Severe wear and tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): A function of feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 490-505

  Cuozzo, Frank P ^a   Sauther, Michelle L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Dental pathology; Hominid paleobiology; Primate; Propithecus; Tooth wear

Indexed keywords

DENTAL HEALTH; FEEDING ECOLOGY; LIFE HISTORY; PRIMATE; TOOTH; WEAR;

BEZA MAHAFALY SPECIAL RESERVE; INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS; MADAGASCAR; TOLIARA;

HOMINIDAE; LEMUR CATTA; PRIMATES; PROPITHECUS; STREPSIRHINI; TAMARINDUS INDICA;

EID: 33750012628     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Bramblett C.A. Non-metric skeletal age changes in the Darajani baboon. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 30 (1969) 161-172
2. Burney D.A., Burney L.P., Godfrey L.R., Jungers W.L., Goodman S.M., Wright H.T., and Jull A.J.T. A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J. Hum. Evol. 47 (2004) 25-63
3. Campbell J.L., Eisemann J.H., Williams C.V., and Glenn K.M. Description of the gastroinestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. Am. J. Primatol. 52 (2000) 133-142
4. Cuozzo F.P., and Sauther M.L. Tooth loss, survival, and resource use in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): implications for inferring conspecific care in fossil hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 623-631
5. Cuozzo F.P., and Sauther M.L. Temporal change in tooth size among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar: effects of an environmental fluctuation. In: Jolly A., Sussman R.W., Koyama N., and Rasamimanana H. (Eds). Ring-Tailed Lemur Biology (2006), Springer, New York 343-366
6. Cuozzo, F.P., Sauther, M.L. Differences in feeding ecology as seen in patterns of dental pathology and gross tooth wear in sympatric lemur species (Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, in preparation.
7. Cuozzo F.P., and Yamashita N. Impact of ecology on dental adaptations of extant lemurs: a review of tooth function, variation, and life history. In: Gould L., and Sauther M.L. (Eds). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptations (2006), Springer, New York 69-98
8. Cuozzo F.P., Sauther M.L., and Fish K.D. A longitudinal study of dental health and odontometrics in the ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) of Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Folia. Primatol. 75 Suppl. 1 (2004) 160
9. Cuozzo F.P., Sauther M.L., and Fish K.D. Dental variation and dental health in a wild population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 38 Suppl. (2004) 81
10. Cuozzo, F.P., Sauther, M.L., Mills, R., Eckert, K., Weber, M. Toothcomb damage and function in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, in preparation.
11. Dean M.C., Jones M.E., and Pilley J.R. The natural history of tooth wear, continuous eruption, and periodontal disease in wild shot great apes. J. Hum. Evol. 22 (1992) 23-39
12. Dennis J.C., Ungar P.S., Teaford M.F., and Glander K. Dental topography and molar wear in Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125 (2004) 152-161
13. DeGusta D. Comparative skeletal pathology and the case for conspecific care in middle Pleistocene hominids. J. Archaeol. Sci. 29 (2002) 1435-1438
14. DeGusta D. Aubesier 11 is not evidence of Neanderthal conspecific care. J. Hum. Evol. 45 (2003) 91-94
15. DeGusta D., and Milton K. Skeletal pathologies in a population of Alouatta palliata: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary implications. Int. J. Primatol. 19 (1998) 615-650
16. Dettwyler K.A. Can paleopathology provide evidence for "compassion"?. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84 (1991) 375-384
17. Dumont E.R. Enamel thickness and dietary adaptation among extant primates and chiropterans. J. Mammal. 76 (1995) 1127-1136
18. Dutton C.J., Junge R.E., and Lewis E.L. Biomedical evaluation of free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in Tsimanampetsota Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 34 (2003) 16-24
19. Eaglen R.H. Behavioral correlates of tooth eruption in Madagascar lemurs. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 66 (1985) 307-315
20. Fischman J. Family ties. Natl. Geogr. 207 (2005) 16-27
21. Gandara B.K., and Truelove E.L. Diagnosis and management of dental erosion. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 1 (1999) 1-17
22. Godfrey L.R., and Jungers W.L. Quaternary fossil lemurs. In: Hartwig W.C. (Ed). The Primate Fossil Record (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 97-121
23. Godfrey L.R., and Jungers W.L. Subfossil lemurs. In: Goodman S.M., and Benstead J.P. (Eds). The Natural History of Madagascar (2003), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1247-1252
24. Godfrey L.R., and Jungers W.L. The extinct sloth lemurs of Madagascar. Evol. Anthropol. 12 (2003) 252-263
25. Godfrey L.R., Jungers W.L., Reed K., Simons E.L., and Chatrath P.S. Inferences about past and present primate communities in Madagascar. In: Goodman S.M., and Paterson B.D. (Eds). Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar (1997), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington 217-256
26. Godfrey L.R., Samonds K.E., Jungers W.L., and Sutherland M.R. Teeth, brains, and primate life histories. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 114 (2001) 192-214
27. Godfrey L.R., Semprebon G.M., Schwartz G.T., Burney D.A., Jungers W.L., Flanagan E.K., Cuozzo F.P., and King S.J. New insights into old lemurs: the trophic adaptations of the Archaeolemuridae. Int. J. Primatol. 26 (2005) 825-854
28. Godfrey L.R., Jungers W.L., and Schwartz G.T. Ecology and extinction of Madagascar's subfossil lemurs. In: Gould L., and Sauther M.L. (Eds). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptations (2006), Springer, New York 41-65
29. Goodman S.M., and Langrand O. A high mountain population of the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta on the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar. Oryx 30 (1996) 259-268
30. Goodman S.M., Rakotoarisoa S.V., and Wilmé L. The distribution and biogeography of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) in Madagascar. In: Jolly A., Sussman R.W., Koyama N., and Rasamimanana H. (Eds). Ring-Tailed Lemur Biology (2006), Springer, New York 3-15
31. Gould L. Male affiliative relationships in natural occurring ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagscar. Am. J. Primatol. 39 (1996) 63-78
32. Gould L. Intermale affiliative relationships in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Primates 38 (1997) 15-30
33. Gould L., Sussman R.W., and Sauther M.L. Natural disasters and primate populations: the effects of a 2-year drought on a naturally occurring population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in southwestern Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 20 (1999) 69-84
34. Gould L., Sussman R.W., and Sauther M.L. Demographic and life-history patterns in a population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: a 15-year perspective. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 120 (2003) 182-194
35. Grine F.E. Enamel thickness of deciduous and permanent molars in Homo sapiens. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 126 (2004) 14-31
36. Guatelli-Steinberg D. What can developmental defects of enamel reveal about physiological stress in nonhuman primates?. Evol. Anthropol. 10 (2001) 138-151
37. Gunasena H.P.M., and Hughes A. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) (2000), International Centre for Underutilized Crops, Southhampton, U.K
38. Hershkovitz P. Dental and periodontal diseases and abnormalities in wild-caught marmosets (Primates-Callithricidae). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 32 (1970) 377-394
39. Hillson S. Teeth (1986), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
40. Hillson S. Dental Anthropology (1996), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
41. Hillson S. Teeth. second ed. (2005), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
42. Hlusko L.J. Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 2653-2657
43. Hlusko L.J., Suwa G., Kono R.T., and Mahaney M.C. Genetics and the evolution of enamel thickness: a baboon model. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 124 (2004) 223-233
44. Holden C. Neandertals not caring?. Science 301 (2003) 1319
45. Janis C.M., and Fortelius M. On the means whereby mammals achieve increased functional durability of their dentitions, with special reference to limiting factors. Biol. Rev. 63 (1988) 197-230
46. Jolly A. Lemur Behavior (1966), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
47. Kaifu Y., Kasai K., Townsend G.C., and Richards L.C. Tooth wear and the "design" of the human dentition: a perspective from evolutionary medicine. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 46 (2003) 47-61
48. Kay R.F. The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43 (1975) 195-216
49. Kay R.F. Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecidae. In: Butler P.M., and Joysey K.A. (Eds). Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth (1978), Academic Press, New York 309-339
50. Kay R.F. The nut-crackers-a new theory of the adaptations of the Ramapithecinae. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55 (1981) 141-151
51. Kay R.F. Dental evidence for the diet of australopithecines. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 14 (1985) 315-341
52. Khandare A.L., Kumar P.U., and Lakshmaiah N. Beneficial effect of tamarind ingestion on flouride toxicity in dogs. Flouride 33 (2000) 33-38
53. Kilgore L. Dental pathologies in ten free-ranging chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 80 (1989) 219-227
54. King S.J., Arrigo-Nelson S.J., Pochron S.T., Semprebon G.M., Godfrey L.R., Wright P.C., and Jernvall J. Dental senescence in a long-lived primate links infant survival to rainfall. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 (2005) 16579-16583
55. Kinzey W.G., and Norconck M.A. Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 81 (1990) 5-15
56. Lambert J.E., Chapman C.A., Wrangham R.W., and Conklin-Brittain N.L. Hardness of cercopithecine foods: implications for the critical function of enamel thickness in exploiting fallback foods. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125 (2004) 363-368
57. Lanyon J.M., and Sanson G.D. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) dentition and nutrition. II. Implications of tooth wear in nutrition. J. Zool. 209 (1986) 169-181
58. Lawler R.R., Richard A.F., and Riley M.A. Intrasexual selection in Verraux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verrauxi). J. Hum. Evol. 48 (2005) 259-277
59. Lebel S., Trinkaus E., Faure M., Fernandez P., Guérin C., Richter D., Mercier N., Valladas H., and Wagner G.A. Comparative morphology and paleobiology of middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier, Vaucluse, France. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98 (2001) 11097-11102
60. Lebel S., and Trinkaus E. Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 659-685
61. Liu W., and Zheng L. Tooth wear difference between the Yuanmou hominoid and Lufengpithecus. Int. J. Primatol. 26 (2005) 491-506
62. Logan M., and Sanson G.D. The effects of tooth wear on the activity pattern of free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss). Aust. J. Zool. 50 (2002) 281-292
63. Lordkipanidze D., Vekua A., Ferring R., Rightmire G.P., Agusti J., Kiladze G., Mouskhelishvili A., Nioradze M., Ponce de León M.S., Tappen M., and Zollikofer C.P.E. The earliest toothless hominin skull. Nature 434 (2005) 717-718
64. Lovell N.C. Patterns of Injury and Illness in Great Apes: A Skeletal Analysis (1990), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
65. Lucas P.W. The dental-dietary adaptations of mammals. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh. 8 (1979) 486-512
66. Lucas P.W. Dental Functional Morphology (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
67. Lucas P.W., Choong M.F., Tan H.T.W., Turner I.M., and Berrick A.J. The fracture toughness of the leaf of the dicotyledon Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 334 (1991) 95-106
68. Lucas P.W., Darvell B.W., Lee P.K.D., Yuen T.D.B., and Choong M.F. The toughness of plant cell walls. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 348 (1995) 363-372
69. Lussi A., Jaeggi T., and Zero D. The role of diet in the aetiology of dental erosion. Caries Res. 38 Suppl. 1 (2004) 34-44
70. Martin L.B., Olejniczak A.J., and Maas M.C. Enamel thickness and microstructure in pitheciin primates, with comments on dietary adaptations of the middle Micoene hominoid Kenyapithecus. J. Hum. Evol. 45 (2003) 351-367
71. Maas M.C. Enamel microstructure in Lemuridae (Mammalia, Primates): assessment of variability. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95 (1994) 221-241
72. Maas M.C., and Dumont E.R. Built to last: the structure, function, and evolution of primate dental enamel. Evol. Anthropol. 8 (1999) 133-152
73. Miles A.E.W., and Grigson C. Colyer's Variations and Diseases of the Teeth of Animals (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
74. Miller, D.S., Sauther, M.L., Hunter-Ishikawa, M., Fish, K.D., Culbertson, H., Cuozzo, F.P., Campbell, T.W., Chavey, S., Nachreiner, R., Rumbeiha, W., Stacewicz-Sapantzakis, M., Lappin, M.R. Biomedical evaluation of free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in three habitats at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. J. Zoo Wildl. Med., in press.
75. Molnar S. Human tooth wear, tooth function, and cultural variability. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 34 (1971) 175-190
76. Molnar S., and Gantt D.G. Functional implications of primate enamel thickness. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 46 (1977) 447-454
77. Morbeck M.E. Life history in teeth, bones, and fossils. In: Morbeck M.E., Galloway A., and Zihlman A.L. (Eds). The Evolving Female: A Life History Perspective (1997), Princeton University Press, Princeton 117-131
78. Perez V.R., Godfrey L.R., Nowak-Kemp M., Burney D.A., Ratsimbazafy J., and Vasey N. Evidence of early butchery of giant lemurs in Madagascar. J. Hum. Evol. 49 (2005) 722-742
79. Philips-Conroy J.E., Hildebolt C.F., Altman J., Jolly C.J., and Muruthi P. Periodontal health in free-ranging baboons of Ethiopia and Kenya. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90 (1993) 359-371
80. Pino J.A., Marbot R., and Vazquez C. Volatile components of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) grown in Cuba. J. Essential Oil Res. 16 (2004) 318-320
81. Ratsirarson J. Contribution a l'etude comparative de l'eco-ethologie de Lemur catta dans deux habitats differents de la Réserve Spéciale de Beza-Mahafaly. Memoire de Find'Etudes (1985), Universite de Madagascar
82. Ratsirarson J. Réserve Spéciale de Beza Mahafaly. In: Goodman S.M., and Benstead J.P. (Eds). The Natural History of Madagascar (2003), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1520-1525
83. Richard A.F., Dewar R.E., Schwartz M., and Ratsirarson J. Life in the slow lane? Demography and life histories of male and female sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). J. Zool. Lond. 256 (2002) 421-436
84. Sauther M.L. Antipredator behavior in troops of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 10 (1989) 595-606
85. Sauther M.L. Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84 (1991) 463-477
86. Sauther, M.L., 1992. Effect of reproductive state, social rank and group size on resource use among free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) of Madagascar. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University.
87. Sauther M.L. The interplay of phenology and reproduction in ring-tailed lemurs: implications for ring-tailed lemur conservation. Folia Primatol. 69 Suppl. (1998) 309-320
88. Sauther M.L., Sussman R.W., and Gould L. The socioecology of the ring-tailed lemur: thirty-five years of research. Evol. Anthropol. 8 (1999) 120-132
89. Sauther M.L., Cuozzo F.P., and Sussman R.W. Analysis of dentition of a living, wild population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 114 (2001) 215-223
90. Sauther M.L., Sussman R.W., and Cuozzo F. Dental and general health in a population of wild ring-tailed lemurs: a life history approach. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 117 (2002) 122-132
91. Sauther M.L., Fish K.D., and Cuozzo F. Biological variability of wild ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta: effects of habitat and sex. Folia Primatol. 75 Suppl. 1 (2004) 159-160
92. Sauther M.L., Fish K., Cuozzo F., Miller D.S., Hunter-Ishikawa M., and Culbertson H. Patterns of health, disease and behavior among wild ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta: effects of habitat and sex. In: Jolly A., Sussman R.W., Koyama N., and Rasamimanana H. (Eds). Ring-Tailed Lemur Biology (2006), Springer, New York 313-331
93. Sauther, M.L., Cuozzo, F.P., Gould, L. Individual life stories and ecological change among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, in preparation.
94. Schultz A.H. Eruption and decay of the permanent teeth in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 19 (1935) 489-588
95. Schwartz G.T., and Dean C. Interpreting the hominid dentition: ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects. In: O'Higgin P., and Cohn M. (Eds). Development, Growth, and Evolution (2000), Academic Press, San Diego 207-233
96. Schwartz G.T., Liu W., and Zheng L. Preliminary investigation of dental microstructure in the Yuanmou hominoid (Lufengpithecus hudienensis), Yunnan Province, China. J. Hum. Evol. 44 (2003) 189-202
97. Schwartz G.T., Mahoney P., Godfrey L.R., Cuozzo F.P., Jungers W.L., and Randria G.F.N. Dental development in Megaladapis edwardsi (Primates, Lemuriformes): implications for understanding life history variation in subfossil lemurs. J. Hum. Evol. 49 (2005) 702-721
98. Seligsohn D. Analysis of species-specific molar adaptations in strepsirhine primates. Contrib. Primatol. 11 (1977) 1-116
99. Shellis P., Beynon A.D., Reid D.J., and Hiimae K. Variations in molar enamel thickness among primates. J. Hum. Evol. 35 (1998) 507-522
100. Shipley S., Taylor K., and Mitchell W. Identifying causes of dental erosion. Gen. Dent. 53 (2005) 73-75
101. Simmen B., Sauther M.L., Soma T., Rasamimanana H.R., Sussman R.W., Jolly A., Tarnaud L., and Hladik A. Plant species fed on by Lemur catta in gallery forests of the southern domain of Madagascar. In: Jolly A., Sussman R.W., Koyama N., and Rasamimanana H. (Eds). Ring-Tailed Lemur Biology (2006), Springer, New York 55-68
102. Smith B.H. Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63 (1984) 39-56
103. Smith J.D., Genoways H.H., and Jones J.K. Cranial and dental anomalies in three species of platyrrhine monkeys from Nicaragua. Folia Primatol. 28 (1977) 1-42
104. Smith T.M., Martin L.B., and Leakey M.G. Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis. J. Hum. Evol. 44 (2003) 283-306
105. Strait S.G. Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores. J. Hum. Evol. 25 (1993) 471-484
106. Strait S.G. Tooth use and the physical properties of food. Evol. Anthropol. 5 (1997) 199-211
107. Strait S.G., and Overdorff D.J. Physical properties of fruits eaten by Malagasy primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 22 Suppl. (1996) 224
108. Stoner K.E. Dental pathology in Pongo satyrus borneensis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 98 (1995) 307-321
109. Sussman R.W. Demography and social organization of free-ranging Lemur catta in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84 (1991) 43-58
110. Sussman R.W. Male life history and intergroup mobility among ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Int. J. Primatol. 13 (1992) 395-413
111. Sussman R.W., and Rakotozafy A. Plant diversity and structural analysis of a tropical dry forest in southwestern Madagascar. Biotropica 26 (1994) 241-254
112. Swindler D.R. Primate Dentition: An Introduction to the Teeth of Nonhuman Primates (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
113. Tappen N.C. The dentition of the "old man" of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and inferences concerning Neanderthal behavior. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67 (1985) 43-50
114. Tattersall I. The Primates of Madagascar (1982), Columbia University Press, New York
115. Teaford M.F. Primate dental functional morphology revisited. In: Teaford M.F., Smith M.M., and Ferguson M.W.J. (Eds). Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 290-304
116. Teaford M.F., and Ungar P.S. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 (2000) 13506-13511
117. Ungar P. Dental allometry, morphology, and wear as evidence for diet in fossil primates. Evol. Anthropol. 6 (1998) 205-217
118. Ungar P. Reconstructing the diets of fossil primates. In: Plavcan J.M., Kay R.F., Jungers W.L., and van Schaik C.P. (Eds). Reconstructing Behavior in the Fossil Record (2002), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York 261-296
119. Ungar P.S., and M'Kirera F. A solution to the worn tooth conundrum in primate functional anatomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (2003) 3874-3877
120. Ungar P., and Williamson M. Exploring the effects of tooth wear on functional morphology: a preliminary study using dental topographic analysis. Paleontol. Electron. 3 1 (2000) art 1:18pp., 752 KB
121. Vasey N., Godfrey L.R., and Perez V.R. The paleobiology of Pachylemur. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 40 Suppl. (2005) 212
122. Verrett R.G. Analyzing the etiology of an extremely worn dentition. J. Prosthodont. 10 (2001) 224-233
123. Wright B.W. Craniodental biomechanics and dietary toughness in the genus Cebus. J. Hum. Evol. 48 (2005) 473-492
124. Yamashita N. Functional dental correlates of food properties in five Malagasy lemur species. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106 (1998) 169-188
125. Yamashita N. Mechanical thresholds as a criterion for food selection in two prosimian primate species. Proceedings of the Third Plant Biomechanics Conference, Freiburg-Badenweiler (2000), Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart pp. 590-595
126. Yamashita N. Diets of two lemur species in different microhabitats in Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 23 (2002) 1025-1051
127. Yamashita N. Food procurement and tooth use in two sympatric lemur species. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 121 (2003) 125-133
128. Yamashita, N. Food physical properties and their relationship to morphology: the curious case of kily. In: Vinyard, C.J., Ravosa, M.J., Wall, C.E. (Eds.), Primate Craniofacial Function and Biology. Kluwer Academic Press, New York, in preparation.