Buprenorphine-mediated transition from opioid agonist to antagonist treatment: State of the art and new perspectives

Current Drug Abuse Reviews

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 52-63

  Mannelli, Paolo ^a   Peindl, Kathleen S ^a   Lee, Tong ^a   Bhatia, Kamal S ^b   Wu, Li Tzy ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Dependence; Drug addiction; Evidence based treatment; Extended release; High dose; Implant; Injection; Long acting; Low dose; Methadone; Naltrexone; Non opioid; Partial agonist; Pharmacogenetics; Tolerance; Transfer; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; CLONIDINE; DELTA OPIATE RECEPTOR; KAPPA OPIATE RECEPTOR; LEFETAMINE; LOFEXIDINE; LONG ACTING DRUG; METHADONE; NALOXONE; NALTREXONE; OPIATE AGONIST; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PLACEBO;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; METHADONE TREATMENT; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; OUTPATIENT; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PILOT STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; RELAPSE; SLOW RELEASE FORMULATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 84860269932     PISSN: 18744737     EISSN: 18744745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874473711205010052     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Mannelli P, Peindl KS, Wu LT. Pharmacological enhancement of naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence: a review. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2011; 2011(2): 113-23.
2. O'Connor PG. Advances in the treatment of opioid dependence: continued progress and ongoing challenges. JAMA 2010; 304(14): 1612-4.
3. Kresina TF. Medication assisted treatment of drug abuse and dependence: global availability and utilization. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2007; 2(1): 79-86.
4. McKay JR, Carise D, Dennis ML, et al. Extending the benefits of addiction treatment: practical strategies for continuing care and recovery. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 36(2): 127-30.
5. Schaefer J, Cronkite R, Hu K. Differential relationships between continuity of care practices, engagement in continuing care, and abstinence among subgroups of patients with substance use and psychiatric disorders. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011; 72(4): 611-21.
6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Publication No. SMA 10-4856. Summary of National Findings. Rockville 2010.
7. Mark TL, Dilonardo JD, Chalk M, Coffey R. Factors associated with the receipt of treatment following detoxification. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003; 24(4): 299-304.
8. Peterson J, Schwartz R, Mitchell S, et al. Why don't out-oftreatment individuals enter methadone treatment programmes? Int J Drug Policy 2010; 21(1): 36-42.
9. Johnson RE, Strain EC, Amass L. Buprenorphine: how to use it right. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70(2 Suppl): S59-77.
10. Bickel WK, Amass L. Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence: a review. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 3: 477-89.
11. Tzschentke TM. Behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine, with a focus on preclinical models of reward and addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 161(1): 1-16.
12. Walsh SL, Preston KL, Stitzer ML, Cone EJ, Bigelow GE. Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: ceiling effects at high doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55(5): 569-80.
13. Richards ML, Sadee W. In vivo opiate receptor binding of oripavines to mu, delta and kappa sites in rat brain as determined by an ex vivo labeling method. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 114(3): 343-53.
14. Rothman RB, Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, et al. An open-label study of a functional opioid kappa antagonist in the treatment of opioid dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000; 18(3): 277-81.
15. Ciccocioppo R, Economidou D, Rimondini R, Sommer W, Massi M, Heilig M. Buprenorphine reduces alcohol drinking through activation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61(1): 4-12.
16. Kosten TR, Morgan C, Kleber HD. Phase II clinical trials of buprenorphine: detoxification and induction onto naltrexone. NIDA Res Monogr 1992; 121: 101-19.
17. Virk MS, Arttamangkul S, Birdsong WT, Williams JT. Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist that inhibits opioid receptor desensitization. J Neurosci 2009; 29(22): 7341-8.
18. Koch T, Hollt V. Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117(2): 199-206.
19. Fishman MJ, Wu LT, Woody GE. Buprenorphine for prescription opioid addiction in a patient with depression and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168(7): 675-9.
20. Whitley SD, Kunins HV, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN. Colocating buprenorphine with methadone maintenance and outpatient chemical dependency services. J Subst Abuse Treat 2007; 33(1): 85-90.
21. Ehret GB, Desmeules JA, Broers B. Methadone-associated long QT syndrome: improving pharmacotherapy for dependence on illegal opioids and lessons learned for pharmacology. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007; 6(3): 289-303.
22. Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishnan K, Kavinsky CJ, Trohman RG. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of druginduced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. Am Heart J 2007; 153(6): 891-9.
23. Martell BA, Arnsten JH, Krantz MJ, Gourevitch MN. Impact of methadone treatment on cardiac repolarization and conduction in opioid users. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95(7): 915-8.
24. Fanoe S, Hvidt C, Ege P, Jensen GB. Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. Heart 2007; 93(9): 1051-5.
25. Wedam EF, Bigelow GE, Johnson RE, Nuzzo PA, Haigney MC. QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(22): 2469-75.
26. Calsyn DA, Malcy JA, Saxon AJ. Slow tapering from methadone maintenance in a program encouraging indefinite maintenance. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 30(2): 159-63.
27. Salsitz EA, Joseph H, Frank B, et al. Methadone medical maintenance (MMM): treating chronic opioid dependence in private medical practice--a summary report (1983-1998). Mt Sinai J Med 2000; 67(5-6): 388-97.
28. Knudsen HK, Ducharme LJ, Roman PM. Early adoption of buprenorphine in substance abuse treatment centers: data from the private and public sectors. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 30(4): 363-73.
29. Saxon AJ, McCarty D. Challenges in the adoption of new pharmacotherapeutics for addiction to alcohol and other drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108(1): 119-28.
30. Casadonte PP. Treatment Protocols, TIP #40: Patients dependent on long-acting opioids: Transfer from methadone to buprenorphine. PCSS-B Training: An Educational Resource for Those Treating Patients with Opioid Dependence 2006.
31. Gowing LR, Ali RL. The place of detoxification in treatment of opioid dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19(3): 266-70.
32. Stine SM, Kosten TR. Use of drug combinations in treatment of opioid withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12(3): 203-9.
33. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical guidelines for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3939. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2004.
34. Lukas SE, Jasinski DR, Johnson RE. Electroencephalographic and behavioral correlates of buprenorphine administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36(1): 127-32.
35. Kosten TR, Kleber HD. Buprenorphine detoxification from opioid dependence: a pilot study. Life Sci 1988; 42(6): 635-41.
36. Law FD, Bailey JE, Allen DS, et al. The feasibility of abrupt methadone-buprenorphine transfer in British opiate addicts in an outpatient setting. Addict Biol 1997; 2: 191-200.
37. Janiri L, Mannelli P, Persico AM, Serretti A, Tempesta E. Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994; 36(2): 139-45.
38. Breen CL, Harris SJ, Lintzeris N, et al. Cessation of methadone maintenance treatment using buprenorphine: transfer from methadone to buprenorphine and subsequent buprenorphine reductions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 71(1): 49-55.
39. Levin FR, Fischman MW, Connerney I, Foltin RW. A protocol to switch high-dose, methadone-maintained subjects to buprenorphine. Am J Addict 1997; 6(2): 105-16.
40. Greenwald MK, Schuh KJ, Stine SM. Transferring methadonemaintained outpatients to the buprenorphine sublingual tablet: a preliminary study. Am J Addict 2003; 12(4): 365-74.
41. Glasper A, Reed LJ, de Wet CJ, Gossop M, Bearn J. Induction of patients with moderately severe methadone dependence onto buprenorphine. Addict Biol 2005; 10(2): 149-55.
42. Banys P, Clark HW, Tusel DJ, et al. An open trial of low dose buprenorphine in treating methadone withdrawal. J Subst Abuse Treat 1994; 11(1): 9-15.
43. Clark N, Lintzeris N, Jolley D. Transferring from high doses of methadone to buprenorphine: a randomised trial of three different buprenorphine schedules. College for Problems on Drug Dependence; Scottsdale, Arizona 2006.
44. Jones HE, Suess P, Jasinski DR, Johnson RE. Transferring methadone-stabilized pregnant patients to buprenorphine using an immediate release morphine transition: an open-label exploratory study. Am J Addict 2006; 15(1): 61-70.
45. Urban V, Sullivan R. Buprenorphine rescue from naltrexoneinduced opioid withdrawal during relatively rapid detoxification from high-dose methadone: a novel approach. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2008; 5(4): 56-8.
46. Bouchez J, Beauverie P, Touzeau D. Substitution with buprenorphine in methadone-and morphine sulfate-dependent patients. Preliminary results. Eur Addict Res 1998; 4 (Suppl 1): 8-12.
47. Rosado J, Walsh SL, Bigelow GE, Strain EC. Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone precipitated withdrawal in subjects maintained on 100mg of daily methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 90(2-3): 261-9.
48. Lintzeris N, Clark N, Winstock A, et al. National clinical guidelines and procedures for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence: abbreviated version. National Expert Advisory Committee on Illicit Drugs (NEACID), Ed. Australia: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing; 2006.
49. D'Aunno T, Pollack HA. Changes in methadone treatment practices: results from a national panel study, 1988-2000. JAMA 2002; 288(7): 850-6.
50. Faggiano F, Vigna-Taglianti F, Versino E, Lemma P. Methadone maintenance at different dosages for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (3): CD002208.
51. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 43. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-4048. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2005.
52. Gowing L, Ali R, White JM. Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (1): CD002022.
53. O'Connor PG, Kosten TR. Rapid and ultrarapid opioid detoxification techniques. JAMA 1998; 279(3): 229-34.
54. Kosten TR, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Price LH, Morgan CH, Kleber HD. Opioid antagonist challenges in buprenorphine maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 1990; 25(1): 73-8.
55. Kosten TR, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Price LH, Morgan CH, Kleber HD. Rapid detoxification from opioid dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146(10): 1349.
56. Charney DS, Redmond DE, Jr., Galloway MP, et al. Naltrexone precipitated opiate withdrawal in methadone addicted human subjects: evidence for noradrenergic hyperactivity. Life Sci 1984; 35(12): 1263-72.
57. Kosten TR, Morgan C, Kleber HD. Treatment of heroin addicts using buprenorphine. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991; 17(2): 119-28.
58. Kosten TR. Buprenorphine for opioid detoxification: a brief review. Addict Disord Their Treat 2003; 2(4): 107-12.
59. Farrell M, Strang J. Compressed opiate withdrawal syndrome and naltrexone. J Psychopharmacol 1995; 9(4): 383-5.
60. Collins ED, Kleber HD, Whittington RA, Heitler NE. Anesthesiaassisted vs buprenorphine-or clonidine-assisted heroin detoxification and naltrexone induction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 294(8): 903-13.
61. O'Connor PG, Carroll KM, Shi JM, Schottenfeld RS, Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ. Three methods of opioid detoxification in a primary care setting. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127(7): 526-30.
62. Sigmon SC, Dunn KE, Badger GJ, Heil SH, Higgins ST. Brief buprenorphine detoxification for the treatment of prescription opioid dependence: a pilot study. Addict Behav 2009; 34(3): 304-11.
63. Umbricht A, Montoya ID, Hoover DR, Demuth KL, Chiang CT, Preston KL. Naltrexone shortened opioid detoxification with buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 56(3): 181-90.
64. Johnson RE. Buprenorphine: clinical use from maintenance to special populations. Res Clin Forums 2001; 23(1): 25-41.
65. Clark N, Lintzeris N, Bell J. Accelerated opioid withdrawal with buprenorphine and naltrexone. Conference of the Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and Other Drugs; Melbourne, Australia 2005.
66. Gerra G, Fantoma A, Zaimovic A. Naltrexone and buprenorphine combination in the treatment of opioid dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20(6): 806-14.
67. Gowing L, Ali R, White JM. Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (4): CD002021.
68. Yu E, Miotto K, Akerele E, et al. A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 97(1-2): 158-68.
69. Dawe S, Gray JA. Craving and drug reward: a comparison of methadone and clonidine in detoxifying opiate addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995; 39(3): 207-12.
70. Samini M, Kardan A, Mehr SE. Alpha-2 agonists decrease expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 88(4): 403-6.
71. Sinha R, Kimmerling A, Doebrick C, Kosten TR. Effects of lofexidine on stress-induced and cue-induced opioid craving and opioid abstinence rates: preliminary findings. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190(4): 569-74.
72. Ockert DM, Volpicelli JR, Baier AR, Jr., Coons EE, Fingesten A. A nonopioid procedure for outpatient opioid detoxification. J Addict Med 2011; 5(2): 110-4.
73. McCambridge J, Gossop M, Beswick T, et al. In-patient detoxification procedures, treatment retention, and post-treatment opiate use: comparison of lofexidine + naloxone, lofexidine + placebo, and methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88(1): 91-5.
74. Johansson BA, Berglund M, Lindgren A. Efficacy of maintenance treatment with naltrexone for opioid dependence: a meta-analytical review. Addiction 2006; 101(4): 491-503.
75. Kleber HD, Kosten TR. Naltrexone induction: psychologic and pharmacologic strategies. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45(9 Pt 2): 29-38.
76. Krupitsky E, Zvartau E, Wood G. long-acting implantable formulation of naltrexone for heroin dependence: results of interim analysis of efficacy and safety. Rockville, MD: NIDA International Program 2009.
77. Tennant FS, Jr., Rawson RA, Cohen AJ, Mann A. Clinical experience with naltrexone in suburban opioid addicts. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45(9 Pt 2): 42-5.
78. Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M, Kirchmayer U, Verster A. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (4): CD001333.
79. Mannelli P, Gottheil E, Peoples JF, Oropeza VC, Van Bockstaele EJ. Chronic very low dose naltrexone administration attenuates opioid withdrawal expression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56(4): 261-8.
80. Powell KJ, Abul-Husn NS, Jhamandas A, Olmstead MC, Beninger RJ, Jhamandas K. Paradoxical effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on morphine analgesia, tolerance, and reward in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300(2): 588-96.
81. Mannelli P, Patkar AA, Peindl K, Gorelick DA, Wu LT, Gottheil E. Very low dose naltrexone addition in opioid detoxification: a randomized, controlled trial. Addict Biol 2009; 14(2): 204-13.
82. Mannelli P, Patkar AA, Peindl K, Gottheil E, Wu LT, Gorelick DA. Early outcomes following low dose naltrexone enhancement of opioid detoxification. Am J Addict 2009; 18(2): 109-16.
83. McCann DJ. Potential of buprenorphine/naltrexone in treating polydrug addiction and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 83(4): 627-30.
84. Hutchinson MR, Bland ST, Johnson KW, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Opioid-induced glial activation: mechanisms of activation and implications for opioid analgesia, dependence, and reward. Sci World J 2007; 7: 98-111.
85. Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Brown K, et al. Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28(1): 20-9.
86. Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, et al. Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24(1): 83-95.
87. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F, Baler R. Addiction: decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit. Bioessays 2010; 32(9): 748-55.
88. Bisaga A, Comer SD, Ward AS, Popik P, Kleber HD, Fischman MW. The NMDA antagonist memantine attenuates the expression of opioid physical dependence in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 157(1): 1-10.
89. Popik P, Skolnick P. The NMDA antagonist memantine blocks the expression and maintenance of morphine dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 53(4): 791-7.
90. Bisaga A, Sullivan MA, Cheng WY, et al. A placebo controlled trial of memantine as an adjunct to oral naltrexone for opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011.
91. Akhondzadeh S, Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Assadi SM, Shabestari OL, Kashani AR, Farzanehgan ZM. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of baclofen vs clonidine in the treatment of opiates withdrawal. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000; 25(5): 347-53.
92. Assadi SM, Radgoodarzi R, Ahmadi-Abhari SA. Baclofen for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN32121581]. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3: 16.
93. Gonzalez G, Sevarino K, Sofuoglu M, et al. Tiagabine increases cocaine-free urines in cocaine-dependent methadone-treated patients: results of a randomized pilot study. Addiction 2003; 98(11): 1625-32.
94. Kheirabadi GR, Ranjkesh M, Maracy MR, Salehi M. Effect of addon gabapentin on opioid withdrawal symptoms in opium-dependent patients. Addiction 2008; 103(9): 1495-9.
95. Rodriguez-Arias M, Aguilar MA, Manzanedo C, Minarro J. Preclinical evidence of new opioid modulators for the treatment of addiction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19(8): 977-94.
96. Robledo P, Berrendero F, Ozaita A, Maldonado R. Advances in the field of cannabinoid--opioid cross-talk. Addict Biol 2008; 13(2): 213-24.
97. Raby WN, Carpenter KM, Rothenberg J, et al. Intermittent marijuana use is associated with improved retention in naltrexone treatment for opiate-dependence. Am J Addict 2009; 18(4): 301-8.
98. Mannelli P, Peindl K, Patkar AA, Wu LT, Pae CU, Gorelick DA. Reduced cannabis use after low-dose naltrexone addition to opioid detoxification. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30(4): 476-8.
99. Muntoni AL, Pillolla G, Melis M, Perra S, Gessa GL, Pistis M. Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous neuronal activity and evoked inhibition of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23(9): 2385-94.
100. Pfizer T, Niederhoffer N, Szabo B. Search for an endogenous cannabinoid-mediated effect in the sympathetic nervous system. Naunyn Schmiedeberg Arch Pharmacol 2005; 371: 9-17.
101. Nath RP, Upton RA, Everhart ET, et al. Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(6): 619-23.
102. Schuh KJ, Johanson CE. Pharmacokinetic comparison of the buprenorphine sublingual liquid and tablet. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 56(1): 55-60.
103. Chawarski MC, Moody DE, Pakes J, O'Connor PG, Schottenfeld RS. Buprenorphine tablet versus liquid: a clinical trial comparing plasma levels, efficacy, and symptoms. J Subst Abuse Treat 2005; 29(4): 307-12.
104. Compton P, Ling W, Moody D, Chiang N. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 82(1): 25-31.
105. Ciraulo DA, Hitzemann RJ, Somoza E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple sublingual buprenorphine tablets in dose-escalation trials. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46(2): 179-92.
106. Strain EC, Moody DE, Stoller KB, Walsh SL, Bigelow GE. Relative bioavailability of different buprenorphine formulations under chronic dosing conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74(1): 37-43.
107. Lanier RK, Umbricht A, Harrison JA, Nuwayser ES, Bigelow GE. Evaluation of a transdermal buprenorphine formulation in opioid detoxification. Addiction 2007; 102(10): 1648-56.
108. Lanier RK, Umbricht A, Harrison JA, Nuwayser ES, Bigelow GE. Opioid detoxification via single 7-day application of a buprenorphine transdermal patch: an open-label evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 198(2): 149-58.
109. Sigmon SC, Moody DE, Nuwayser ES, Bigelow GE. An injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: extended bio-delivery and effects. Addiction 2006; 101(3): 420-32.
110. Sigmon SC, Wong CJ, Chausmer AL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Evaluation of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: placebo comparison. Addiction 2004; 99(11): 1439-49.
111. Ling W, Jacobs P, Hillhouse M, et al. From research to the real world: buprenorphine in the decade of the Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(Suppl 1): S53-60.
112. Gastfriend DR. Intramuscular extended-release naltrexone: current evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1216: 144-66.
113. Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2011; 377(9776): 1506-13.
114. Lobmaier PP, Kunoe N, Gossop M, Waal H. Naltrexone depot formulations for opioid and alcohol dependence: a systematic review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 17(6): 629-36.
115. Brown ES, Tirado C, Minhajuddin A, et al. Association of race and ethnicity with withdrawal symptoms, attrition, opioid use, and sideeffects during buprenorphine therapy. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2010; 9(2): 106-14.
116. Whitley SD, Sohler NL, Kunins HV, et al. Factors associated with complicated buprenorphine inductions. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 39(1): 51-7.
117. Ziedonis DM, Amass L, Steinberg M, et al. Predictors of outcome for short-term medically supervised opioid withdrawal during a randomized, multicenter trial of buprenorphine-naloxone and clonidine in the NIDA clinical trials network drug and alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 99(1-3): 28-36.
118. Mann K, Hermann D. Individualised treatment in alcoholdependent patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260 (Suppl 2): S116-20.
119. Ooteman W, Naassila M, Koeter MW, et al. Predicting the effect of naltrexone and acamprosate in alcohol-dependent patients using genetic indicators. Addict Biol 2009; 14(3): 328-37.
120. Deb I, Chakraborty J, Gangopadhyay PK, Choudhury SR, Das S. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (A118G) in exon 1 of OPRM1 gene causes alteration in downstream signaling by mu-opioid receptor and may contribute to the genetic risk for addiction. J Neurochem 2010; 112(2): 486-96.
121. Mague SD, Blendy JA. OPRM1 SNP (A118G): involvement in disease development, treatment response, and animal models. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 108(3): 172-82.
122. Walter C, Lotsch J. Meta-analysis of the relevance of the OPRM1 118A>G genetic variant for pain treatment. Pain 2009; 146(3): 270-5.
123. Kakko J, von Wachenfeldt J, Svanborg KD, Lidstrom J, Barr CS, Heilig M. Mood and neuroendocrine response to a chemical stressor, metyrapone, in buprenorphine-maintained heroin dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63(2): 172-7.
124. Hyman SM, Hong KI, Chaplin TM, et al. A stress-coping profile of opioid dependent individuals entering naltrexone treatment: a comparison with healthy controls. Psychol Addict Behav 2009; 23(4): 613-9.
125. Fonseca F, de la Torre R, Diaz L, et al. Contribution of cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 genetic variability on methadone pharmacokinetics, dose requirements, and response. PLoS One 2011; 6(5): e19527.
126. Li Y, Kantelip JP, Gerritsen-van Schieveen P, Davani S. Interindividual variability of methadone response: impact of genetic polymorphism. Mol Diagn Ther 2008; 12(2): 109-24.