Ten Most Important Accomplishments in Risk Analysis, 1980-2010

Risk Analysis

Volumn 32, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 771-781

  Greenberg, Michael ^a   Haas, Charles ^a   Cox, Anthony ^a   Lowrie, Karen ^a   Mccomas, Katherine ^a   North, Warner ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; NOTE; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL MODEL; TERRORISM; UNCERTAINTY;

BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TERRORISM; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 84860471385     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: 15396924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01817.x     Document Type: Note

References (146)

1. Cox A, Greenberg M, Bostrom A, Haas C, Haimes Y, Landis W, Lowrie K, Moolgavakar S, North W. What is the scope of journal. Risk Analysis, 2008;28(5):1135-1136.
2. Kaplan S, Garrick BJ. On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, 1981; 1(1):11-27.
3. Garrick BJ. Recent case studies and advances in probabilistic risk assessments. Risk Analysis, 1984; 4:262-279.
4. Chankong V, Haimes Y. Multiobjective Decision Making: Theory and Methodology. New York : Dover, 2008.
5. Greenberg M, Lahr M, Mantell N, Felder N. Understanding the economic costs and benefits of catastrophes and their aftermath: A review and suggestions for the as-federal government. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(1):83-96.
6. Alhakami AS, Slovic P. A psychological study of the inverse relationship between perceived risk and benefit. Risk Analysis, 1994; 14(6):1085-1096.
7. Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 2004; 24(2):311-322.
8. Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007; 177(3):1333-1352.
9. Finucane ML, Alhakami A, Slovic P, Johnson SM. The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2000; 13(1):1-17.
10. Loewenstein GF, Weber EU, Hsee CK, Welch N. Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 2001; 127(2): 267-286.
11. Peters RG, Covello VT, McCallum DB. The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study. Risk Analysis, 1997; 17(1):43-54.
12. Siegrist M. The influence of trust and perceptions of risks and benefits on the acceptance of gene technology. Risk Analysis, 2000; 20(2):195-203.
13. Siegrist M, Cvetkovich G. Perception of hazards: The role of social trust and knowledge. Risk Analysis, 2000; 20(5):713-719.
14. Slovic P. Perceived risk, trust, and democracy. Risk Analysis, 1993; 13(6):675-682.
15. Slovic P. Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: Surveying the risk-assessment battlefield. Risk Analysis, 1999; 19(4):689-701.
16. Frewer LJ, Howard C, Hedderley D, Shepherd R. What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological constructs. Risk Analysis, 1996; 16(4):473-486.
17. Douglas M, Wildavsky A. Risk and Culture. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1982.
18. Greenberg M, Weiner M, Greenberg G. Risk reducing legal documents: Controlling personal health and financial resources. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(11):1578-1587.
19. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 1979; 41:263-291.
20. Tversky A, Kahneman D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 1981; 211:453-458
21. Syin Wu-Chien JS, Apostolakis G. Prospect theory and limit lines. Risk Analysis, 1983; 3(3):181-188.
22. Wilson RS, Winter PL, Maguire LA, Ascher T. Managing wildfire events: Risk-based decision making among a group of federal fire managers. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(5):805-818.
23. Vlaev I, Kusev P, Stewart N, Aldrovandi S, Chater N. Domain effects and financial risk attitudes. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(9);1374-1386.
24. Robinson L, Hammitt J. Behavioral economics and regulatory analysis. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(9):1408-1422.
25. Rheinberger C. Experimental evidence against the paradigm of mortality risk aversion. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(4):590-604.
26. Goda K, Hong HP. Implied preference for seismic design level and earthquake insurance. Risk Analysis, 2008; 28(2):523-537.
27. Haninger K, Hammitt J. Diminished willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life year: Valuing acute foodborne illness. Risk Analysis, 2011; 32(9):1363-1380.
28. Spence A, Poortinga W, Pidgeon N. The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32(6): (in press). doi:
29. Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011.
30. Arrow K. A difficulty in the concept of social welfare. Journal of Political Economy, 1950; 58(4):328-346.
31. Commission for Racial Justice, United Church of Christ. Toxic Waste and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Community with Hazardous Waste Sites. Washington, DC : United Church of Christ, 1987.
32. Zimmerman R. Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Analysis, 1993; 13:649-666.
33. Anderton D, Anderson A, Oakes J, Fraser M. Environmental equity: The demographics of dumping. Demography, 1994; 31:229-248.
34. Been V. Locally undesirable land uses in minority neighborhoods: Disproportionate siting or market dynamics Yale University Law Review, 1994; 103:1383-1422.
35. Bullard B. Dumping on Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990.
36. Bryant B, Mohai P (eds). Race and Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1992.
37. Cutter S, Holm D, Clark L. The role of geographic scale in monitoring environmental justice. Risk Analysis, 1996; 16(4):517-526.
38. Burger J, Harris S, Harper B, Gochfeld M. Ecological information needs for environmental justice. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(6):893-905.
39. Greenberg M. Proving environmental inequity in siting locally unwanted land uses. Risk - Issues in Health and Safety, 1993; 4:235-252.
40. Berg M, Geyer MH. Two Cultures of Rights: The Quest for Inclusion and Participation in Modern America and Germany. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
41. Lerner S. Sacrifice Zones. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2010.
42. Frost M. Constituting Human Rights: Global Civil Society and the Society of Democratic States. London: Routledge, 2002.
43. Raiffa H. Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices under Uncertainty. Reading, MA : Addison Wesley, 1960.
44. de Finetti B. Theory of Probability, 2 vols. New York : John Wiley, 1974.
45. Jaynes ET. Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
46. Pearl J. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. San Francisco : Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.
47. USNRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). Reactor Safety Study: An Assessment of Accident Risks in US Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, WASH-1400. NUREG-75/014, October 1975. Washington, DC : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
48. Lewis HW, Budnitz RJ, Kouts HJ, Loewenstein WB, Rowe WD, Von Hipple F, Zachariasen F. Risk Assessment Review Group Report to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG CR-0400, 1978. Available at: Accessed February 29, 2012.
49. Bedford T, Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2001.
50. Thompson KM, Burmaster DE, Crouch EA. Monte Carlo techniques for quantitative uncertainty analysis in public health risk assessments, Risk Analysis, 1992; 12(1):53-63.
51. Burmaster DE, Anderson PD. Principles of good practice for the use of Monte Carlo techniques in human health and ecological risk assessments. Risk Analysis, 1994; 14(4):477-481.
52. Cullen A, Frey H. Probabilistic Technique in Exposure Assessment: A Handbook for Dealing with Variability and Uncertainty in Modeling Inputs. New York : Plenum Press, 1999.
53. Morgan M, Henrion M. Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1990.
54. Lester R, Green L, Linkov I. Site-specific applications of probabilistic health risk assessment: Review of the literature since 2000. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):635-658.
55. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Guiding principles from Monte Carlo Analysis. Risk assessments Forum, EPA/630/R-97/001, Washington, DC, 1997.
56. Paté-Cornell ME. Risk and uncertainty analysis in government safety decisions. Risk Analysis, 2002; 22(3):633-646.
57. Kaplan S, Burmaster D. How, when, why to use all of the evidence. Risk Analysis 1999; 19(1):55-62.
58. Iman RL, Hora SC. Bayesian methods for modeling recovery times with an application to the loss of off-site power at nuclear power plants. Risk Analysis, 1989; 9(1):25-36.
59. Baraldi P, Zio E. A comparison between probabilistic and Dempster-Shafer theory approaches to model uncertainty analysis in the performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(7):1139-1156.
60. Siu N, Apostolakis G. Modeling the detection rates of fires in nuclear plants: Development and application of a methodology for treating imprecise evidence. Risk Analysis, 1986; 6(1):43-59.
61. Thompson BJG. The role of performance assessment in the regulation of underground disposal of radioactive wastes: An international perspective. Risk Analysis, 1999; 19(5):809-846.
62. Brooks DG. Using related samples in assessing conformance to safety goals: A nuclear reactor safety application. Risk Analysis, 1990; 10(2):229-237.
63. Kazarians M, Siu NO, Apostolakis G. Fire risk analysis for nuclear power plants: Methodological developments and applications. Risk Analysis, 1985; 5(1):33-51.
64. Smith CL, Borgonovo E. Decision making during nuclear power plant incidents-A new approach to the evaluation of precursor events. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(4):1027-1042.
65. Catelinois O, Laurier D, Verger P, Rogel A, Colonna M, Ignasiak M, Hémon D, Tirmarche M. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in assessment of the thyroid cancer risk related to Chernobyl fallout in eastern France. Risk Analysis, 2005; 25(2):243-252.
66. Linkov I, Burmistrov D. Model uncertainty and choices made by modelers: Lessons learned from the International Atomic Energy Agency model intercomparisons. Risk Analysis, 2003; 23(6):1297-1308.
67. Paté-Cornell ME. Conditional uncertainty analysis and implications for decision making: The case of WIPP. Risk Analysis, 1999; 19(5):995-1002.
68. Keeney RL, Raiffa H. Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. New York : Wiley, 1976. Reprinted, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1993.
69. Chankong V, Haimes Y. Multiobjective Decisionmaking. Mineola, NY : Dover Publications, 1983.
70. Linkov I, Moberg E. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Environmental Applications and Case Studies. New York : CRC Press, 2012.
71. Lee D, Jr. Requiem for large-scale models. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1973; 39(3):163-178.
72. Linkov I, Welle P, Loney D, Tkachuk A, Canis L, Kim J, Bridges T. Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to support weight of evidence evaluation. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(8):1211-1225.
73. Steele K, Carmel Y, Cross J, Wilcox C. Uses and misuses of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in environmental decision-making. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(1):26-33.
74. Leach R, Haimes Y. Multi-objective risk-impact analysis method. Risk Analysis, 1987; 7(2):225-241.
75. Frohwein H, Lambert J. Risk of extreme events in multi-objective decision trees, part 1, severe events. Risk Analysis, 2000; 20(1):113-124.
76. Frohwein H, Haimes Y, Lambert J. Risk of extreme events in multi-objective decision trees, part 2, rare events. Risk Analysis, 2000; 20(1)125-134.
77. Leung M, Lambert J, Mosenthal A. A risk-based approach to setting priorities in protecting bridges against terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis, 2004; 24(4):963-984.
78. Haimes Y, Li D, Tulsiani V. Multi-objective decision-tree analysis. Risk Analysis, 1990; 10(1):111-127.
79. Bier V. Choosing what to protect. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):607-620.
80. Li H, Apostolakis G, Gifun J, VaSchalkwyk W, Leite S, Barber D. Ranking the risks from multiple hazards in a small community. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(3):438-456.
81. Santos J, Haimes Y. Modeling the demand reduction input-output (I-0) inoperability due to terrorism. Risk Analysis, 2004; 24(6):1437-1451.
82. Haimes Y, Horwowitz B, Lambert J, Santos J, Lian C, Crowther K. Inoperability input-output model for interdependent infrastructure sectors: Theory and methodology. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2005; 11(2):67-79.
83. Arrow KJ, Debreu G. The existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy. Econometrica, 1954; 22:265-290.
84. Rose A, Liao SY. Modeling regional economic resilience to disasters: A computable general equilibrium analysis of water service disruptions. Journal of Regional Science, 2005; 45(1):75-112.
85. Greenberg M, Lahr M, Mantell N. Understanding the economic costs and benefits of catastrophes and their aftermath: A review and suggestions for the U.S. federal government. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(1):83-96.
86. Rose A. Defining and measuring economic resilience to disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 2004; 13(4):307-314.
87. Bruneau M, Chang S, Eguchi R, Lee G, O'Rourke T, Reinhorn A, Shinozuka M, Tierney K, Wallace W, von Winterfeldt D. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthquake Spectra, 2003; 19(4):733-752.
88. Rose A, Oladosu G, Liao S-Y. Business interruption impacts of a terrorist attack on the electric power systems of Los Angeles: Customer resilience to a total blackout. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):513-531.
89. Moolgavkar S, Dewanji A. Biologically based models for cancer risk assessment: A cautionary note. Risk Analysis, 1988; 8(1):5-6.
90. Moolgavkar S, Dewanji A, Venzon D. A stochastic two-stage model for cancer risk assessment. I. The hazard function and the probability of tumor. Risk Analysis, 1988; 8(3):383-392.
91. Heidenreich W, Luebeck EG, Moolgavkar S. Some properties of the hazard function of the two-mutation clonal expansion model. Risk Analysis, 1997; 17(3):391-399.
92. Portier C, Kopp-Schneide A. A multistage model of carcinogenesis incorporating DNA damage and repair. Risk Analysis, 1991; 11(3):535-543.
93. Hattis D, Anderson E. What should be the implications of uncertainty, variability and inherent "biases"/"conservatism" for risk management decision-making. Risk Analysis, 1999; 19(1):95-107.
94. Haas C, Rose J, Gerba C, Regli S. Risk assessment of virus in drinking water. Risk Analysis, 1993; 13(5):545-552.
95. Haas C. On the risk of mortality to primates exposed to anthrax spores. Risk Analysis, 2002; 22(2):189-193.
96. Chen L, Geys H, Cawthraw S, Havelaar A, Teunis P. Dose response for infectivity of several strains of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. Risk Analysis, 2006; 26(6):1613-1621.
97. Loge F, Lambertini E, Borchardt M, Basagaoglu H, Ginn T. Effects of etiological agent and bather shedding of pathogens on interpretation of epidemiological data used to establish recreational water quality standards. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(2):257-266.
98. Brienen N, Timen A, Willinga, Van Steenbergen J, Teunis P. The effect of masks use on the spread of influenza during a pandemic. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(8):1210-1218.
99. Tamrakar S, Haas C. Dose-response model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) for human. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(10):1610-1621.
100. Tamrakar S, Haluska A, Haas C, Bartrand T. Dose-response model of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(1):120-128.
101. Garrick BJ. Quantifying and Controlling Catastrophic Risks. Burlington, MA : Elsevier, 2008.
102. Budnitz RJ, Apostolakis G, Boore DM, Cluff LS, Coopersmith KJ, Cornell CA, Morris, PA. Use of technical expert panels: Application to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Risk Analysis, 1998; 18:463-469.
103. Bier VM. Choosing what to protect. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):607-620.
104. Ayyub BM, McGill WL, Kaminskiy M. Critical asset and portfolio risk analysis: An all-hazards framework. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(4):789-801.
105. Cox LA, Jr. Some limitations of "risk = threat x vulnerability x consequence" for risk analysis of terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis, 2008; 28(6):1749-1761.
106. Bier VM, Haphuriwat N, Menoyo J, Zimmerman R, Culpen AM. Optimal resource allocation for defense of targets based on differing measures of attractiveness. Risk Analysis, 2008; 28(3):763-770.
107. Dillon RL, Liebe RM, Bestafka T. Risk-based decision making for terrorism applications. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(3):321-35.
108. Cox LA, Jr. Game theory and risk analysis. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(8):1062-1068.
109. Parnell GS, Smith CM, Moxley FI. Intelligent adversary risk analysis: A bioterrorism risk management model. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(1):32-48.
110. Ezell BC, Bennett SP, von Winterfeldt D, Sokolowski J, Collins AJ. Probabilistic risk analysis and terrorism risk. Risk Analysis, 2010; 30(4):575-589.
111. Bulleit WM, Drewek MW. Agent-based simulation for human-induced hazard analysis. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(2):205-217.
112. Rosoff H, von Winterfeldt D. A risk and economic analysis of dirty bomb attacks on the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):533-546.
113. Atkinson MP, Cao Z, Wein LM. Optimal stopping analysis of a radiation detection system to protect cities from a nuclear terrorist attack. Risk Analysis, 2008;28(2):353-371.
114. Simonoff JS, Restrepo CE, Zimmerman R. Risk-management and risk-analysis-based decision tools for attacks on electric power. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):547-570.
115. Rose A, Oladosu G, Liao SY. Business interruption impacts of a terrorist attack on the electric power system of Los Angeles: Customer resilience to a total blackout. Risk Analysis, 2007; 27(3):513-531.
116. Hartnett E, Paoli GM, Schaffner DW. Modeling the public health system response to a terrorist event in the food supply. Risk Analysis, 2009; 29(11):1506-1520.
117. Greenberg M, Lowrie K, Mayer H, Altiok T. Risk-based decision support tools: Protecting rail-centered transit corridors from cascading effects. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(12):1849-1858.
118. National Research Council. Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC, 1989.
119. Sandman P. Responding to Community Outrage: Strategies for Effective Risks Communication. Fairfax, VA : American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1993.
120. Cumming RB. Is risk assessment a science Risk Analysis, 1981; 1(1):1-3.
121. Chess C. Evaluating environmental public participation: Methodological questions. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2000; 43(6):769-784.
122. Kline M, Chess C, Sandman PM. Evaluating Risk Communication Programs: A Catalogue of "Quick and Easy" Feedback Methods. New Brunswick, NJ : Environmental Communication Research Program, 1989.
123. Lee DH, Mehta MD. Evaluation of a visual risk communication tool: Effects on knowledge and perception of blood transfusion risk. Transfusion, 2003; 43(6):779-787.
124. Bostrom A, Atman C, Fischhoff B, Morgan MG. Evaluating risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, part II. Risk Analysis, 1994; 14(5):789-798.
125. Rohrmann B. The evaluation of risk communication effectiveinss. Acta Psycholigica, 1992; 81:169-192.
126. Santos S, Chess C. Evaluating citizen advisory boards: The importance of theory and participant based criteria and practical implications. Risk Analysis, 2003; 23(2):269-279.
127. National Research Council. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, Fineberg H, Stern PC, eds. Washington, DC : National Academy Press, 1986.
128. National Research Council. Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making, Dietz T, Stern PC, eds. Washington, DC : National Academy Press, 2008.
129. Covello V, Allen F. Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication. OPA-87-020. Washington, DC : USEPA, 1988.
130. Greenberg M, Chess C. Communicating environmental risk through the mass media. Public Manger, 1992; 21(3):45-48.
131. Hance BJ, Sandman P, Chess C. Industry Risk Communication Manual. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1990.
132. Fischoff B, Brewer NT, Downs JS (eds). Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence-Based User's Guide. Washington, DC : Food and Drug Administration, 2011. Available at: Accessed December 20, 2011.
133. Kasperson R, Renn O, Slovic P, Brown H, Emel J, Goble R, Kasperson J, Ratick S. The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 1988; 8(2):177-187.
134. OECD and UNEP. Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, 1999.
135. Silbergeld E. Lead in the environment: Coming to grips with multisource risks and multifactoral endpoints. Risk Analysis, 1989; 9(2):137-140.
136. Governors Highway Safety Association. Child Safety Laws. December 2011. Available at: Osha.org. Accessed December 2, 2011.
137. Samet J, Dominici F, Curriero F, Coursac I, Zeger S. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000; 343:1742-1749.
138. Jarabek A, Fisher J, Rubenstein R, Lipscomb J, Williams RJ, Vinegar A, McDougal J. Mechanistic insights aid the search for CFC substitutes: Risk assessment of HCFC-123 as an example. Risk Analysis, 1994; 14(3):231-250.
139. Thompson K, Segui-Gomez M, Graham J. Validating benefits and cost estimates: The case of airbag regulation. Risk Analysis, 2002; 22(4):803-811.
140. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Warning Letters. Available at: Accessed December 2, 2011.
141. Robinson L, Levy J. The [R]Evolving relationship between risk assessment and risk management. Risk Analysis, 2011; 31(9):1334-1344.
142. Greenberg M. Public health, law and local control: Destruction of the US chemical weapons stockpile. American Journal of Public Health, 2003; 93(8):1222-1126.
143. Williams P, Cushing C, Sheehan P. Data available for evaluating the risks and benefits of MTBE and ethanol as alternative fuel oxygenates. Risk Analysis, 2003; 23(5):1085-1115.
144. Davis JM, Jarabek A, Mage D, Graham J. The EPA health risk assessment of Methylcyclopentradienyl Managenese Tricarbonyl (MMT). Risk Analysis, 1998; 18(1):57-70.
145. Charnley G, Graham J, Kennedy RF, Shogren J. 1998 annual meeting plenary session: Assessing and managing risks in a democratic society. Risk Analysis, 2000; 20(3):301-316.
146. Tengs T, Adams M, Pliskin J, Safran DG, Siegel J, Weinstein M, Graham J. Five hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Analysis, 1995; 15(3):369-390.