Jumping to conclusions, a lack of belief flexibility and delusional conviction in psychosis: A longitudinal investigation of the structure, frequency, and relatedness of reasoning biases

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 121, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 129-139

  So, Suzanne H ^a   Freeman, Daniel ^b   Dunn, Graham ^c   Kapur, Shitij ^a   Kuipers, Elizabeth ^a   Bebbington, Paul ^d   Fowler, David ^e   Garety, Philippa A ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Belief flexibility; Delusions; Jumping to conclusions; Psychosis; Reasoning

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; DELUSION; DELUSIONAL CONVICTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FAMILY COUNSELING; FEMALE; HUMAN; JUMPING TO CONCLUSION; LACK OF BELIEF INFLEXIBILITY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTICENTER STUDY; PREDICTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ADOLESCENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOSIS; TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DELUSIONS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84860190592     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0025297     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Andreasen, N. C. (1984). The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, IA: The University of Iowa.
3. Bentall, R. P., Rowse, G., Shryane, N., Kinderman, P., Howard, R., Blackwood, N., Corcoran, R. (2009). The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: A transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 236-247. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.1
4. Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456. doi:10.1146/ annurev.ps.31.020180.002223
5. Broome, M. R., Johns, L. C., Valli, I., Woolley, J. B., Tabraham, P., Brett, C., & McGuire, P. K. (2007). People with an at-risk mental state jump to conclusions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, s38-s42. doi: 10.1192/bjp.191.51.s38
6. Buchanan, A., Reed, A., Wessely, S., Garety, P., Taylor, P., Grubin, D., & Dunn, G. (1993). Acting on delusions. II: The phenomenological correlates of acting on delusions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 77-81. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.1.77
7. Colbert, S. M., & Peters, E. R. (2002). Need for closure and jumping-toconclusions in delusion-prone individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 27-31. doi:10.1097/00005053-200201000-00007
8. Colbert, S. M., Peters, E. R., & Garety, P. A. (2010). Delusions and belief flexibility in psychosis. Psychology and psychotherapy: Theory research and practice, 83, 45-57.
9. Dudley, R. E. J., John, C. H., Young, A. W., & Over, D. E. (1997). The effect of self-referent material on the reasoning of people with delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 575-584. doi:10.1111/ j.2044-8260.1997.tb01262.x
10. Dudley, R. E. J., John, C. H., Young, A. W., & Over, D. E. (1997). Normal and abnormal reasoning in people with delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 243-258. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01410.x
11. Fine, C., Gardner, M., Craigie, J., & Gold, I. (2007). Hopping, skipping or jumping to conclusions? Clarifying the role of the JTC bias in delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 46-77. doi:10.1080/ 13546800600750597
12. Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 425-457. doi:10.1016/ j.cpr.2006.10.004
13. Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P. E., & Dunn, G. (2004). Why do people with delusions fail to choose more realistic explanations for their experiences? An empirical investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 671-680. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.671
14. Freeman, D., Pugh, K., & Garety, P. (2008). Jumping to conclusions and paranoid ideation in the general population. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 254-260. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.020
15. Garety, P., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Freeman, D., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., & Jones, S. (1997). London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis II: Predictors of outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 420-426. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.5.420
16. Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Kuipers, E. (2007). Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: A theoretical paper. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1377-1391. doi:10.1017/S003329170700013X
17. Garety, P. A., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2008). Cognitive-behavioural therapy and family intervention for relapse prevention and symptom reduction in psychosis: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 412-423. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043570
18. Garety, P. A., & Freeman, D. (1999). Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of theories and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 113-154. doi:10.1348/014466599162700
19. Garety, P. A., Freeman, D., Jolley, S., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P. E., Fowler, D. G., & Dudley, R. (2005). Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 373-384. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.3.373
20. Garety, P. A., Hemsley, D. R., & Wessely, S. (1991). Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients: Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 194-201. doi:10.1097/00005053-199104000-00003
21. Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31, 189-195. doi:10.1017/ S0033291701003312
22. Haddock, G., McCarron, J., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (1999). Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychological Medicine, 29, 879-889. doi:10.1017/S0033291799008661
23. Kay, S. R. (1990). Positive-negative symptom assessment in schizophre-nia: Psychometric issues and scale comparison. Psychiatric Quarterly, 61, 163-178. doi:10.1007/BF01064966
24. Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Fiszbein, A. (1987). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Rating Manual. San Rafael, CA: Social and Behavioral Sciences Documents.
25. Kendler, K. S., & Campbell, J. (2009). Interventionist causal models in psychiatry. Psychological Medicine, 39, 881-887. doi:10.1017/ S0033291708004467
26. Lincoln, T. M., Ziegler, M., Mehl, S., & Rief, W. (2010). The jumping to conclusions bias in delusions: Specificity and changeability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 40-49. doi:10.1037/a0018118
27. Menon, M., Mizrahi, R., & Kapur, S. (2008). 'Jumping to conclusions' and delusions in psychosis: Relationship and response to treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 98, 225-231. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.021
28. Moritz, S., Vitzthum, F., Randjbar, S., Veckenstedt, R., & Woodward, T. S. (2010). Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: Metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 561-569. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833d16a8
29. Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2005). Jumping to conclusions in delusional and non-delusional schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 193-207. doi:10.1348/014466505X35678
30. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Mplus (Version 5.2) [Computer software]. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
31. Peters, E., & Garety, P. (2006). Cognitive functioning in delusions: A longitudinal analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 481-514. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.008
32. Ross, K., Freeman, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. (2009). A randomised experimental investigation of reasoning training for people with delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 324-333. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn165
33. So, S. H., Garety, P. A., Peters, E. R., & Kapur, S. (2010). Do antipsychotics improve reasoning biases? A review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 681-693. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181e7cca6
34. SPSS (2006). SPSS (Version 15.0). Chicago, IL: Author.
35. Startup, H., Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2008). Jumping to conclusions and persecutory delusions. European Psychiatry, 23, 457-459. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.04.005
36. Van Dael, F., Versmissen, D., Janssen, I., Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2006). Data gathering: Biased in psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 341-351. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj021
37. Waller, W., Freeman, D., Jolley, S., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. (2011). Targeting reasoning biases in delusions: A pilot study of the Maudsley Review Training Programme for individuals with persistent, high conviction delusions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 414-421. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.03.001
38. Warman, D. M., & Martin, J. M. (2006). Jumping to conclusions and delusion proneness: The impact of emotionally salient stimuli. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 194, 760-765. doi:10.1097/ 01.nmd.0000239907.83668.aa
39. Wessely, S., Buchanan, A., Reed, A., Cutting, J., Everitt, B., Garety, P., & Taylor, P. J. (1993). Acting on delusions: I. Prevalence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 69-76. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.1.69
40. Woodward, T. S., Munz, M., LeClerc, C., & Lecomte, T. (2009). Change in delusions is associated with change in "jumping to conclusions." Psychiatry Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/ j.psychres.2008.10.020