Dental topography indicates ecological contraction of lemur communities

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 148, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 215-227

  Godfrey, Laurie R ^a   Winchester, Julia M ^b,c   King, Stephen J ^a   Boyer, Doug M ^b,d   Jernvall, Jukka ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^d CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

complexity (OPCR); dental ecology; Dirichlet normal energy (DNE); subfossil lemurs

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL COMMUNITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENTISTRY; DIET; FOOD PROCESSING; FRUGIVORE; LEMURIDAE; MADAGASCAR; MOLAR TOOTH; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PALEOECOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PRIMATE; TOOTH;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD HABITS; FOSSILS; LEMUR; MADAGASCAR; MOLAR;

EID: 84861305079     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21615     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (110)

1. Balko E,. 1998. A behaviorally plastic response to forest composition and logging disturbance by Varecia variegata variegata in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. PhD dissertation, State University of New York, Syracuse.
2. Bleher B, Bohning-Gaese K,. 2001. Consequences of frugivore diversity for seed dispersal, seedling establishment and the spatial pattern of seedlings and trees. Oecologia 129: 385-394.
3. Bollen A, Van Elsacker L, Ganzhorn JU,. 2004. Relations between fruits and disperser assemblages in a Malagasy littoral forest: a community-level approach. J Trop Ecol 20: 599-612 Part 6.
4. Boyer DM,. 2008. Relief index of second mandibular molars is a correlate of diet among prosimian primates and other euarchontan mammals. J Hum Evol 55: 1118-1137.
5. Boyer DM, Evans AR, Jernvall J,. 2010. Evidence of dietary differentiation among late Paleoceneearly Eocene plesiadapids (Mammalia, Primates). Am J Phys Anthropol 142: 194-210.
6. Bunn JM, Boyer DM, Lipman Y, St. Clair EM, Jernvall J, Daubechies I,. 2011. Dirichlet normal surface energy of tooth crowns, a new technique of molar shape quantification for dietary inference, compared with previous methods in isolation and in combination. Am J Phys Anthropol 145: 247-261.
7. Burgess N, D'Amico Hales J, Underwood E, Dinerstein E, Olson D, Itoua I, Schipper J, Ricketts T, Newman K,. 2004. Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
8. Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJT,. 2004. A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J Hum Evol 47: 25-63.
9. Burney DA, James HF, Grady FV, Rafamantanantsoa JG, Ramilisonina, Wright HT, Cowart JB,. 1997. Environmental change, extinction and human activity: evidence from caves in NW Madagascar. J Biogeogr 24: 755-767.
10. Campbell JL, Eisemann JH, Williams CV, Glenn KM,. 2000. Description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. Am J Primatol 52: 133-142.
11. Campbell JL, Williams CV, Eisemann JH,. 2004a. Characterizing gastrointestinal transit time in four lemur species using barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS). Am J Primatol 64: 309-321.
12. Campbell JL, Williams CV, Eisemann JH,. 2004b. Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus): does fiber type affect digestive efficiency? Am J Primatol 64: 323-335.
13. Covert HH,. 1986. Biology of early Cenozoic primates. In:, Swindler DR, Erwin J, editors. Comparative primate biology, Vol. 1: systematics, evolution, and anatomy. New York: Alan R Liss. p 335-359.
14. Crowley BE,. 2009. The stable isotope ecology of Madagascar's lemurs. PhD dissertation, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz.
15. Crowley BE,. 2010. A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quat Sci Rev 29: 2591-2603.
16. Crowley BE, Godfrey LR, Irwin MT,. 2011. A glance to the past: subfossils, stable isotopes, seed dispersal, and lemur species loss in southern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 73: 25-37.
17. Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML,. 2006. Severe wear and tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): a function of feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history. J Hum Evol 51: 490-505.
18. Curtis DJ, Rasmussen MA,. 2002. Cathemerality in lemurs. Evol Anthropol 11: 83-86.
19. Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML,. In press. What is dental ecology? Am J Phys Anthropol.
20. Evans AL, Wilson GP, Fortelius M, Jernvall J,. 2007. High-level similarity of dentitions in carnivorans and rodents. Nature 445: 78-81.
21. Faulkner AL, Lehman SM,. 2006. Feeding patterns in a small-bodied nocturnal folivore (Avahi laniger) and the influence of leaf chemistry: a preliminary study. Folia Primatol 77: 218-227.
22. Fietz J, Ganzhorn J,. 1999. Feeding ecology of the hibernating primate Cheirogaleus medius: how does it get so fat? Oecologia 121: 157-164.
23. Ganzhorn JU,. 1988. Food partitioning among Malagasy primates. Oecologia 75: 436-450.
24. Ganzhorn JU,. 2002. Distribution of a folivorous lemur in relation to seasonally varying food resources: integrating quantitative and qualitative aspects of food characteristics. Oecologia 131: 427-435.
25. Ganzhorn JU, Abraham J-P, Razanahoera-Rakotomalala M,. 1985. Some aspects of the natural history and food selection of Avahi laniger. Primates 26: 452-463.
26. Ganzhorn JU, Arrigo-Nelson S, Boinski S, Bollen A, Carrai V, Derby A, Donati G, Koenig A, Kowalewski M, Lahann P, Norscia I, Polowinsky SY, Schwitzer C, Stevenson PR, Talebi MG, Tan C, Vogel ER, Wright PC,. 2009. Possible fruit protein effects on primate communities in Madagascar and the Neotropics. PLoS One 4:Art No e8253.
27. Génin F,. 2008. Life in unpredictable environments: first investigation of the natural history of Microcebus griseorufus. Int J Primatol 29: 303-321.
28. Gerson J,. 2000. Social relationships in wild red-fronted brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus). PhD dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC.
29. Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Reed KE, Simons EL, Chatrath PS,. 1997. Subfossil lemurs: inferences about past and present primate communities. In:, Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p 218-256.
30. Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Schwartz GT,. 2006. Ecology and extinction of Madagascar's subfossil lemurs. In:, Gould L, Sauther ML, editors. Lemurs: ecology and adaptation. New York: Springer. p 41-64.
31. Godfrey LR, Semprebon GM, Jungers WL, Sutherland MR, Simons EL, Solounias N,. 2004. Dental use wear in extinct lemurs: evidence of diet and niche differentiation. J Hum Evol 47: 145-169.
32. Godfrey LR, Semprebon GM, Schwartz GT, Burney DA, Jungers WL, Flanagan EK, Cuozzo FP, King SJ,. 2005. New insights into old lemurs: the trophic adaptations of the Archaeolemuridae. Int J Primatol 26: 825-854.
33. Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU,. 1997. Rarity of figs (Ficus) on Madagascar and its relationship to a depauperate frugivore community. Rev EcolTerre Vie 52: 321-329.
34. Goodman SM, Rakotoarisoa SV, Wilmé L,. 2006. The distribution and biogeography of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) in Madagascar. In:, Jolly A, Sussman RW, Koyama N, Rasamimanana H, editors. Ringtailed lemur biology. New York: Springer. p 3-15.
35. Grassi C,. 2006. Variability in habitat, diet, and social structure of Hapalemur griseus in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 50-63.
36. Harcourt C,. 1991. Diet and behaviour of a nocturnal lemur, Avahi laniger, in the wild. J Zool 223: 667-674.
37. Hemingway CA,. 1998. Selectivity and variability in the diet of Milne-Edwards' Sifakas (Propithecus diadema edwardsi): implications for folivory and seed-eating. Int J Primatol 19: 355-377.
38. Hladik CM, Charles-Dominique P, Petter JJ,. 1980. Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In:, Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E, Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Shilling A, editors. Nocturnal Malagasy primates. New York: Academic Press. p 41-73.
39. Irwin MT,. 2008. Feeding ecology of Propithecus diadema in forest fragments and continuous forest. Int J Primatol 29: 95-115.
40. Jolly A,. 1966. Lemur behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Jolly A,. 2009. Coat condition of ringtailed lemurs, Lemur catta, at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar: II. Coat and tail alopecia associated with Leucaena leucocephala, 2001-2006. Am J Primatol 71: 199-205.
42. Jungers WL, Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Wunderlich RE, Richmond BG, Chatrath PS,. 2002. Ecomorphology and behavior of giant extinct lemurs from Madagascar. In:, Plavcan JM, Kay RF, Jungers WL, van Schaik CP, editors. Reconstructing behavior in the primate fossil record. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p 371-411.
43. Kay RF,. 1984. On the use of anatomical features to infer foraging behavior in extinct primates. In:, Rodman PS, Cant JGH, editors. Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates. New York: Columbia University Press. p 21-53.
44. Kay RF, Sussman RW, Tattersall I,. 1978. Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary-dental correlations among Malagasy primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 49: 119-128.
45. Kelley EA,. 2009. Ranging behavior and home range area of Lemur catta (ring-tailed lemurs) in the Cap Sainte-Marie region, Madagascar: does an absence in pattern reflect extreme flexibility of habitat and feeding site use? Am J Primatol 71 (Suppl 1): 103.
46. Kelley EA,. 2011. Lemur catta in the region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar: introduced cacti, xerophytic Didiereaceae-Euphorbia bush, and tombs. PhD dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
47. King SJ, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Pochron ST, Semprebon GM, Godfrey LR, Wright PC, Jernvall J,. 2005. Dental senescence in a long-lived primate links infant survival to rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 16579-16583.
48. Kirk EC,. 2006. Eye morphology in cathemeral lemurids and other mammals. Folia Primatol 77: 27-49.
49. Lahann P,. 2007. Feeding ecology and seed dispersal of sympatric cheirogaleid lemurs (Microcebus murinus, Cheirogaleus medius, Cheirogaleus major) in the littoral rainforest of south-east Madagascar. J Zool 271: 88-98.
50. Lambert JE,. 2011. Primate seed dispersers as umbrella species: a case study from Kibale National Park, Uganda, with implications for Afrotropical forest conservation. Am J Primatol 73: 9-24.
51. Lamberton C,. 1934. Contribution à la connaissance de la faune subfossile de Madagascar: Lémuriens et Ratites. Chiromys robustus sp. nov. Lamb. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 17: 40-46 plus plates.
52. Lhota S, Junek T, Bartos L, Kubena AA,. 2008. Specialized use of two fingers in free-ranging aye-ayes. Am J Primatol 70: 786-795.
53. Loudon JE, Whitelaw DC, Sponheimer M, Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP, Youssouf IAJ,. 2008. Lemurs eating isotopes: a stable isotope analysis of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and their menu at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. Am J Phys Anthropol 135 Suppl 46: 142.
54. Lyons KG, Brigham CA, Traut BH, Schwartz MW,. 2005. Rare species and ecosystem functioning. Cons Biol 19: 1019-1024.
55. MacPhee RDE, Raholimavo EM,. 1988. Modified subfossil aye-aye incisors from southwestern Madagascarspecies allocation and paleoecological significance. Folia Primatol 51: 126-142.
56. Martin RD,. 1972. Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 264: 295-352.
57. Millette JB, Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP,. 2009. Behavioral responses to tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 140: 120-134.
58. M'Kirera F, Ungar PS,. 2003. Occlusal relief changes with molar wear in Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Am J Primatol 60: 31-41.
59. Morland H,. 1992. Social organization and ecology of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in Lowland Rain Forest, Nosy Mangabe, Madagascar. PhD dissertation, Yale University, New Haven.
60. Muchlinski MN, Godfrey LR, Muldoon KM, Tongasoa L,. 2011. Evidence for dietary niche separation based on infraorbital foramen size variation among subfossil lemurs. Folia Primatol 81: 330-345.
61. Muldoon KM, Goodman SM,. 2010. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community structure is correlated with habitat. J Biogeogr 37: 1144-1159.
62. Nash LT,. 1998. Vertical clingers and sleepers: seasonal influences on the activities and substrate use of Lepilemur leucopus at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69 (Suppl 1): 204-217.
63. Norconk MA, Boinski S, Forget P-M,. 2011. Primates in 21st century ecosystems: does primate conservation promote ecosystem conservation? Am J Primatol 73: 3-8.
64. Overdorff DJ,. 1993. Similarities, differences and seasonal patterns in the diets of Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 14: 721-753.
65. Pages E,. 1980. Ethoecology of Microcebus coquereli during the dry season. In:, Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E, Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Shilling A, editors. Nocturnal Malagasy primates. New York: Academic Press. p 97-116.
66. Pinkus S, Smith JNM, Jolly A,. 2006. Feeding competition between introduced Eulemur fulvus and native Lemur catta during the birth season at Berenty Reserve, southern Madagascar. In:, Jolly A, Sussman RW, Koyama N, Rasamimanana H, editors. Ringtailed lemur biology. New York: Springer. p 119-140.
67. Powzyk J,. 1998. The socio-ecology of two sympatric indrids, Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri: a comparison of feeding strategies and their possible repercussions on species-specific behaviors. PhD dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC.
68. Powzyk JA, Mowry CB,. 2003. Dietary and feeding differences between sympatric Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri. Int J Primatol 24: 1143-1162.
69. Rafferty KL, Teaford MF, Jungers WL,. 2002. Molar microwear of subfossil lemurs: improving the resolution of dietary inferences. J Hum Evol 43: 645-657.
70. Rasmussen MA,. 1999. Ecological influences on the activity cycle in two cathemeral primates: the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) and the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). PhD dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC.
71. Rasoazanabary E,. 2011. The human factor in mouse lemur (Microcebus griseorufus) conservation: local resource utilization and habitat disturbance at Beza Mahafaly, SW Madagascar. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
72. Ratsimbazafy JH,. 2002. On the brink of extinction and the process of recovery: responses of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) to disturbance in Manombo Forest, Madagascar. PhD dissertation, SUNY Stony Brook, New York.
73. Ravosa MJ,. 1991. Structural allometry of the prosimian mandibular corpus and symphysis. J Hum Evol 20: 3-20.
74. Ravosa MJ,. 1992. Allometry and heterochrony in extant and extinct Malagasy primates. J Hum Evol 23: 197-217.
75. Richard AF,. 1974. Intra-specific variation in the social organization and ecology of Propithecus verreauxi. Folia Primatol 22: 178-207.
76. Richard AF,. 1978. Variability in feeding behavior of a Malagasy prosimian, Propithecus verreauxi: Lemuriformes. In:, Montgomery G, editor. The ecology of arboreal folivores. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 519-533.
77. Richard AF, Dewar RE,. 1991. Lemur ecology. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 22: 145-175.
78. Russell RJ,. 1980. The environmental physiology and ecology of Lepilemur ruficaudatus (= L. leucopus) in southern Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 52: 272-274.
79. Ryan TM, Burney DA, Godfrey LR, Göhlich U, Jungers WL, Vasey N, Ramilisonina, Walker A, Weber GW,. 2008. A reconstruction of the Vienna skull of Hadropithecus stenognathus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 10698-10701.
80. Sauther ML,. 1991. Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84: 463-477.
81. Sauther ML,. 1992. The effect of reproductive state, social rank and group size on resource use among free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) of Madagascar. PhD dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
82. Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP,. 2009. The impact of fallback foods on wild ring-tailed lemur biology: a comparison of intact and anthropogenically disturbed habitat. Am J Phys Anthropol 140: 671-686.
83. Schulke O,. 2003. To breed or not to breedfood competition and other factors involved in female breeding decisions in the pair-living nocturnal fork-marked lemur (Phaner furcifer). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 55: 11-21.
84. Scott JR, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Scott RS, Simons EL, Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Walker A,. 2009. Dental microwear texture analysis of two families of subfossil lemurs from Madagascar. J Hum Evol 56: 405-416.
85. Seligsohn D, Szalay FS,. 1974. Dental occlusion and the masticatory apparatus in Lemur and Varecia: their bearing on the systematics of living and fossil primates. In:, Martin RD, Doyle GA, Walker AC, editors. Prosimian anatomy, biochemistry and evolution. London: Duckworth. p 543-561.
86. Simmen B, Hladik A, Ramasiarisoa P,. 2003. Food intake and dietary overlap in native Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi and introduced Eulemur fulvus at Berenty, Southern Madagascar. Int J Primatol 24: 948-967.
87. Simmen B, Sauther ML, Soma T, Rasamimanana H, Sussman RW, Jolly A, Tarnaud L, Hladik A,. 2006. Plant species fed on by Lemur catta in gallery forests of the Southern Domain of Madagascar. In:, Jolly A, Sussman RW, Koyama N, Rasamimanana H, editors. Ringtailed lemur biology. New York: Springer. p 55-68.
88. Simons EL,. 1994. The giant aye-aye Daubentonia robusta. Folia Primatol 62: 14-21.
89. Simons EL,. 1997. Lemurs: old and new. In:, Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impacts in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. p 142-168.
90. Spoor F, Garland T, Krovitz G, Ryan T, Silcox MT, Walker A,. 2007. The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 10808-10812.
91. Sterling EJ,. 1994. Aye-ayesspecialists on structurally defended resources. Folia Primatol 62: 142-154.
92. Sussman RW,. 1974. Ecological distinctions in sympatric species of lemur. In:, Martin RD, Doyle GA, Walker AC, editors. Prosimian biology. London: Duckworth. p 75-108.
93. Sussman RW,. 1977. Socialization, social structure, and ecology of two sympatric species of lemur. In:, Chevalier-Skolnikoff S, Poirier FE, editors. Primate bio-social development: biological, social, and ecological determinants. New York and London: Garland Publishing. p 515-528.
94. Sussman RW, Sweeney S, Green GM, Porton I, Andrianansolondraibe OL, Ratsirarson J,. 2006. A preliminary estimate of Lemur catta population density using satellite imagery. In:, Jolly A, Sussman RW, Koyama N, Rasamimanana H, editors. Ringtailed lemur biology. New York: Springer. p 16-31.
95. Tan CL,. 1999. Group composition, home range size, and diet of three sympatric bamboo lemur species (genus Hapalemur) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 20: 547-566.
96. Tattersall I,. 1973. Cranial anatomy of Archaeolemurinae (Lemuroidea, Primates). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 52: 1-110.
97. Tattersall I,. 1982. The primates of Madagascar. New York: Columbia University Press.
98. Tattersall I,. 2008. Avoiding commitment: cathemerality among primates. Biol Rhythm Res 39: 213-228.
99. Thalmann U,. 2001. Food resource characteristics in two nocturnal lemurs with different social behavior: Avahi occidentalis and Lepilemur edwardsi. Int J Primatol 22: 287-324.
100. van Schaik CP, Kappeler PM,. 1996. The social systems of gregarious lemurs: lack of convergence with anthropoids due to evolutionary disequilibrium? Ethology 102: 915-941.
101. Vasey N,. 2000. Niche separation in Varecia variegata rubra and Eulemur fulvus albifrons: I. Interspecific patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol 112: 411-431.
102. Vasey N, Burney DA, Godfrey LR,. In press. Archaeolemur coprolites from Anjohikely Cave in northwestern Madagascar reveal dietary diversity and cave use in a subfossil prosimian. In:, Masters J, Gamba M, Génin F, editors. Leaping ahead: advances in prosimian biology. New York: Springer.
103. Walker A,. 1981. Diet and teeth: dietary hypotheses and human evolution. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 292: 57-64.
104. Walker A, Ryan TM, Silcox MT, Simons EL, Spoor F,. 2008. The semicircular canal system and locomotion: the case of extinct lemuroids and lorisoids. Evol Anthropol 17: 135-145.
105. Warren RD, Crompton RH,. 1997. A comparative study of the ranging behaviour, activity rhythms and sociality of Lepilemur edwardsi (Primates, Lepilemuridae) and Avahi occidentalis (Primates, Indriidae) at Ampijoroa, Madagascar. J Zool 243: 397-415.
106. Wright PC,. 1999. Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: coping with an island environment. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 42: 31-72.
107. Wright PC, Razafindratsita VR, Pochron ST, Jernvall J,. 2005. The key to Madagascar frugivores. In:, Dew JL, Boubli JP, editors. Tropical fruits and frugivores: the search for strong interactors. New York: Springer. p 121-138.
108. Yamashita N,. 1998. Functional dental correlates of food properties in five Malagasy lemur species. Am J Phys Anthropol 106: 169-188.
109. Yamashita N,. 2002. Diets of two lemur species in different microhabitats in Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 23: 1025-1051.
110. Yamashita N, Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML,. Interpreting food processing through dietary mechanical properties: a Lemur catta case study. Am J Phys Anthropol.