Optimizing the Clinical Pharmacologic Properties of the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Analogue-based Drug Discovery

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 137-156

  Kerpel Fronius, Sándor ^a   Fischer, János ^b  

^a SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^b GEDEON RICHTER LTD   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Analogue based drug discovery; Clinical efficacy; Clinical properties; HMG CoA reductase inhibitors; Medicinal chemistry; Pharmacologic properties; Statins

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860137300     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/3527608001.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. Endo A, Kuroda M, Tsujita Y, J. Antibiotics, 1976, 29, 1346.
2. Willard AK, Novello FC, Hoffman, WF, et al. (Merck and Co.) US Patent 1982, 4,459,422.
3. Roth BC. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry (Eds. King FD, Osford AW). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2002, 40, 1-22.
4. Istvan E. Statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase: a 3-dimensional view. Atherosclerosis, 2003 (Suppl. 4, Issue 1), 3-8.
5. Stein EA. New statins and new doses of older statins. Curr. Sci., 2001, 3, 14-18.
6. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Rosuvastatin (Crestor). Pharmacology review(s). http://www.fda.gov/cder/fai/nda/2003/21-366_Crestor_Pharmr.P1.pdf.
7. Hamelin BA, Turgeon J. Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity: relevance for the pharmacology and clinical effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Trends Pharm. Sci., 1998, 19, 26-37.
8. Klotz U. Pharmacologic comparison of the statins. Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res., 2003, 53, 605-611.
9. Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, et al. A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA reductase inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 37161-37168.
10. Jones PH, Kafonek S, Laurora I, et al. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. (The CURVES study). Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 81, 582-587.
11. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin, versus atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR trial). Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 92, 152-160.
12. Hegde S, Carter J. Pitavastatin (Hypercholesterolemic). In: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry (Ed. Doherty AM). 2004, 39, 380.
13. Prueksaritanont T, Zhao JJ, Ma B, et al. Mechanistic studies on metabolic interactions between gemfibrozil and statins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 301, 1042-1051.
14. Prueksaritanont T, Tang C, Qiu Y, et al. Effects of fibrates on metabolism of statins in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2002, 30, 1280-1287.
15. Prueksaritanont T, Subramanian R, Fang X, et al. Glucuronidation of statins in animals and humans: a novel mechanism of statin lactonization. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2002, 30, 505-512.
16. Knopp RH. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 341, 498-511.
17. Ballantyne CM, Corsini A, Davidson MH, et al. Risk of myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch. Intern. Med., 2003, 163, 553-564.
18. P-450 Drug Interaction Table; http://www.medicine.iupui.edu./flockhart/clinlist.htm.
19. Langtry HD, Markham A. Fluvastatin. Drugs, 1999, 57, 583-606.
20. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 58, 527-531.
21. Guijjaro C, Blanco-Colio LM, Ortego Monica, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and isoprenylation inhibitors induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Circ. Res., 1998, 83, 490-500.
22. Kaneta S, Satoh K Kano S, et al. All hydrophobic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptotic death in rat pulmonary vein endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 170, 237-243.
23. Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA, 2003, 289, 1681-1690.
24. 4S Investigators. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandi navian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 1994, 344, 1383-1389.
25. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 333, 1301-1307.
26. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 335, 1001-1009.
27. LIPID Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-term intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1998, 339, 1349-1357.
28. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA, 1998, 279, 1615-1622.
29. MRC Investigators. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomized-placebo controlled trial. Lancet, 2002, 360, 7-22.
30. Sheperd J. The statin era: in search of the ideal lipid regulating agent. Heart, 2001, 85, 259-264.
31. Jones PH. Lower is better: LDL-C goal achievement and statin efficacy in coronary prevention. Medscape Cardiology, 2004, 8(1), 1-8. (http://www.Medscape.com/viewarticle/472518).
32. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 350, 1495-1504.
33. Topol EJ. Intensive statin therapy. A sea change in cardiovascular prevention. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 350, 15-17.
34. De Lemos JA, Blaying MA, Wiviott SD, et al. Early intensive vs. a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA, 2004, 292, 1307-1316.
35. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: systemic review and meta-analysis. Br. Med. J., 2003, 326, 1423-1430.
36. Ballantine CM, Blazing MA, Hunninghake DB, et al. Effect on highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol of maximum dose simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of the comparative HDL efficacy and safety study. Am. Heart J., 2003, 146, 862-869.
37. National Institute of Health. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final Report, Washington, DC: National Institute of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, September, 2002, II-27. NIH Publication 02-5215.
38. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. Heart J., 2003, 24, 1601-1610.
39. McKenney JM, Jones PH, Adamczyk MA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin in achieving lipid goals: results from the STELLAR trial. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2003, 19, 689-698.
40. Chang JT, Staffa JA, Parks MD, et al. Rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil combination therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Safety, 2004, 13, 417-426.
41. Food and Drug Administration. Docket No. 2004-0113/CPI. http://www.fda.gov.
42. Backmann JT, Kyrklund C, Kivistö KT, et al. Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2000, 68, 122-129.
43. Schneck DW, Birmingham BK, Zalikowski JA, et al. The effect of gemfi brozil on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 75, 455-463.
44. Ballantine CM, Davidson MH. Possible differences between fibrates in pharmacokinetic interactions with statins. Arch. Intern. Med., 2003, 163, 2394.
45. Alseikh-Ali A, Kuvin JT, Karas HR. Risk of adverse events with fibrates. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 94, 935-938.
46. Kyrklund C, Backmann JT, Kivistö KT, et al. Plasma concentrations of active lovastatin acid are markedly increased by gemfibrozil but not by benzafibrate. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 69, 340-345.
47. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 58, 527-531.
48. Gotto AM. Safety of statin therapy. Arch. Intern. Med., 2003, 163, 637-639.
49. Brewer HB. Benefit-risk assessment of rosuvastatin 10 to 40 milligrams. Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 92, 23K-29K.
50. Wolfe SM. Dangers of rosuvastatin identified before and after FDA approval. Lancet, 2004, 363, 2189-2190.
51. Florentinus SR, Heerdink ER, Klungel OH. Should rosuvastatin be withdrawn from the market? Lancet, 2004, 364, 1577.
52. Anonymous. Ezetimibe - a new cholesterol- lowering drug. Drug Ther. Bull., 2004, 42, 65-67.
53. Feldman T, Koren M, Insull W, et al. Treatment of high-risk patients with ezetimibe plus simvastatin co-administration versus simvastatin alone to attain National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93, 1481-1486.
54. Ballantyne CM, Blazing MA, King TR, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministration with simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol., 2002, 93, 1487-1494.