECIES; CHAIN DIACIDS; DIAMOND DUST; DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON; ELEMENTAL CARBON; FIELD CAMPAIGN; FORMATION MECHANISM; HUMIC-LIKE SUBSTANCES; MARINE SOURCES; PHYSICAL PROCESS; PRECIPITATING SNOW; RE-EMISSION; SEASONAL SNOWPACK; TOTAL CARBON; VOLATILE FRACTIONS;

SNOW;

ALBEDO; ALDEHYDE; ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOMASS BURNING; BOUNDARY LAYER; DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON; HUMIC SUBSTANCE; MARINE RESOURCE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SNOWPACK; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ALASKA; BARROW; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84861323716     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016612     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Anastasio, C., and T. Robles (2007), Light absorption by soluble chemical species in Arctic and Antarctic snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24304, doi:10.1029/2007JD008695.
2. Anastasio, C., E. S. Galbavy, M. A. Hutterli, J. F. Burkhart, and D. K. Friel (2007), Photoformation of hydroxyl radical on snow grains at Summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 41(24), 5110-5121, doi:16/j.atmosenv. 2006.12.011. (Pubitemid 47042535)
3. Baduel, C., D. Voisin, and J. L. Jaffrezo (2009), Comparison of analytical methods for Humic Like Substances (HULIS) measurements in atmospheric particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(16), 5949-5962, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5949-2009.
4. Baduel, C., D. Voisin, and J. Jaffrezo (2010), Seasonal variations of concentrations and optical properties of water soluble HULIS collected in urban environments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(9), 4085-4095, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4085- 2010.
5. Baduel, C., D. Voisin, J. Jaffrezo, M. E. Monge, B. D'Anna, C. George, I. El Haddad, and N. Marchand (2011), Oxidation of atmospheric Humic like substances by ozone: A kinetic and structural analysis approach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(12), 5238-5244, doi:10.1021/es200587z.
6. Barret, M., S. Houdier, and F. Domine (2011a), Thermodynamics of the formaldehyde-water and formaldehyde-ice systems for atmospheric applications, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115(3), 307-317, doi:10.1021/jp108907u.
7. Barret, M., F. Dominé, S. Houdier, J. Gallet, P. Weibring, J. Walega, A. Fried, and D. Richter (2011b), Formaldehyde in the Alaskan Arctic snowpack: Partitioning and physical processes involved in air-snow exchanges, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00R03, doi:10.1029/2011JD016038.
8. Bartels-Rausch, T., M. Brigante, Y. F. Elshorbany, M. Ammann, B. D'Anna, C. George, K. Stemmler, M. Ndour, and J. Kleffmann (2010), Humic acid in ice: Photo-enhanced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid, Atmos. Environ., 44(40), 5443-5450, doi:10.1016/j. atmosenv.2009.12.025.
9. Beine, H. J., A. Amoroso, F. Dominé, M. D. King, M. Nardino, A. Ian-niello, and J. L. France (2006), Surprisingly small HONO emissions from snow surfaces at Browning Pass, Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(9), 2569-2580, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2569-2006. (Pubitemid 44014116)
10. Beine, H., A. J. Colussi, A. Amoroso, G. Esposito, M. Montagnoli, and M. R. Hoffmann (2008), HONO emissions from snow surfaces, Environ. Res. Lett., 3(4), 045005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/045005.
11. Beine, H. J., C. Anastasio, G. Esposito, K. Patten, E. Wilkening, F. Dominé, D. Voisin, M. Barret, S. Houdier, and S. Hall (2011), Soluble, light-absorbing species in snow at Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00R05, doi:10.1029/2011JD016181.
12. Booth, A. M., M. H. Barley, D. O. Topping, G. McFiggans, A. Garforth, and C. J. Percival (2010), Solid state and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures of substituted dicarboxylic acids using Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(10), 4879-4892, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4879-2010.
13. Boudries, H., J. W. Bottenheim, C. Guimbaud, A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson, S. Houdier, S. Perrier, and F. Domine (2002), Distribution and trends of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the high Arctic derived from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer and interstitial snow air during the ALERT2000 field campaign, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2573-2583, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02) 00122-X. (Pubitemid 34628352)
14. Bricaud, A., M. Babin, A. Morel, and H. Claustre (1995), Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplank-ton: Analysis and parameterization, J. Geophys. Res., 100(C7), 13,321-13,332, doi:10.1029/95JC00463.
15. Brock, C. A., et al. (2011), Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(6), 2423-2453, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2423-2011.
16. Calace, N., B. M. Petronio, R. Cini, A. M. Stortini, B. Pampaloni, and R. Udisti (2001), Humic marine matter and insoluble materials in Antarctic snow, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 79(4), 331-348, doi:10.1080/03067310108044393. (Pubitemid 32804528)
17. Calace, N., E. Cantafora, S. Mirante, B. M. Petronio, and M. Pietroletti (2005), Transport and modification of humic substances present in Antarctic snow and ancient ice, J. Environ. Monit., 7(12), 1320-1325, doi:10.1039/b507396k. (Pubitemid 41820117)
18. Cavalli, F., et al. (2004), Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24215, doi:10.1029/2004JD005137. (Pubitemid 40335215)
19. Cavalli, F., M. Viana, K. E. Yttri, J. Genberg, and J.-P. Putaud (2010), Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: The EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3(1), 79-89, doi:10.5194/amt-3-79-2010.
20. Chappelle, E. W., M. S. Kim, and J. E. McMurtrey III (1992), Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS): An algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves, Remote Sens. Environ., 39(3), 239-247, doi:10.1016/0034-4257(92) 90089-3.
21. Chebbi, A., and P. Carlier (1996), Carboxylic acids in the troposphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: A review, Atmos. Environ., 30(24), 4233-4249, doi:16/1352-2310(96)00102-1.
22. Chen, Y., and T. C. Bond (2010), Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(4), 1773-1787, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1773- 2010.
23. Chu, L., and C. Anastasio (2003), Quantum yields of hydroxyl radical and nitrogen dioxide from the photolysis of nitrate on ice, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107(45), 9594-9602, doi:10.1021/jp0349132.
24. Decesari, S., M. C. Facchini, E. Matta, F. Lettini, M. Mircea, S. Fuzzi, E. Tagliavini, and J.-P. Putaud (2001), Chemical features and seasonal variation of fine aerosol water-soluble organic compounds in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Environ., 35(21), 3691-3699, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00509-4. (Pubitemid 32586862)
25. Dinar, E., T. F. Mentel, and Y. Rudich (2006), The density of humic acids and humic like substances (HULIS) from fresh and aged wood burning and pollution aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(12), 5213-5224, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5213-2006.
26. Dinar, E., I. Taraniuk, E. R. Graber, T. Anttila, T. F. Mentel, and Y. Rudich (2007), Hygroscopic growth of atmospheric and model humic-like substances, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05211, doi:10.1029/2006JD007442. (Pubitemid 47386314)
27. Dinar, E., A. A. Riziq, C. Spindler, C. Erlick, G. Kiss, and Y. Rudich (2008), The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (HULIS) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS), Faraday Discuss., 137, 279-295, doi:10.1039/b703111d.
28. Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, A. D. Clarke, and R. E. Brandt (2010), Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(23), 11,647-11,680, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010.
29. Domine, F., and P. B. Shepson (2002), Air-snow interactions and atmospheric chemistry, Science, 297(5586), 1506-1510, doi:10.1126/science. 1074610. (Pubitemid 34970989)
30. Domine, F., A. Cabanes, and L. Legagneux (2002), Structure, micro-physics, and surface area of the Arctic snowpack near Alert during the ALERT 2000 campaign, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2753-2765, doi:16/S1352- 2310(02)00108-5. (Pubitemid 34628365)
31. Domine, F., R. Sparapani, A. Ianniello, and H. J. Beine (2004), The origin of sea salt in snow on Arctic sea ice and in coastal regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4(9/10), 2259-2271, doi:10.5194/acp-4-2259-2004. (Pubitemid 40077746)
32. Domine, F., A. Cincinelli, E. Bonnaud, T. Martellini, and S. Picaud (2007), Adsorption of phenanthrene on natural snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6033-6038, doi:10.1021/es0706798. (Pubitemid 47398764)
33. Domine, F., M. Albert, T. Huthwelker, H. Jacobi, A. A. Kokhanovsky, M. Lehning, G. Picard, and W. R. Simpson (2008), Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(2), 171-208, doi:10.5194/acp-8-171-2008.
34. Domine, F., J.-C. Gallet, M. Barret, S. Houdier, D. Voisin, T. A. Douglas, J. D. Blum, H. J. Beine, C. Anastasio, and F.-M. Bréon (2011), The specific surface area and chemical composition of diamond dust near Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00R06, doi:10.1029/2011JD016162.
35. Domine, F., J.-C. Gallet, J. Bock, and S. Morin (2012), Structure, specific surface area and thermal conductivity of the snowpack around Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R14, doi:10.1029/2011JD016647.
36. Duarte, R. M., C. A. Pio, and A. C. Duarte (2005), Spectroscopic study of the water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric aerosols collected under different atmospheric conditions, Anal. Chim. Acta, 530(1), 7-14, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.049. (Pubitemid 40208370)
37. Ducret, J., and H. Cachier (1992), Particulate carbon content in rain at various temperate and tropical locations, J. Atmos. Chem., 15(1), 55-67, doi:10.1007/BF00053609. (Pubitemid 23373456)
38. Ervens, B., G. Feingold, G. J. Frost, and S. M. Kreidenweis (2004), A modeling study of aqueous production of dicarboxylic acids: 1. Chemical pathways and speciated organic mass production, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15205, doi:10.1029/2003JD004387. (Pubitemid 39408304)
39. Feczko, T., H. Puxbaum, A. Kasper-Giebl, M. Handler, A. Limbeck, A. Gelencsér, C. Pio, S. Preunkert, and M. Legrand (2007 Determination of water and alkaline extractable atmospheric humic-like substances with the TU Vienna HULIS analyzer in samples from six background sites in Europe, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D23S10, doi:10.1029/2006JD008331.
40. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, P. G. Hess, N. M. Mahowald, T. H. Painter, V. Ramanathan, and P. J. Rasch (2009), Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(7), 2481-2497, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009.
41. Flocke, F. M., et al. (2011), Gas-phase photochemistry during the 2009 OASIS Barrow Field Intensive, Abstract A12D-04 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif, 5-9 Dec.
42. France, J. L., H. J. Reay, M. D. King, D. Voisin, H. Jacobi, H. J. Beine, C. Anastasio, A. MacArthur, and J. Lee-Taylor (2012), Hydroxyl radical and NOx production rates, black carbon concentrations and light-absorbing impurities in snow from field measurements of light penetration and nadir reflectivity of on-shore and off-shore coastal Alaskan snow, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R12, doi:10.1029/2011JD016639.
43. Garbarino, J. R., E. Snyder-Conn, T. J. Leiker, and G. L. Hoffman (2002), Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice, Water Air Soil Pollut, 139(1/4), 183-214, doi:10.1023/A:1015808008298. (Pubitemid 34727469)
44. Goldstein, A. H., and I. E. Galbally (2007), Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(5), 1514-1521, doi:10.1021/es072476p. (Pubitemid 46362448)
45. Graber, E. R., and Y. Rudich (2006), Atmospheric HULIS: How humic-like are they? A comprehensive and critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(3), 729-753, doi:10.5194/acp-6-729-2006.
46. Grannas, A. M., P. B. Shepson, and T. R. Filley (2004), Photochemistry and nature of organic matter in Arctic and Antarctic snow, Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles, 18, GB1006, doi:10.1029/2003GB002133.
47. Grannas, A. M., et al. (2007), An overview of snow photochemistry: Evidence, mechanisms and impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(16), 4329-4373, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007. (Pubitemid 47325999)
48. Guimbaud, C, et al. (2002), Snowpack processing of acetaldehyde and acetone in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2743-2752, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00107-3. (Pubitemid 34628364)
49. Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, and J. E. Dibb (2007), A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21309, doi:10.1029/2007JD008993.
50. Havers, N., P. Burba, J. Lambert, and D. Klockow (1998), Spectroscopic characterization of humic-like substances in airborne particulate matter, J. Atmos. Chem., 29(1), 45-54, doi:10.1023/A:1005875225800. (Pubitemid 28097381)
51. Hecobian, A., X. Zhang, M. Zheng, N. Frank, E. S. Edgerton, and R. J. Weber (2010), Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol material and the light-absorption characteristics of aqueous extracts measured over the southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(13), 5965-5977, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5965-2010.
52. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, S. J. Doherty, and A. D. Clarke (2010), Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(22), 10,923-10,938, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10923-2010.
53. Honrath, R. E., M. C. Peterson, S. Guo, J. E. Dibb, P. B. Shepson, and B. Campbell (1999), Evidence of NOx production within or upon ice particles in the Greenland snowpack, Geophys. Res. Lett, 26(6), 695-698, doi:10.1029/ 1999GL900077. (Pubitemid 29285910)
54. Honrath, R. E., S. Guo, M. C. Peterson, M. P. Dziobak, J. E. Dibb, and M. A. Arsenault (2000), Photochemical production of gas phase NO from ice crystal NOJ, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D19), 24,183-24,190, doi:10.1029/2000JD900361.
55. Houdier, S., S. Perrier, F. Dominé, A. Cabanes, L. Legagneux, A. M. Grannas, C. Guimbaud, P. B. Shepson, H. Boudries, and J. W. Bottenheim (2002), Acetaldehyde and acetone in the Arctic snowpack during the ALERT2000 campaign. Snowpack composition, incorporation processes and atmospheric impact, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2609-2618, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00109-7. (Pubitemid 34632668)
56. Houdier, S., M. Barret, F. Dominé, T. Charbouillot, L. Deguillaume, and D. Voisin (2011), Sensitive determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and hydroxyacetaldehyde in environmental water samples by using Dansyla-cetamidooxyamine derivatization and liquid chromatography/fluores-cence, Anal. Chim. Acta, 704, 162-173, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.002.
57. Jaffrezo, J., G. Aymoz, C. Delaval, and J. Cozic (2005), Seasonal variations of the water soluble organic carbon mass fraction of aerosol in two valleys of the French Alps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(10), 2809-2821, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2809-2005. (Pubitemid 41655698)
58. Kawamura, K., H. Kasukabe, and L. A. Barrie (1996), Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls in arctic aerosols: One year of observations, Atmos. Environ., 30(10-11), 1709-1722, doi:16/1352-2310(95)00395-9.
59. King, M. D., and W. R. Simpson (2001), Extinction of UV radiation in Arctic snow at Alert, Canada (82°N), J. Geophys. Res., 106(D12), 12,499-12,507, doi:10.1029/2001JD900006.
60. Klánová, J., P. Klán, J. Nosek, and I. Holoubek (2003), Environmental ice photochemistry: Monochlorophenols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(8), 1568-1574, doi:10.1021/es025875n. (Pubitemid 36438157)
61. Kos, G., and P. A. Ariya (2006), Determination of a wide range of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in snow by use of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 385(1), 57-66, doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0333-5.
62. Krivácsy, Z., G. Kiss, D. Ceburnis, G. Jennings, W. Maenhaut, I. Salma, and D. Shooter (2008), Study of water-soluble atmospheric humic matter in urban and marine environments, Atmos. Res., 87(1), 1-12, doi:10.1016/j. atmosres.2007.04.005. (Pubitemid 350244434)
63. Lafrenière, M. J., J. M. Blais, M. J. Sharp, and D. W. Schindler (2006), Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in snow, snowmelt, and runoff at Bow Lake, Alberta, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(16), 4909-4915, doi:10.1021/es060237g. (Pubitemid 44257452)
64. Lavanchy, V. M. H., H. W. Gäggeler, U. Schotterer, M. Schwikowski, and U. Baltensperger (1999), Historical record of carbonaceous particle concentrations from a European high-alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland), J. Geophys. Res., 104(D17), 21,227-21,236, doi:10.1029/ 1999JD900408.
65. Legrand, M., and M. De Angelis (1995), Origins and variations of light carboxylic acids in polar precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D1), 1445-1462, doi:10.1029/94JD02614.
66. Legrand, M., S. Preunkert, M. Schock, M. Cerqueira, A. Kasper-Giebl, J. Afonso, C. Pio, A. Gelencsér, and I. Dombrowski-Etchevers (2007a), Major 20th century changes of carbonaceous aerosol components (EC, WinOC, DOC, HULIS, carboxylic acids, and cellulose) derived from Alpine ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S11, doi:10.1029/2006JD008080.
67. Legrand, M., S. Preunkert, T. Oliveira, C. A. Pio, S. Hammer, A. Gelencsér, A. Kasper-Giebl, and P. Laj (2007b), Origin of C2-C5 dicarboxylic acids in the European atmosphere inferred from year-round aerosol study conducted at a west-east transect, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S07, doi:10.1029/2006JD008019.
68. Lukács, H., et al. (2007), Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on 2-year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S18, doi:10.1029/2006JD008151.
69. Marbouty, D. (1980), An experimental study of temperature-gradient metamorphism, J. Glaciol., 26, 303-312.
70. Matykiewiczová, N., J. Klánová, and P. Klán (2007), Photochemical degradation of PCBs in snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(24), 8308-8314, doi:10.1021/es0714686. (Pubitemid 350276434)
71. Mayol-Bracero, O. L., P. Guyon, B. Graham, G. Roberts, M. Andreae, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, and P. Artaxo (2002), Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia: 2. Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8091, doi:10.1029/2001JD000522.
72. Melnikov, S., J. Carroll, A. Gorshkov, S. Vlasov, and S. Dahle (2003), Snow and ice concentrations of selected persistent pollutants in the Ob-Yenisey River watershed, Sci. Total Environ., 306(1-3), 27-37, doi:10.1016/S0048- 9697(02)00482-5. (Pubitemid 36434105)
73. Meyer, T., and F. Wania (2011), Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack, Water Res., 45(12), 3627-3637, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.011.
74. Meyer, T., Y. D. Lei, I. Muradi, and F. Wania (2009a), Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 1. Influence of chemical partitioning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(3), 657-662, doi:10.1021/es8020217.
75. Meyer, T., Y. D. Lei, I. Muradi, and F. Wania (2009b), Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 2. Influence of snow pack and melt characteristics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(3), 663-668, doi:10.1021/es8020233.
76. Moosmüller, H., R. K. Chakrabarty, K. M. Ehlers, and W. P. Arnott (2011), Absorption Ångström coefficient, brown carbon, and aerosols: Basic concepts, bulk matter, and spherical particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(3), 1217-1225, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1217-2011.
77. Narukawa, M., K. Kawamura, S.-M. Li, and J. W. Bottenheim (2002), Dicarboxylic acids in the Arctic aerosols and snowpacks collected during ALERT 2000, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2491-2499, doi:16/S1352-2310(02)00126-7. (Pubitemid 34628344)
78. Perrier, S., S. Houdier, F. Dominé, A. Cabanes, L. Legagneux, A. L. Sumner, and P. B. Shepson (2002), Formaldehyde in Arctic snow: Incorporation into ice particles and evolution in the snowpack, Atmos. Environ., 36(15-16), 2695-2705, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00110-3. (Pubitemid 34632670)
79. Peuravuori, J., and K. Pihlaja (1997), Molecular size distribution and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances, Anal. Chim. Acta, 337(2), 133-149, doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(96)00412-6. (Pubitemid 27046497)
80. Pinzer, B. R., and M. Schneebeli (2009), Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23503, doi:10.1029/2009GL039618.
81. Ricard, V., J.-L. Jaffrezo, V. Kerminen, R. E. J. Hillamo, M. Sillanpaa, S. Ruellan, C. Liousse, and H. Cachier (2002), Two years of continuous aerosol measurements in northern Finland, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4129, doi:10.1029/2001JD000952.
82. Sun, H., L. Biedermann, and T. C. Bond (2007), Color of brown carbon: A model for ultraviolet and visible light absorption by organic carbon aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17813, doi:10.1029/2007GL029797. (Pubitemid 350065294)
83. Taillandier, A., F. Domine, W. R. Simpson, M. Sturm, T. A. Douglas, and K. Severin (2006), Evolution of the Snow Area Index of the subarctic snowpack in central Alaska over a whole season: Consequences for the air to snow transfer of pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(24), 7521-7527, doi:10.1021/es060842j. (Pubitemid 46012540)
84. Usenko, S., K. J. Hageman, D. W. Schmedding, G. R. Wilson, and S. L. Simonich (2005), Trace analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in large volume samples of snow, lake water, and groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(16), 6006-6015, doi:10.1021/es0506511.
85. Warren, S. G., and W. J. Wiscombe (1980), A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37(12), 2734-2745, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)0372.0.CO;2.
86. Yasunari, T. J., R. D. Koster, K. Lau, T. Aoki, Y. C. Sud, T. Yamazaki, H. Motoyoshi, and Y. Kodama (2011), Influence of dust and black carbon on the snow albedo in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 land surface model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D02210, doi:10.1029/2010JD014861.