Effects of etiological agent and bather shedding of pathogens on interpretation of epidemiological data used to establish recreational water quality standards

Risk Analysis

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 257-266

  Loge, Frank J ^a   Lambertini, Elisabetta ^a   Borchardt, Mark A ^b   Başaǧaoǧlu, Hakan ^a,c   Ginn, Timothy R ^a  

^a University of California   (United States)

^b MARSHFIELD CLINIC   (United States)

^c SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Indicator organisms; Pathogens; Recreational water quality; Shedding

Indexed keywords

AMBIENT WATERS; BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS; CONCENTRATION OF; DISEASE TRANSMISSIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS; INDICATOR ORGANISMS; POPULATION DYNAMIC MODELS; QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS; RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY; RECREATIONAL WATERS; SHEDDING; SITE SPECIFICS; STATE SPACES;

HEALTH RISKS; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISMS; PATHOGENS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY;

HYDRAULIC MODELS;

BATHING WATER; DISEASE INCIDENCE; ETIOLOGY; HEALTH RISK; MICROORGANISM; PATHOGEN; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARD (REGULATION); WATER QUALITY;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BATH; HEALTH HAZARD; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; INGESTION; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POPULATION DYNAMIC MODEL; POPULATION MODEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; ROTAVIRUS; SALMONELLA; SWIMMING; VIRUS SHEDDING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER STANDARD;

ALGORITHMS; BATHING BEACHES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 58849148028     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: 15396924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01184.x     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Pruss A. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1998 27 : 1 9.
2. Iwamoto M, Hlady G, Jeter M, Burnett C, Drenzek C, Lance S, Benson J, Page D, Blake P. Shigellosis among swimmers in a freshwater lake. Southern Medical Journal, 2005 98 : 774 778.
3. Causer LM, Handzel T, Welch P, Carr M, Culp D, Lucht R, Mudahar K, Robinson D, Neavear E, Fenton S, Rose C, Craig L, Arrowood M, Wahlquist S, Xiao L, Lee YM, Mirel L, Levy D, Beach MJ, Poquette G, Dworkin MS. An outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection at an Illinois recreational waterpark. Epidemiology and Infection, 2006 134 : 147 156.
4. Mathieu E, Levy DA, Veverka F, Parrish MK, Sarisky J, Shapiro N, Johnston S, Handzel T, Hightower A, Xiao LH, Lee YM, York S, Arrowood M, Lee R, Jones JL. Epidemiologic and environmental investigation of a recreational water outbreak caused by two genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ohio in 2000. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004 71 : 582 589.
5. Craun GF, Hubbs SA, Frost F, Calderon RL, Via SH. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. Journal American Water Works Association, 1998 90 : 81 91.
6. Narita M, Fujitani S, Haake DA, Paterson DL. Leptospirosis after recreational exposure to water in the Yaeyama Islands, Japan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005 73 : 652 656.
7. Bruce MG, Curtis MB, Payne MM, Gautom RK, Thompson EC, Bennett AL, Kobayashi JI. Lake-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in Clark County, Washington, August 1999. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2003 157 : 1016 1021.
8. Yoder JS, Blackburn BG, Craun GF, Hill V, Levy DA, Chen N, Lee SH, Calderon RL, Beach MJ. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with recreational water - United States, 2001-2002. MMWR, 2004 53 : 1 22.
9. Wade TJ, Pai N, Eisenberg JNS, Colford JM. Do US Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003 111 : 1102 1109.
10. Chick SE, Koopman JS, Soorapanth S, Brown ME. Science of the Total Environment, 2001 274 : 197 207.
11. Eisenberg JN, Seto EY, Olivieri AW, Spear RC. Quantifying water pathogen risk in an epidemiological framework. Risk Analysis, 1996 16 : 549 563.
12. Fleisher JM, Jones F, Kay D, Stanwell-Smith R, Wyer M, Morano R. Water and non-water-related risk factors for gastroenteritis among bathers exposed to sewage-contaminated marine waters. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1993 22 : 698 708.
13. Robinton E, Mood E. A quantitative and qualitative appraisal of microbial pollution of water by swimmers: A preliminary report. Journal of Hygiene, 1966 64 : 489 499.
14. Elmir SM, Wright ME, Abdelzaher A, Solo-Gabriele HM, Fleming LE, Miller G, Rybolowik M, Shih MTP, Pillai SP, Cooper JA, Quaye EA. Quantitative evaluation of bacteria released by bathers in a marine water. Water Research, 2007 41 : 3 10.
15. Haas C, Crockett CS, Rose JB, Gerba CP, Fazil A. Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1996 88 : 131 136.
16. Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C, Regli S. Risk Analysis, 1993 13 : 545 552.
17. Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.
18. Rose JB, Haas CN, Regli S. Risk assessment and control of waterborne giardiasis. American Journal of Public Health, 1991 81 : 709 713.
19. EPA U. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, EPA 841-R-00-002. Washington, DC : Office of Water, 2001.
20. DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. New England Journal of Medicine, 1995 332 : 855 859.
21. Ward R, Bernstein D, Young E, Sherwood J, Knowlton D, Schiff G. Human rotavirus studies in volunteers determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1986 154 : 871 880.
22. Bazaraa M, Sherali H, Shetty C. Nonlinear Programming: Theory and Algorithms. New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1993.
23. Karch H, Russmann H, Schmidt H, Schwarzkopf A, Heesemann J. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1995 33 : 1602 1605.
24. Chappell C, Okhuysen P, Sterling C, DuPont H. Infection transmission system models for microbial risk assessment. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996 173 : 232 236.