Relief index of second mandibular molars is a correlate of diet among prosimian primates and other euarchontan mammals

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 55, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1118-1137

  Boyer, Doug M ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Functional morphology; Laser scan; Lemurs; Primate evolution; Shearing quotient; Teeth; CT

Indexed keywords

DIET; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; PRIMATE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TOOTH;

CYNOCEPHALIDAE; DERMOPTERA; LEMURIDAE; MAMMALIA; PLESIADAPIFORMES; PRIMATES; SCANDENTIA; STREPSIRHINI; TARSIUS SYRICHTA;

EID: 55949133802     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Albignac R. Variabilite de l'organisation territoriale et ecologie de Avahi laniger (lemurien nocturne de Madagascar). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 292 (1981) 331-334
2. Anthony M.R.L., and Kay R.F. Tooth form and diet in ateline and alouattine primates: reflections on the comparative method. Am. J. Sci. 293-A (1993) 356-382
3. Atsalis S. Diet of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 20 (1999) 193-229
4. Baum B.R. Combining trees as a way of combining data sets for phylogenetic inference, and the desirability of combining gene trees. Taxon 41 (1992) 3-10
5. Bloch J.I., and Boyer D.M. Response to comment on "Grasping Primate Origins". Science 300 (2003) 741c
6. Bloch J.I., Silcox M.T., Boyer D.M., and Sargis E.J. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (2007) 1159-1164
7. Butler P.M. Molar wear facets of early Tertiary North American primates. Craniofacial Biology of Primates 3 (1973) 1-27
8. Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., Ambrose S.H., Leakey M.G., and Solounias N. Dietary and environmental reconstruction with stable isotope analyses of herbivore tooth enamel from the Miocene locality of Fort Ternan, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 33 (1997) 635-650
9. Chapman C.A., and Pavelka M.S.M. Group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates 46 (2005) 1-9
10. Charles-Dominique P. Ecology and feeding behavior of five sympatric species of lorisids in Gabon. In: Martin R.D., Doyle G.A., and Walker A.C. (Eds). Prosimian Biology (1974), Duckworth, London 131-150
11. Charles-Dominique P., and Petter J.J. Ecology and social life of Phaner furcifer. In: Charles-Dominique P., Cooper H.M., Hladik A., Hladik C.M., Pages E., Pariente G.E., PetterRousseaux A., and Schilling A. (Eds). Nocturnal Malagasy Primates (1980), Academic Press, New York 75-95
12. Coleman M., and Colbert M.W. Technical note: CT thresholding protocols for taking measurements on three-dimensional models. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133 (2007) 723-725
13. Coleman M.N., and Ross C.F. Primate auditory diversity and its influence on hearing performance. Anat. Rec. A. Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 281A (2004) 1123-1137
14. Crompton R.H. Mechanisms for speciation in Galago and Tarsius. J. Hum. Evol. 4 (1989) 105-116
15. Cuozzo F. Patterns of dental pathology in sympatric living lemurs (Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi) indicate evolutionary disequilibrium in Madagascar. J. Vert. Paleontol. 27 (2007) 63-64A
16. Cuozzo F. Using extant patterns of dental variation to identify species in the primate fossil record: a case study of middle Eocene Omomys from the Bridger Basin, southwestern Wyoming. Primates 49 (2008) 101-115
17. Cuozzo F., and Yamashita N. Impact of ecology on the teeth of extant lemurs: a review of dental adaptations, function, and life history. In: Gould L., and Sauther M.L. (Eds). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation (2006), Springer 67-96
18. Davis D.D. Mammals of the lowland rain-forest of North Borneo. Bull. Singapore Nat. Hist. Mus. 31 (1962) 1-129
19. Dennis J.C., Ungar P.S., Teaford M.F., and Glander K.E. Dental topography and molar wear in Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125 (2004) 152-161
20. Eaglen, R.H., 1980. The systematics of living Strepsirhini, with special reference to the Lemuridae. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University.
21. Emmons L.H. Tupai: A Field Study of Bornean Treeshrews (2000), University of California Press, Berkley and Los Angeles
22. Evans A.R., Fortelius M., and Jernvall J. How does tooth wear affect dental complexity? implications for tooth function and dietary reconstruction. J. Vert. Paleontol. 27 (2007) 72A
23. Evans A.R., and Sanson G.D. The effect of tooth shape on the breakdown of insects. J. Zool. 246 (1998) 391-400
24. Evans A.R., Wilson G.P., Fortelius M., and Jernvall J. High-level similarity of dentitions in carnivorans and rodents. Nature 445 (2007) 78-81
25. Felsenstein J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125 (1985) 1-15
26. Fortelius M., and Solounias N. Functional characterization of ungulate molars using abrasion attrition wear gradient. Am. Mus. Novit. 3301 (2000) 1-36
27. Ganzhorn J.U. Feeding behavior of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus. Int. J. Primatol. 7 (1986) 17-30
28. Ganzhorn J.U., Abraham J.P., and Razanahoera-Rakotomalala M. Some aspects of the natural history and food selection of Avahi laniger. Primates 26 (1985) 452-463
29. Génin F. Life in unpredictable environments: first investigation of the natural history of Microcebus griseorufus. Int. J. Primatol. 29 (2008) 303-321
30. Gingerich P.D. Function of pointed premolars in Phenacolemur and other mammals. J. Dent. Res. 53 (1974) 497
31. Gingerich P.D. Dental function in the Paleocene primate Plesiadapis. In: Martin R.D., Doyle G.A., and Walker A.C. (Eds). Prosimian Biology (1974), Duckworth, London 531-542
32. Gingerich P.D., Smith B.H., and Rosenberg K. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 58 (1982) 81-100
33. Godfrey L.R., and Jungers W.L. Quaternary fossil lemurs. In: Hartwig W. (Ed). The Primate Fossil Record (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 97-121
34. Godfrey L.R., Semprebon G.M., Jungers W.L., Sutherland M.R., Simons E.L., and Solounias N. Dental use wear in extinct lemurs: evidence of diet and niche differentiation. J. Hum. Evol. 47 (2004) 145-169
35. Godinot M., and Mahbouti M. Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria. Nature 357 (1992) 324-326
36. Goodman S.M., Rakotoarisoa S.V., and Wilm L. The distribution and biogeography of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). In: Jolly A., Koyama N., Rasamimanana H., and Sussman R.W. (Eds). Ring-Tailed Lemur Biology (2006), Springer, New York 3-15
37. Gould L. Lemur catta ecology: what we know and what we need to know. In: Gould L., and Sauther M.L. (Eds). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation (2006), Springer 255-274
38. Grafen A. The phylogenetic regression. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., London. B. Biol. Sci. 326 (1989) 119-157
39. Gregory W.K. The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition (1922), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
40. Grine F.E. Dental evidence for dietary differences in Australopithecus and Paranthropus: a quantitative analysis of permanent molar microwear. J. Hum. Evol. 15 (1986) 783-822
41. Groves C.P. Taxonomy and phylogeny of prosimians. In: Martin R.D., Doyle G.A., and Walker A.C. (Eds). Prosimian Biology (1974), Duckworth, London 449-473
42. Gursky S. Effect of seasonality on the behavior of an insectivorous primate, Tarsius spectrum. Int. J. Primatol. 21 (2000) 477-495
43. Harcourt C.S. Seasonal variation in the diet of south african galagos. Int. J. Primatol. 7 (1986) 491-506
44. Harcourt C. Diet and behavior of a nocturnal lemur, Avahi laniger, in the wild. J. Zool. 233 (1991) 667-674
45. Harcourt C.S., and Nash L.T. Species differences in substrate use and diet between sympatric galagos in two Kenyan coastal forests. Primates 27 (1986) 42-52
46. Hillson S. Teeth (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
47. Hladik C.M., Charles-Dominique P., and Petter J.-J. Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In: Charles-Dominique P., Cooper H.M., Hladik A., Hladik C.M., Pages E., Pariente G.E., Petter-Rousseaux A., and Schilling A. (Eds). Nocturnal Malagasy Primates (1980), Academic, New York 41-74
48. Hogue A.S. Molar shear crests as dietary indicators: evidence from primate ecological analogs. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 123 s38 (2004) 114
49. Iwano T., and Iwakawa C. Feeding behavior of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) on nuts of ramy (Canarium madagascariensis). Folia Primatol. 50 (1988) 136-142
50. Janecka J.E., Miller W., Pringle T.H., Wiens F., Zitzmann A., Helgen K.M., Springer M.S., and Murphy W.J. Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science 318 (2007) 792-794
51. Janis C. Prediction of primate diets from molar wear pattern. In: Chivers D.J., Wood B.A., and Bilsborough A. (Eds). Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates (1984), Plenum Press, New York 331-340
52. Jernvall J., and Selanne L. Laser confocal microscopy and geographic information systems in the study of dental morphology. Palaeontol. Electronica 2 (1999) 1-18
53. Johnson, S.E., 2002. Ecology and Speciation In Brown Lemurs: White-Collared Lemurs (Eulemur albacollaris) and Hybrids (Eulemur albacollaris × Eulemur fulvus rufus) in Southeastern Madagascar. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas
54. Kay R.F. The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43 (1975) 195-216
55. Kay R.F. Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecidae. In: Butler P. (Ed). Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth (1978), Academic Press, London 309-339
56. Kay R.F., and Cartmill M. Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other Paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, Primates), with a description of a new genus and species. J. Hum. Evol. 6 (1977) 19-35
57. Kay R.F., and Covert H.H. Anatomy and behavior of extinct primates. In: Chivers D.J., Wood B.A., and Bilsborough A. (Eds). Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates (1984), Plenum Press, New York 467-508
58. Kay R.F., and Hiemae K.M. Jaw movement and tooth use in recent and fossil primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 40 (1974) 227-256
59. Kay R.F., and Hylander W.L. The dental structure of mammalian folivores with special reference to Primates and Phalangeroidea (Marsupialia). In: Montgomery G.G. (Ed). The Biology of Arboreal Folivores (1978), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 173-191
60. Kay R.F., Sussman R.W., and Tattersal I. Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary-dental correlations among malagasy primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 49 (1978) 119-128
61. Kay R.F., Williams B.A., and Anaya F. The adaptations of Branisella boliviana, the earliest South American monkey. In: Plavcan J.M., Kay R.F., Jungers W.L., and Van Schaik C.P. (Eds). Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record (2002), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
62. Kay R.F., Williams B.A., Ross C.F., Takai M., and Shigehara N. Anthropoid origins - a phylogenetic analysis. In: Ross C.F., and Kay R.F. (Eds). Anthropoid Origins: New Visions (2004), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 91-135
63. King S.J., Arrigo-Nelson S.J., Pochron S.T., Semprebon G.M., Godrey L.R., Wright P.C., and Jernvall J. Dental senescence in a long-lived primate links infant survival to rainfall. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 16579-16583
64. King S.J., Zohdy S., Evans A.R., Godfrey L.R., Jernvall J., and Wright P.C. Senescence in wild lemurs: does it happen?. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 135 s46 (2008) 130
65. Kirk E.C., and Simons E.L. Diets of fossil primates from the Fayum depression of Egypt: a quantitative analysis of molar shearing. J. Hum. Evol. 40 (2001) 203-229
66. Lahann P. Feeding ecology and seed dispersal of sympatric cheirogaleid lemurs (Microcebus, Cheirogaleus medius, Cheirogaleus major) in the littoral rainforest of south-east Madagascar. J. Zool. 271 (2007) 88-98
67. Lucas P.W. The dental-dietary adaptations of mammals. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatshefte 8 (1979) 486-512
68. Lucas P.W. Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
69. Lucas P.W., and Teaford M.F. The functional morphology of colobine teeth. In: Oates J., and Davies A.G. (Eds). Colobine Monkeys: Their Evolutionary Ecology (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 173-203
70. M'Kirera F., and Ungar P.S. Occlusal relief changes with molar wear in Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Am. J. Primatol. 60 (2003) 31-41
71. Maas M.C., and Dumont E.R. Built to last: the structure, function, and evolution of primate dental enamel. Evol. Anthropol. 8 (1999) 133-152
72. MacFadden B.J., and Cerling T.E. Mammalian herbivore communities, ancient feeding ecology, and carbon isotopes: a 10 million-year sequence from the Neogene of Florida. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16 (1996) 103-115
73. Martins E.P., and Hansen T.F. Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149 (1997) 646-667
74. Masters J.C., Anthony N.M., de Wit M.J., and Mitchell A. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Lorisidae using morphological, molecular, and geological data. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127 (2005) 465-480
75. Meikle W.E. Molar wear stages in Theropithecus gelada. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 50 (1977) 21-25
76. Moreland, H.S., 1991. Social organization and ecology of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in lowland rain forest, Nosy Mangabe, Madagascar. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale.
77. Nekaris K.A.I., and Rasmussen D.T. Diet and feeding behavior of Mysore slender lorises. Int. J. Primatol. 24 (2002) 33-46
78. Niemitz C. Synecological relationships and feeding behaviour of the genus Tarsius. In: Niemitz C. (Ed). Biology of Tarsiers (1984), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 59-75
79. Overdorff D.J. Similarities, differences, and seasonal patterns in the diets of Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus, in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 14 (1993) 721-753
80. Overdorff D.J. Ecological correlates to activity and habitat use of two prosimian primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 40 (1996) 327-342
81. Overdorff D.J., Merenlender A.M., Talata P., Telo A., and Forward Z.A. Life history of Eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988-1998 in Southeastern Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 108 (1999) 295-310
82. Pages E. Ethoecology of Microcebus coquerili during the dry season. In: Charles-Dominique P., Cooper H.M., Hladik A., Hladik C.M., Pages E., Pariente G.E., PetterRousseaux A., and Schilling A. (Eds). Nocturnal Malagasy Primates (1980), Academic Press, New York 97-116
83. Pavelka M.S.M., and Knopff L. Diet and activity in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in southern Belize: does degree of frugivory influence activity level?. Primates 45 (2004) 107-111
84. Petter J.J., Schilling A., and Pariente G. Observations ethologiques sur deux lemuriens malgaches nocturnes, Phaner furcifer et Microcebus coquereli. Terre Vie 3 (1971) 287-327
85. Plyusnin I., Evans A.R., Karme A., Glonis A., and Jernvall J. Automated 3D phenotype analysis using data mining. PLosOne 3 (2008) 1-9
86. Polly P.D. Paleontology and the comparative method: ancestral node reconstructions versus observed node values. Am. Nat. 157 (2001) 596-609
87. Porter C.A., Page S.L., Czelusniak J., Schneider H., Schneider M.P.C., Sampaio I., and Goodman M. Phylogeny and evolution of selected primates as determined by sequences of the epsilon-globin locus and 5' flanking regions. Int. J. Primatol. 18 (1997) 261-295
88. Powzyk J.A., and Mowry C.B. Dietary and feeding differences between sympatric Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri. Int. J. Primatol. 24 (2003) 1143-1162
89. Purvis A., and Rambaut A. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11 (1995) 247-251
90. Radespiel U., Reimann W., Rahelinirina M., and Zimmermann E. Feeding ecology of sympatric mouse lemur species in northwestern Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 27 (2006) 311-321
91. Ragan M.A. Phylogenetic inference based on matrix representation of trees. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1 (1992) 53-58
92. Rasmussen M. Ecological Influences On Activity Cycle In Two Cathemeral Primates, The Mongoose Lemur (Eulemur mongoz) and the Common Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) (1999), Duke University
93. Reed D.N.O. Contour mapping as a new method for interpreting diet from tooth morphology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 102 s24 (1997) 194
94. Rensberger J.M. Scanning electron microscopy of wear and occlusal events in some small herbivores. In: Butler P.M. (Ed). Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth (1978), Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco 415-438
95. Richards A.F. Variability in the feeding behavior of the Malagasy prosimian, Propithecus verreauxi: Lemuriformes. In: Montgomery G.G. (Ed). The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores (1978), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 519-553
96. Ridley M. The Explanation of Organic Diversity: The Comparative Method and Adaptations for Mating (1983), Clarendon Press, Oxford
97. Roos C., Schmitz J., and Zischler H. Primate jumping genes elucidate strepsirrhine phylogeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 10650-10654
98. Rose K.D. The Clarkforkian Land-mammal age and mammalian faunal composition across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26 (1981) 1-197
99. Ross C.F., Henneberg M., Ravosa M.J., and Richard S. Curvilinear, geometric and phylogenetic modeling of basicranial flexion: is it adaptive, is it constrained?. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 185-213
100. Russell, R.J., 1977. The behavior, ecology and environmental physiology of a nocturnal primate. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University.
101. Sargis E.J. A multivariate analysis of the postcranium of tree shrews (Scandentia, Tupaiidae) and its taxonomic implications. Mammalia 66 (2002) 579-598
102. Sargis E.J., Boyer D.M., Bloch J.I., and Silcox M.T. Evolution of pedal grasping in Primates. J. Hum. Evol. 53 (2007) 103-107
103. Sauther M.L. Interplay of phenology and reproduction in ring-tailed lemurs: implications for ring-tailed lemur conservation. Folia Primatol. 69 Suppl. 1 (1998) 309-320
104. Seligsohn D., and Szalay F.S. Relationship between natural selection and dental morphology: tooth function and diet in Lepilemur and Hapalemur. In: Butler P.M., and Joyse K.A. (Eds). Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth (1978), Academic Press, New York 289-307
105. Semprebon G.M., Godfrey L.R., Solounias N., Sutherland M.R., and Jungers W.L. Can low-magnification stereomicroscopy reveal diet?. J. Hum. Evol. 47 (2004) 115-144
106. Silcox M.T., Bloch J.I., Boyer D.M., and Sargis E.J. Euarchonta (Dermoptera, Scandentia, Primates). In: Rose K.D., and Archibald J.D. (Eds). Rise of Placental Mammals (2005), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 127-144
107. Simmen B., Hladik A., and Ramasiarisoa P. Food intake and dietary overlap in native Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi and introduced Eulemur fulvus at Berenty, southern Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 24 (2003) 949-968
108. Simpson G.G. Studies of the earliest mammalian dentitions. Dental Cosmos 1936 (1936) 1-24
109. Smith N., and Strait S. Laser scanning automation and standardization. J. Vert. Paleontol. 26 (2006) 127A
110. Smith R.J., and Cheverud J.M. Scaling of sexual dimorphism in body mass: a phylogenetic analysis of Rensch's rule in primates. Int. J. Primatol. 23 (2002) 1095-1135
111. Smith R.J., and Jungers W.L. Body mass in comparative primatology. J. Hum. Evol. 32 (1997) 523-559
112. Spoor C.F., Zonneveld F.W., and Macho G.A. Linear measurements of cortical bone and dental enamel by computed tomography: applications and problems. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91 (1993) 469-484
113. Stafford B.J., and Szalay F.S. Craniodental functional morphology and taxonomy of dermopterans. J. Mammal. 81 (2000) 360-385
114. Sterling E.J., Dierenfeld E.S., Ashbourne C.J., and Feistner A.T.C. Dietary intake, food composition and nutrient intake in wild and captive populaitons of Daubentonia madagascariensis. Folia Primatol. 62 (1994) 115-124
115. Strait S.G. Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores. J. Hum. Evol. 25 (1993) 471-484
116. Strait S.G. Molar morphology and food texture among small-bodied insectivorous mammals. J. Mammal. 74 (1993) 391-402
117. Strait S.G. Molar microwear in extant small-bodied faunivorous mammals: an analysis of feature density and pit frequency. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 92 (1993) 63-79
118. Strait S.G. Tooth use and the physical properties of food. Evol. Anthropol. 5 (1997) 199-211
119. Streicher, U., 2004. Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen.
120. Sussman R.W. Feeding behavior of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus. In: Clutton-Brock T.H. (Ed). Primate Ecology (1977), Academic Press, New York 1-36
121. Sussman R.W. Adaptive array of lemurs in Madagascar revisited. Evol. Anthropol. 11 (2003) 75-78
122. Szalay F.S. The beginnings of primates. Evolution 22 (1968) 19-36
123. Szalay F.S., and Delson E. Evolutionary History of the Primates (1979), Academic Press, San Diego
124. Teaford M.F. Molar Wear Patterns in Macaca fascicularis, Presbytis cristatus and Presbytis rubicunda: A Photogrammetric Analysis (1981), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois
125. Teaford M.F., and Walker A. Quantitative differences in dental microwear between primate species with different diets and a comment on the presumed diet of Sivapithecus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 64 (1984) 191-200
126. Thalmann U. Food resource characteristics in two nocturnal lemurs with different social behavior: Avahi occidentalis and Lepilemur edwardsi. Int. J. Primatol. 22 (2001) 287-324
127. Ungar P.S. Patterns of ingestive behavior and anterior tooth use differences in sympatric anthropoid primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95 (1994) 197-219
128. Ungar P.S. Dental microwear of European Miocene catarrhines: evidence for diets and tooth use. J. Hum. Evol. 31 (1996) 335-366
129. Ungar P.S. Reconstructing the diets of fossil primates. In: Plavcan J.M., Kay R.F., Jungers W.L., and Van Schaik C.P. (Eds). Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record (2002), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 261-295
130. Ungar P.S. Dental topography and diets of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 605-622
131. Ungar P.S., Dennis J., Kirera F., Wilson J., and Grine F. Quantification of tooth crown shape by dental topographic analysis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 117 s34 (2002) 158-159
132. Ungar P.S., and Kay R.F. The dietary adaptations of European Miocene catarrhines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 5479-5481
133. Ungar P.S., and M'Kirera F. A solution to the worn tooth conundrum in primate functional anatomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (2003) 3874-3877
134. Ungar P.S., Teaford M.F., and Kay R.F. Molar microwear and shearing crest development in Miocene catarrhines. Anthropologie XLII (2004) 21-35
135. Ungar P.S., and Williamson M. Exploring the effects of tooth wear on functional morphology: a preliminary study using dental topographic analysis. Palaeontol. Electronica 3 (2000) 752
136. Vasey N. Niche Separation in Varecia variegata rubra and Eulemur fulvus albifrons: I. Interspecific Patterns. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112 (2000) 411-431
137. Wiens F., Zitzmann A., and Hussein N.A. Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet?. J. Mammal. 87 (2006)
138. Wischusen E.W., and Richmond M.E. Foraging ecology of the phillipine flying lemur. J. Mammal. 79 (1998) 1288-1295
139. Yamashita N. Functional dental correlates of food properties in five Malagasy lemur species. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106 (1998) 169-188
140. Yamashita N. Diets of two lemur species in different microhabitats in Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 23 (2002) 1025-1051
141. Yoder A.D. Relative position of the Cheirogaleidae in Strepsirhine phylogeny: a comparison of morphological and molecular methods and results. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94 (1994) 25-46
142. Yoder A.D., and Yang Z.H. Divergence dates for Malagasy lemurs estimated from multiple gene loci: geological and evolutionary context. Mol. Ecol. 13 (2004) 757-773
143. Zimmermann E. Differentiation of vocalizations in bushbabies (Galaginae, Prosimiae, Primates) and the significance for assessing phylogenetic relationships. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 28 (1990) 217-239