Microsatellite analysis of raccoon (Procyon lotor) population structure across an extensive metropolitan landscape

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 447-455

  Santonastaso, Trenten T ^a   Dubach, Jean ^a   Hauver, Stephanie A ^b   Graser, William H ^b,c   Gehrt, Stanley D ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Forest Preserve District of Kane County Illinois   (United States)

Author keywords

fragmentation; microsatellite; molecular techniques; population genetics; Procyon lotor; rabies; raccoon; urban habitat

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION GENETICS; GENE FLOW; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC VARIATION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT TYPE; LAND USE; METROPOLITAN AREA; POPULATION STRUCTURE;

CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; PROCYON; PROCYON LOTOR;

EID: 84860581433     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: 15451542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-410.1     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. ARJO, W.M., C. E. FISHER, J.ARMSTRONG, F. BOYD, AND D. SLATE. 2008. Effects of natural barriers and habitat on the western spread of raccoon rabies in Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1725-1735.
2. BARTON, N. H., AND M. SLATKIN. 1986. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided opulation. Heredity 56:409-415.
3. BENDER, E. 1999. Busse Forest nature preserve. Chicago Wilderness Magazine 2:18.
4. BLUETT, B. 1995. Nuisance wildlife control in Illinois-1994 summary. Furbearer Program Management Note 95:1-4.
5. BLUETT, R. D., G. F. HUBERT, JR., AND C. A. MILLER. 2003. Regulatory oversight and activities of wildlife control operators in Illinois. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:104-116.
6. BOZEK, C. K., S. PRANGE, AND S. D. GEHRT. 2007. The influence of anthropogenic resources on multi-scale habitat selection by raccoons. Urban Ecosystems 10:413-425.
7. CEGELSKI, C. C., P. WAITS, AND N. J. ANDERSON. 2003. Assessing population structure and gene flow in Montana wolverines (Gulo gulo) using assignment-based approaches. Molecular Ecology 12:2907-2918.
8. CHEN, C., O. FRANCOIS, AND E. DURAND. 2007. Bayesian clustering algorithms ascertaining spatial population structure: a new computer program and a comparison study. Molecular Ecology Notes 7:747-756.
9. CRAWFORD, J. C., Z. LIU, T. A. NELSON, C. K. NIELSEN, AND C. K. BLOOMQUIST. 2009. Genetic population structure within and between beaver (Castor canadensis) populations in Illinois. Journal of Mammalogy 90:373-379.
10. CROOKS, K. R. 2002. Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conservation Biology 16:488-502.
11. CULLINGHAM, C. I., C. J. KYLE, B. A. POND, E. E. REES, AND B. N. WHITE. 2009. Differential permeability of rivers to raccoon gene flow corresponds to rabies incidence in Ontario, Canada. Molecular Ecology 18:43-53.
12. CULLINGHAM, C. I., J. KYLE, AND B. WHITE. 2006. Isolation, characterization and multiplex genotyping of raccoon tetranucleotide microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 1030-1032.
13. CULLINGHAM, C. I., B. A. POND, C. J. KYLE, E. E. REES, R. C. ROSATTE, AND B. N. WHITE. 2008. Combining direct and indirect genetic methods to estimate dispersal for informing wildlife disease management decisions. Molecular Ecology 17:4874-4886.
14. DAVIS, A. W. 2003. Coral Woods conservation area. Chicago Wilderness Magazine 6:18.
15. DHARMARAJAN, G., J. C. BEASLEY, J. A. FIKE, AND O. E. RHODES, JR. 2009. Population genetic structure of raccoons (Procyon lotor) inhabiting a highly fragmented landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 87:814-824.
16. DITCHKOFF, S. S., S. T. SAALFELD, AND C. J. GIBSON. 2006. Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: modifications due to humaninduced stress. Urban Ecosystems 9:5-12.
17. EVANNO, G., S. REGNAUT, AND J. GOUDET. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14:2611-2620.
18. EXCOFFIER, L., G. LAVAL, AND S. SCHNEIDER. 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 1:47-50.
19. EXCOFFIER, L., P. E. SMOUSE, AND J. M. QUATTRO. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479-491.
20. GOUDET, J. 2001. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). Updated from Goudet (1995). Journal of Heredity 86:485-486.
21. GRASER, W. H., III. 2008. Density, demographic patterns, population structure, and pathogen exposure of raccoons in the Chicago metropolitan area. M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus.
22. GUERRA, M., A. CURNS, C. RUPPRECHT, C. HANLON, J. KREBS, AND J. CHILDS. 2003. Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: temporal and spatial analysis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9:1143-1150.
23. HAUVER, S. A., S. D. GEHRT, S. PRANGE, AND J. DUBACH. 2010. Behavioral and genetic aspects of the raccoon mating system. Journal of Mammalogy 91:749-757.
24. KALINOWSKI, S. T. 2005. HP-RARE: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic diversity. Molecular Ecology Notes 5:187-189.
25. KAYS, R. W., J. L. GITTLEMAN, AND R. K. WAYNE. 2000. Microsatellite analysis of kinkajousocial organization. Molecular Ecology 9:743-751.
26. LIEDLOFF, A. C. 1999. Mantel nonparametric test calculator. Version 2.0. School of Natural Resource Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
27. MECHANIC, G. 2006. Sauk Trail woods. Chicago Wilderness Magazine 9:20.
28. MILLIONS, D. G., AND B. J. SWANSON. 2007. Impact of natural and artifical barriers to dispersal on the population structure of bobcats. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:96-102.
29. MOLENBERGHS, G. 2005. Biometry, biometrics, biostatistics, bioinformatics, bio-X. Biometrics 61:1-9.
30. MOODLEY, Y., AND E. H. HARLEY. 2005. Population structuring in mountain zebras (Equus zebra): the molecular consequences of divergent demographic histories. Conservation Genetics 6:953-968.
31. MOSILLO, M., E. J. HESKE, AND J. D. THOMPSON. 1999. Survival and movements of translocated raccoons in northcentral Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:278-286.
32. PAGE, L. K., S. D. GEHRT, AND N. P. ROBINSON. 2008. Land-use effects on prevalence of raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44:594-599.
33. PAGE, K. L., S. D. GEHRT, K. K. TITCOMBE, AND N. P. ROBINSON. 2005. Measuring prevalence of raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis): a comparison of common techniques. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:1406-1412.
34. PARK, S. D. E. 2001. Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
35. PRANGE, S., S. D. GEHRT, AND E. P. WIGGERS. 2003. Demographic factors contributing to high raccoon densities in urban landscapes. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:324-333.
36. PRANGE, S., S. GEHRT, AND E. WIGGERS. 2004. Influences of anthropogenic resources on raccoon (Procyon lotor) movements and spatial distribution. Journal of Mammalogy 85:483-490.
37. PRITCHARD, J. K., M. STEPHENS, AND P. DONNELLY. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945-959.
38. PROCTOR, M. F., B. N. MCLELLAN, AND C. STROBECK. 2002. Population fragmentation of grizzly bears in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Ursus 13:153-160.
39. RANDA, L. A., AND J. A. YUNGER. 2006. Carnivore occurrence along an urban-rural gradient: a landscape-level analysis. Journal of Mammalogy 87:1154-1164.
40. RAYMOND, M., AND F. ROUSSET. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity 86:248-249.
41. RECUENCO, S., M. EIDSON, B. CHERRY, M. KULLDORFF, AND G. JOHNSON. 2008. Factors associated with endemic raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies in terrestrial mammals in New York State, USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 86:30-42.
42. REES, E. E., ET AL. 2009. Landscape modelling spatial bottlenecks: implications for raccoon rabies disease spread. Biology Letters 5:387-390.
43. RICE, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223-225.
44. RILEY, S. P. D., J. HADIDIAN, AND D. A. MANSKI. 1998. Population density, survival, and rabies in raccoons in an urban national park. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1153-1164.
45. RILEY, S. P. D., ET AL. 2006. A southern California freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores. Molecular Ecology 15:1733-1741.
46. ROBERT, C., AND G. CASELLA. 2011. A history of Markov chain Monte Carlo-subjective recollections from incomplete data. Statistical Science 26:102-115.
47. ROOT, J. J., ET AL. 2009. Landscape genetics of raccoons (Procyon lotor) associated with ridges and valleys of Pennsylvania: implications for oral rabies vaccination programs. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 9:583-588.
48. ROSATTE, R., ET AL. 2010. Density, movements, and survival of raccoons in Ontario, Canada: implications for disease spread and management. Journal of Mammalogy 91:122-135.
49. ROSATTE, R., ET AL. 2006. Raccoon density and movements after population reduction to control rabies. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2373-2378.
50. ROY NIELSEN, C. L., AND C. K. NIELSEN. 2007. Multiple paternity and relatedness in southern Illinois raccoons (Procyon lotor). Journal of Mammalogy 88:441-447.
51. RUSSELL, C. A., D. L. SMITH, L. A. WALLER, J. E. CHILDS, AND L. A. REAL. 2003. A priori prediction of disease invasion dynamics in a novel environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 271:21-25.
52. SACKS, B. N., S. K. BROWN, AND H. B. ERNEST. 2004. Population structure of California coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks and illuminates species history. Molecular Ecology 13:1265-1275.
53. SAMBROOK, J., AND D. W. RUSSELL. 2001. Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
54. SIKES, R. S., W. L. GANNON, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS. 2011. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 92:235-253.
55. SPENCER, L. 2007. Rush Creek conservation area. Chicago Wilderness Magazine 10:40.
56. STAMPS, J. A., AND R. R. SWAISGOOD. 2007. Someplace like home: experience, habitat selection and conservation biology. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102:392-409.
57. STEVENS, J., C. NIXON, AND J. SUVER. 1995. Some aspects of raccoon life history in Lee County, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 88:49-59.
58. TATARENKOV, A., AND K. JOHANNESSON. 1994. Habitat related allozyme variation on a microgeographic scale in the marine snail Littorina mariae (Prosobranchia: Littorinacea). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 53:105-125.
59. VAN OOSTERHOUT, C., W. F. HUTCHINSON, D. P. M. WILLS, AND P. SHIPLEY. 2004. MICROCHECKER: software for indentifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:535-538.
60. WEIR, B. S., AND C. C. COCKERHAM. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358-1370.
61. WILSON, G. A., AND B. RANNALA. 2003. Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. Genetics 163:1177-1191.
62. WILSON, M. E., P. M. BRETSKY, G. H. COOPER, JR., S. H. EGBERTSON, H. J. VAN KRUININGEN, AND M. L. CARTTER. 1997. Emergence of raccoon rabies in Connecticut, 1991-1994: spatial and temporal characteristics of animal, infection and human contact. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57:457-463.