Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 306-316

  Cramer, Phebe ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Defense mechanisms; Ego strength; Identity; Longitudinal study

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860561027     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.011     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Adams G.R., Bennion L., Huh K. Objective measure of ego identity status: A reference manual 1989, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
2. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage Publications, Newbury Park.
3. Arnett J.J. Are college students adults? Their conception of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development 1994, 1:154-168.
4. Arnett J.J. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens though the twenties. American Psychology 2000, 55:469-480.
5. Bennion L.D., Adams G.R. A revision of the extended version of the objective measure of ego identity status: Am identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of adolescent research 1986, 1:183-198.
6. Block J. The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research 1961, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
7. Block J. The Q-sort in character appraisal: Encoding subjective impressions of persons quantitatively 2008, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
8. Block J., Block J.H. The role of ego-control and ego-resilience in the organization of behavior. Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology 1980, 13:39-101.
9. Block J., Block J.H. Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study. American Psychologist 2006, 61:315-327.
10. Block J., Block J.H., Keyes S. Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence. Early childhood personality and environmental precursors. Child Development 1988, 59:336-355.
11. Block J., Kremen A. IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:349-361.
12. Caspi A., Bem D.J., Elder G.H. Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course. Journal of Personality 1989, 57:375-406.
13. Clausen J.A. American lives: Looking back at the children of the great depression 1993, The Free Press, New York.
14. Cramer P. The development of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality 1987, 55:597-614.
15. Cramer P. The development of defense mechanisms: Theory, research and assessment 1991, Springer-Verlag, New York.
16. Cramer P. Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students. Journal of Personality 1991, 59:39-55.
17. Cramer P. Evidence for change in children's use of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality 1997, 65:233-247.
18. Cramer P. Threat to gender representation: Identity and identification. Journal of Personality 1998, 66:335-357.
19. Cramer P. Freshman to senior year: A follow-up study of identity, narcissism and defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality 1998, 32:156-172.
20. Cramer P. Identification and its relation to identity development. Journal of Personality 2001, 69:667-688.
21. Cramer P. Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action 2006, Guilford Press, New York.
22. Cramer P. Longitudinal study of defense mechanisms: Late childhood to late adolescence. Journal of Personality 2007, 75:1-24.
23. Cramer P. The development of defense mechanisms from pre-adolescence to early adulthood: Do IQ and social class matter? A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43:464-471.
24. Cramer P., Brilliant M.A. Defense use and defense understanding in children. Journal of Personality 2001, 69:297-322.
25. Cramer P., Gaul R. The effects of success and failure on children's use of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality 1988, 56:729-742.
26. Cramer P., Kelly F.D. Defense mechanisms in adolescent conduct disorder and adjustment reaction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004, 192:139-145.
27. Eichorn D.H. Samples and procedures. Present and past in middle age 1981, Academic Press, New York. D.H. Eichorn, J.A. Clausen, N. Haan, M.P. Honzik, P.H. Mussen (Eds.).
28. Elder G.H. Children of the great depression 1974, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
29. Erikson E.H. Identity: Youth and crisis 1968, Norton, New York.
30. Fenichel O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis 1945, Norton, New York.
31. Freud A. The ego and the mechanisms of defense 1965, International Universities Press, New York.
32. Hackett T.P., Cassem N.H., Siverberg E.L. Trajectories of anxiety and depression in denying and nondenying acute myocardial infarction patients during hospitalization. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1974, 18:412-420.
33. Helson R. Women's difficult times and the rewriting of the life story. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1992, 16:331-347.
34. Helson R., Stewart A.J., Ostrove J. Identity in three cohorts of midlife women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69:544-557.
35. Helson R., Srivastava S. Three paths of adult development: Conservers, seekers, and achievers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:995-1010.
36. Hibbard S., Porcerelli J. Further validation of the cramer defense mechanism manual. Journal of Personality Assessment 1998, 70:460-483.
37. Hibbard S., Farmer L., Wells C., Difillipo E., Barry W., Korman R., et al. Validation of Cramer's defense mechanism manual for the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment 1994, 63:197-210.
38. Hollingshead A. Two factor index of social position 1957, Author, New Haven, CT, 1957.
39. Hollingshead A.B., Redlich F.C. Social class and mental illness: A community study 1958, Wiley, New York.
40. Ili S., Apostolovi S. Psychological aspects of cardiovascular diseases. Medicine and Biology 2002, 9:138-141.
41. Josselson R. Finding herself: Pathways to identity development in women 1987, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
42. Kessler J.W. Psychopathology of childhood 1966, Prentic-Hall, New Jersey.
43. Kreitler S. Denial in cancer patients. Cancer Investigation 1999, 17:514-534.
44. Letzring T.D., Block J., Funder D.C. Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self. Journal of Research in Personality 2005, 39:395-422.
45. Mallory M.E. Q-sort definition of ego identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1989, 18:399-411.
46. Marcia J.E. Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1966, 3:4-13.
47. Marcia J.E. Identity in adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology 1980, Wiley, New York. J. Adelson (Ed.).
48. Maris E. Covariance adjustment versus gain scores - Revisited. Psychological Methods 1998, 3:309-327.
49. Murray H.A. Thematic Apperception Test manual 1943, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
50. Porcerelli J.H., Thomas S., Hibbard S., Cogan R. Defense mechanisms development in children, adolescents, and late adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment 1998, 71:411-420.
51. Rogosa D.R., Willett J.B. Demonstrating the reliability of the difference score in the measurement of change. Journal of Educational Measurement 1983, 20:335-343.
52. Sandstrom M., Cramer P. Girls' use of defense mechanisms following peer rejection. Journal of Personality 2003, 71:605-627.
53. Vaillant G.E. Adaptation to life 1977, Little, Brown and Co., Boston.
54. Voltaire, F. M. A. (1946). In N. L. Torrey (Ed.), Candide. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. (Original work published 1759.).
55. Westenburg P., Block J. Ego development and individual differences in personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:792-800.