Composite versus single transportable carbohydrate solution enhances race and laboratory cycling performance

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 425-436

  Rowlands, David S ^a   Swift, Marilla ^a   Ros, Marjolein ^a   Green, Jackson G ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Composite carbohydrate; Fructose maltodextrin solution; Gastrointestinal distress; Hydration

Indexed keywords

ELECTROLYTE; FRUCTOSE; MALTODEXTRIN; POLYSACCHARIDE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLIC; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; ENDURANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MUSCLE FATIGUE; NAUSEA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ADULT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLING; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; COLIC; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DIARRHEA; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ELECTROLYTES; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; FRUCTOSE; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE FATIGUE; NAUSEA; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; POLYSACCHARIDES;

EID: 84860425068     PISSN: 17155312     EISSN: 17155320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/H2012-013     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Adopo, E., Peronnet, F., Massicotte, D., Brisson, G., and Hillaire-Marcel, C. 1994. Respective oxidation of exogenous glucose and fructose given in the same drink. J. Appl. Physiol. 76(3): 1014-1019.
2. Armstrong, L.E., Maresh, C.M., Castellani, J.W., Bergeron, M.F., Kenefick, R.W., LaGasse, K.E., and Riebe, D. 1994. Urinary indices of hydration status. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4(3): 265-279.
3. Borg, E., and Kaijser, L. 2006. A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 16(1): 57-69. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x.
4. Brouns, F., Saris, W., and Schneider, H. 1992. Rationale for upper limits of electrolyte replacement during exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 2(3): 229-238.
5. Brouns, F., van Nieuwenhoven, M., Jeukendrup, A., and van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. 2002. Functional foods and food supplements for athletes: from myths to benefit claims substantiation through the study of selected biomarkers. Br. J. Nutr. 88(Suppl. 2): S177-S186. doi:10.1079/BJN2002683.
6. Carter, J.M., Jeukendrup, A.E., and Jones, D.A. 2004. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(12): 2107-2111. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F.
7. Chambers, E.S., Bridge, M.W., and Jones, D.A. 2009. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J. Physiol. 587(8): 1779-1794. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285.
8. Coyle, E.F., Coggan, A., Hemmert, M.K., and Ivy, J.L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilisation during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. Appl. Physiol. 61(1): 165-172.
9. Currell, K., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2008. Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40(2): 275-281. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19.
10. Currell, K., Urch, J., Cerri, E., Jentjens, R.L.P., Blannin, A.K., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2008. Plasma deuterium oxide accumulation following ingestion of different carbohydrate beverages. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33(6): 1067-1072. doi:10.1139/H08-084.
11. Davis, J.M., Burgess, W.A., Slentz, C.A., Bartoli, W.P., and Pate, R.R. 1988. Effects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 57(5): 563-569. doi:10.1007/BF00418463.
12. de Oliveira, E.P., and Burini, R.C. 2009. The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 12(5): 533-538. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832e6776.
13. Hamilton, M.T., Gonzalez-Alonso, J., Montain, S.J., and Coyle, E.F. 1991. Fluid replacement and glucose infusion during exercise prevent cardiovascular drift. J. Appl. Physiol. 71(3): 871-877.
14. Hopkins, W.G., Hawley, J.A., and Burke, L.M. 1999. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31(3): 472-485. doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00018.
15. Hopkins, W.G., Marshall, S.W., Batterham, A.M., and Hanin, J. 2009. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41(1): 3-13. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
16. Jentjens, R.L.P.G., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2005. High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise. Br. J. Nutr. 93(4): 485-492. doi:10.1079/BJN20041368.
17. Jentjens, R.L.P.G., Achten, J., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004a. High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(9): 1551-1558. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000139796.07843.1D.
18. Jentjens, R.L.P.G., Moseley, L., Waring, R.H., Harding, L.K., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004b. Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 96(4): 1277-1284. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00974.2003.
19. Jentjens, R.L.P.G., Underwood, K., Achten, J., Currell, K., Mann, C.H., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2006. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates are elevated after combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise in the heat. J. Appl. Physiol. 100(3): 807-816. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2005.
20. Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8): 669-677. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017.
21. Jeukendrup, A.E., Jentjens, R.L., and Moseley, L. 2005. Nutritional considerations in triathlon. Sports Med. 35(2): 163-181. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005.
22. Leiper, J.B. 1998. Intestinal water absorption - implications for the formulation of rehydration solutions. Int. J. Sports Med. 19(Suppl. 2): S129-S132. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971977.
23. O'Brien, W.J., and Rowlands, D.S. 2011. Fructose-maltodextrin ratio in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution differentially affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rate, gut comfort, and performance. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 300(1): G181-G189. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010.
24. Pals, K.L., Chang, R.-T., Ryan, A.J., and Gisolfi, C.V. 1997. Effect of running intensity on intestinal permeability. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 571-576.
25. Paton, C.D., and Hopkins, W.G. 2006. Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 6(1): 25-31. doi:10.1080/17461390500422796.
26. Rehrer, N.J., Wagenmakers, A.J.M., Beckers, E.J., Halliday, D., Leiper, J.B., Brouns, F., et al. 1992. Gastric emptying, absorption and carbohydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 72(2): 468-475.
27. Rehrer, N.J., Smets, A., Reynaert, H., Goes, E.V.A., and De Meirleir, K. 2001. Effect of exercise on portal vein blood flow in man. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(9): 1533-1537. doi:10.1097/00005768-200109000-00017.
28. Rodriguez, N.R., Di Marco, N.M., Langley, S., and the American Dietetic Association, the Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine. 2009. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41(3): 709-731. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86.
29. Rowlands, D.S., Thorburn, M.S., Thorp, R.M., Broadbent, S., and Shi, X. 2008. Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 104(6): 1709-1719. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00878.2007.
30. Shi, X., Summers, R.W., Schedl, H.P., Flanagan, S.W., Chang, R., and Gisolfi, C.V. 1995. Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27(12): 1607-1615.
31. Smith, J.W., Zachwieja, J.J., Peronnet, F., Passe, D.H., Massicotte, D., Lavoie, C., and Pascoe, D.D. 2010. Fuel selection and cycling endurance performance with ingestion of [13C]glucose: evidence for a carbohydrate dose response. J. Appl. Physiol. 108(6): 1520-1529. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91394.2008.
32. Stapelfeldt, B., Schwirtz, A., Schumacher, Y.O., and Hillebrecht, M. 2004. Workload demands in mountain biking. Int. J. Sports Med. 25(4): 294-300. doi:10.1055/s-2004-819937.
33. Thorburn, M.S., Vistisen, B., Thorp, R.M., Rockell, M.J., Jeukendrup, A.E., Xu, X., and Rowlands, D.S. 2006. Attenuated gastric distress but no benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate-rich esterified oils in well-trained male cyclists. J. Appl. Physiol. 101(6): 1733-1743. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2006.
34. Triplett, D., Doyle, J.A., Rupp, J.C., and Benardot, D. 2010. An isocaloric glucose-fructose beverage's effect on simulated 100-km cycling performance compared with a glucose-only beverage. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 20(2): 122-131.
35. Tsintzas, O.K., Williams, C., Singh, R., Wilson, W., and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 70(2): 154-160. doi:10.1007/BF00361543.
36. Wagenmakers, A.J.M., Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M., and Halliday, D. 1993. Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 75(6): 2774-2780.
37. Wallis, G.A., Rowlands, D.S., Shaw, C., Jentjens, R., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2005. Oxidation of combined ingestion of maltodextrins and fructose during exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(3): 426-432. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000155399.23358.82.