Geriatric vision loss due to cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma

Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 276-294

  Eichenbaum, Joseph W ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cataracts; Geriatric; Glaucoma; Macular degeneration; Vision impairment

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIGLAUCOMA AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA CAROTENE; BEVACIZUMAB; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE INHIBITOR; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CUPRIC OXIDE; FLUORESCENT DYE; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; RANIBIZUMAB; RETINOL; STEROID; VERTEPORFIN; ZINC OXIDE;

ADL DISABILITY; AGED; AQUEOUS HUMOR FLOW; BLINDNESS; BRADYCARDIA; BUDGET; CAPSULOTOMY; CATARACT; CILIARY BODY; CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; CRYOSURGERY; CYCLOCRYOPEXY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIETARY INTAKE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRAIN; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EYE INFECTION; FALLING; FLUORESCENCE ANGIOGRAPHY; GLAUCOMA; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH CARE COST; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPOKALEMIA; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; IRIS DISEASE; LASER SURGERY; LENS IMPLANT; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; NEODYMIUM LASER; NURSING HOME; ONSET AGE; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OPHTHALMOSCOPY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIPHERAL VISION; PHACOEMULSIFICATION; PIGMENT DISORDER; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PSEUDOEXFOLIATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SHUNTING; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; STROKE; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TRABECULECTOMY; UNITED STATES; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL AID; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLINDNESS; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; VISION, LOW;

EID: 84859792463     PISSN: 00272507     EISSN: 19317581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/msj.21303     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Congdon N, Vingerling JR, Klein BE, et al. Prevalence of cataract and pseudophakia/aphakia among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 487-494. (Pubitemid 38456283)
2. Friedman DS, O'Colmain BJ, Muñoz B, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States [published correction appears in Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 1188]. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 564-572. (Pubitemid 38456293)
3. Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, et al. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 532-538. (Pubitemid 38456289)
4. Trudo EW, Stark WJ, Podolsky M, et al. A four-article symposium on failing vision. Postgrad Med 1998; 103: 113-178.
5. Varma R, Paz SH, Azen SP, et al. The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study: design, methods, and baseline data. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 1121-1131. (Pubitemid 38736991)
6. Varma R, Ying-Lai M, Klein R, et al Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group. Prevalence and risk indicators of visual impairment and blindness in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 1132-1140. (Pubitemid 38736992)
7. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Cataracts. San Francisco, CA. http:// one.aao.org/CE/PracticeGuidelines/PPP-Content. aspx?cid=a80a87ce-9042-4677-85d7-4b876deed276.
8. West SK, Valmadrid CT. Epidemiology of risk factors for age-related cataract. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 39: 323-334.
9. Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, et al. Multivitamin/ Mineral Supplements and Prevention of Chronic Disease. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 139. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; May 2006. AHRQ publication 06-E012.
10. Jamula E, Anderson J, Douketis JD. Safety of continuing warfarin therapy during cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2009; 124: 292-299.
11. Semel J, Nobe J, Bowe B, et al. Propionibacterium acnes isolated from explanted intraocular lens in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. Cornea 1989; 8: 259-262. (Pubitemid 19242711)
12. Ciulla TA, Starr MB, Masket S. Bacterial endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 13-24. (Pubitemid 34027416)
13. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 1769-1775.
14. Wang L, Koch DD. Effect of decentration of wavefront-corrected intraocular lenses on the higher-order aberrations of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1226-1230. (Pubitemid 41316738)
15. Hoffer KJ. Biometry of 7500 cataractous eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 90: 360-368.
16. Zenkel M, Pöschl E, von der Mark K, et al. Differential gene expression in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 3742-3752.
17. Hayashi H, Hayashi K, Nakao F, et al. Anterior capsule contraction and intraocular lens dislocation in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 1429-1432. (Pubitemid 28556531)
18. Masket S, Osher RH. Late complications with intraocular lens dislocation after capsulorhexis in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 1481-1484. (Pubitemid 37022466)
19. Minassian DC, Rosen P, Dart JK, et al. Extracapsular cataract extraction compared with small incision surgery by phacoemulsification: a randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85: 822-829. (Pubitemid 32662083)
20. Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR, et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol 1992; 37: 73-116.
21. Lundqvist B, Mönestam E. Ten-year longitudinal visual function and Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy rates in patients less than 65 years at cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 149: 238.e1-244.e1.
22. Vasavada AR, Raj SM. Anterior capsule relationship of the AcrySof intraocular lens optic and posterior capsule opacification: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 886-894. (Pubitemid 38586680)
23. Daynes T, Spencer TS, Doan K, et al. Three-year clinical comparison of 3-piece AcrySof and SI-40 silicone intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 1124-1129. (Pubitemid 34774202)
24. Peng Q, Apple DJ, Visessook N, et al. Surgical prevention of posterior capsule opacification. Part 2: Enhancement of cortical cleanup by focusing on hydrodissection. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26: 188-197. (Pubitemid 30097397)
25. Steinert RF, Puliafilto CA, Kumar SR, et al. Cystoid macula edema, retinal detachment and glaucoma after Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 373-380.
26. Powe NR, Schein OD, Gieser SC, et al Cataract Patient Outcome Research Team. Synthesis of the literature on visual acuity and complications following cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation [published correction appears in Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 889]. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 239-252. (Pubitemid 24058407)
27. McGwin G Jr, Scilley K, Brown J, et al. Impact of cataract surgery on self-reported visual difficulties: comparison with a no-surgery reference group. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 941-948. (Pubitemid 36622666)
28. Owsley C, McGwin G Jr, Sloane M, et al. Impact of cataract surgery on motor vehicle crash involvement by older adults. JAMA 2002; 288: 841-849.
29. Owsley C, Stalvey B, Wells J, et al. Older drivers and cataract: driving habits and crash risk. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999; 54: M203-M211. (Pubitemid 29183867)
30. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1701-1707. (Pubitemid 19019577)
31. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Hannan MT, et al. Impaired vision and hip fracture: the Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 495-500. (Pubitemid 19135918)
32. He L, Sheehy K, Culbertson W. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011; 22: 43-52.
33. Till JS, Yoder PR Jr, Wilcox TK, et al. Toric intraocular lens implantation: 100 consecutive cases. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 295-301. (Pubitemid 34132486)
34. Leyland M, Zinicola E. Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: a systematic review. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1789-1798. (Pubitemid 37025440)
35. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare leading Part B procedure codes based on allowed charges: calendar year 2002. http://www.cms.hhs. gov/datacompendium. Accessed February 2, 2006.
36. Williams A, Sloan FA, Lee PP. Longitudinal rates of cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 1308-1314. (Pubitemid 44379865)
37. French DD, Margo CE, Campbell RR. Cataract surgery among veterans 65 years of age and older: analysis of National Veterans Health Administration databases. Am J Med Qual 2010; 25: 143-148.
38. Leape LL, Hilborne LH, Park RE, et al. The appropriateness of use of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in New York State. JAMA 1993; 269: 753-760. (Pubitemid 23039081)
39. Halm EA, Chassin MR, Tuhrim S, et al. Revisiting the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2003; 34: 1464-1471. (Pubitemid 36693518)
40. Eichenbaum JW, Burton WB, Eichenbaum GM, et al. The prevalence of eye disease in nursing home and non-nursing home geriatric populations. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1999; 28: 191-204. (Pubitemid 29253792)
41. Tielsch JM, Javitt JC, Coleman A, et al. The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among nursing home residents in Baltimore. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1205-1209.
42. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8 [published correction appears in Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1251]. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1417-1436.
43. Gouras P, Ivert L, Mattison JA, et al. Drusenoid maculopathy in rhesus monkeys: autoflorescence, lipofuscin, and drusen pathogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246: 1403-1411.
44. Madhaven L, Ourednik V, Ourednik J. Neural stem/ progenitor cells initiate the formation of cellular networks that provide neuroprotection by growth factor modulated antioxidant expression. Stem Cells 2008; 26; 254-265.
45. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern: Macula Degeneration. San Francisco, CA. http://one.aao.org/CE/PracticeGuidelines/ PPP-Content.aspx?cid=f413917a-8623-4746-b441-f817 265eafb4.
46. Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1992; 99: 933-943.
47. Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 373-380.
48. Muñoz B, Klein R, Rodriguez J, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in a population-based sample of Hispanic people in Arizona: Proyecto VER. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1575-1580. (Pubitemid 41626695)
49. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Relation of smoking to the incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 103-110. (Pubitemid 28060479)
50. Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, et al. Ten-year incidence of age-related maculopathy and smoking and drinking: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 589-598.
51. Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher AI, Klein R, et al. Lutein and zeanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 424-432. (Pubitemid 32185079)
52. Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, et al. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 2005; 308: 385-389. (Pubitemid 40530070)
53. Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H, et al. A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Science 2006; 314: 992-993. (Pubitemid 44749944)
54. Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B, et al. Progression of age-related macular degeneration: prospective assessment of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and other cardiovascular biomarkers. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 774-782. (Pubitemid 41056598)
55. Robman L, Baird PN, Dimitrov PN, et al. C-reactive protein levels and complement factor H polymorphism interaction in age-related macular degeneration and its progression. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 1982-1988.
56. Stein JD, Vanderbeek BL, Talwar N, et al. Rates of nonexudative and exudative age-related macula degeneration among Asian American ethnic groups. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2011; 52; 6842-6848.
57. Kondo N, Honda S, Ishibashi K, et al. LOC387715/ HTRA1 variants in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and age-related macula degeneration in Japanese population. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 608-612.
58. Fritsche LG, Loenhardt T, Janssen A, et al. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with an unstable ARMS2 (LOC387715) mRNA. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 892-896. (Pubitemid 351913654)
59. Ramprasad VL, George R, Soumittra N, et al. Association of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LOXL1 gene with pseudoexfoliation syndrome in India. Mol Vis 2008; 14: 318-322. (Pubitemid 351279917)
60. SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, et al. The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS report no. 20. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 671-679. (Pubitemid 46762729)
61. Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, et al. Dietary omega- 3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 826-833. (Pubitemid 351831334)
62. Suzuki Y, Yoshisuji M. Retinal blood vessel measurement using a line sensor [article in Japanese]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1994; 98: 92-97. (Pubitemid 24062380)
63. Klein R, Klein BE, Jensen SC, et al. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 7-21. (Pubitemid 27081937)
64. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al MARINA Study Group. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1419-1431. (Pubitemid 44511557)
65. Englebert M. Reducing the burden of anti-VEGF injections for wet AMD. Retinal Physician 2011; 5: 30-33.
66. Rosenfeld PJ, Shapiro H, Tuomi L, et al. Characteristics of patients losing vision after 2 years of monthly dosing in the phase III ranibizumab clinical trials. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 523-530.
67. Chalam KV, Brar VS. Proteomics in practice: potential consequences of long-term anti-VEGF therapy. Retinal Physician 2011; 5: 26-29.
68. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis [published correction appears in JAMA 2008; 299: 765-766]. JAMA 2007; 297: 842-857. (Pubitemid 46333949)
69. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Lucentis (ranibizumab injection). BLA 25156. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/ newsroom/pressannouncements/2006/ucm108685. htm. Accessed May 6, 2008.
70. Smiddy WE. Economic considerations of macular edema therapies. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1827-1833.
71. Eremina V, Jefferson A, Kowalewska J, et al. VEGF inhibition and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1129-1136. (Pubitemid 351398487)
72. Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 1082.
73. Martin DF, Maguire MG, Ying GS, et al CATT Research Group. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. NEngl J Med 2011; 364: 1897-1908.
74. French DD, Margo CE. Age-related macular degeneration, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, and short-term mortality: a postmarketing medication safety and surveillance study. Retina 2011; 31: 1036-1042.
75. Curtis LH, Hammil BG, Shulman KA, et al. Risks of mortality, myocardial infarction, bleeding, and stroke associated with therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2010; 128: 1273-1279.
76. Jager RD, Aiello LP, Patel SC, et al. Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review. Retina 2004; 24: 676-698. (Pubitemid 39391758)
77. Pollack A. Avastin injections are reported to cause blindness. New York Times August 30, 2011. http:// www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/health/31drug.html. Accessed August 31, 2011.
78. Mauney LM, Schuchard RA, Fletcher DC. Can Ereaders help your macular disease patients? Retinal Physician 2011; 5: 48-51.
79. Heier JS, Boyer D, Nguyen QD, et al. The 1-year results of CLEAR-IT-2, a phase 2 study of vascular endothelial growth factor trap as needed after 12-week fixed dosimetry [published correction appears in Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1700]. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1098-1106.
80. Chaudhary V, Mao A, Hooper PL, et al. Triamcinolone acetonide as adjunctive treatment to verteporfin in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a prospective randomized trial. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 2183-2189. (Pubitemid 350181099)
81. Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, et al. Randomized controlled study intravitreous dexamethasone in patients with persistent macula edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 309-317.
82. Murphy R. Are ranibizumab and radiation a winning combination? Retinal Physician 2011; 5: 34-41.
83. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Open-Angle Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA. http://one.aao.org/CE/PracticeGuidelines/ PPP-Content.aspx?cid=93019a87-4649-4130-8f94-b6a 9b19144d2.
84. Bell JA. Primary open-angle glaucoma differential diagnosis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/1206147-overview. Published August 23, 2011. Updated January 11, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2011
85. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Narrow-Angle Glaucoma. San Francisco CA. http://one.aao.org/CE/ PracticeGuidelines/ PPP-Content.aspx?cid=92bea8f6-5459-49a6-9233-452 8343dc4c3
86. Stein JD, Kim DS, Nixiol LM, et al. Different rates of glaucoma among Asian Americans and other racial groups. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1031-1037.
87. Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120: 714-720. (Pubitemid 34620349)
88. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120: 701-713. (Pubitemid 34620348)
89. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. The AGIS Investigators. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130: 429-440.
90. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures [published correction appears in Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 127: 120]. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 126: 487-497.
91. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 126: 498-505.
92. Danias J, Podos SM. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures: the effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 127: 623-625. (Pubitemid 29215786)
93. Higginbotham EJ, Gordon MO, Beiser JA, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: topical medication delays or prevents primary open-angle glaucoma in African American individuals. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 813-820. (Pubitemid 38736239)
94. Friedman DS, Wilson RM, Liebmann JM, et al. An evidence-based assessment of risk factors for the progression of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138 (3 suppl 3): S19-S31. (Pubitemid 39195354)
95. French DD, Margo CE, Harman LE. Substance use disorder and the risk of open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2011; 20: 452-457.
96. Eichenbaum KD, Mezej M, Eichenbaum JW. Comparing dynamic contour tonometry to Goldmann and hand-held tonometry in normal, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma populations. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 2007; 39: 41-49. (Pubitemid 350022305)
97. Rhee DJ. Glaucoma, drug-induced follow-up. http:// emedicine.medscape. com/article/1205298-followup. Updated May 18, 2009. Accessed August 9 2011.
98. Lowder C, Belfort R Jr, Lightman S, et al; the Ozurdex HURON Study Group. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 545-553.
99. Brumm MV, Nguyen QD. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal sustained release device-a new addition to the armamentarium of uveitic management. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 2: 55-64. (Pubitemid 46901782)
100. Gedde SJ, Huer DK, Parrish RK 2nd. Review of results from the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21: 123-128.
101. Jampel HD. Target pressure in glaucoma therapy. J Glaucoma 1997; 6: 133-138. (Pubitemid 27183198)
102. Singh K, Shrivastava A. Early aggressive intraocular pressure lowering, target intraocular pressure, and a novel concept of glaucoma care. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53 (suppl 1): S33-S38.
103. Anderson DR. Glaucoma: the damage caused by pressure. XLVI Edward Jackson memorial lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 108: 485-495. (Pubitemid 19280555)
104. Anand A, Nequ S, Khokhar S, et al. Early trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma in the developing world. Eye (Lond) 2007; 21: 40-45. (Pubitemid 46061868)
105. Migdal C, Gregory W, Hitching R. Long-term functional outcome after early surgery compared to laser and medicine in open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 1651-1657. (Pubitemid 24348390)
106. Lin SC. Endoscopic and transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of refractory glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2008; 17: 238-247. (Pubitemid 351543551)
107. Liu JH, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Comparison of the nocturnal effect of once-daily timolol and latanoprost on intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138: 389-395. (Pubitemid 39208565)
108. Asrani S, Zeimer R, Wilensky J, et al. Large diurnal fluctuations in intraocular pressure are an independent risk factor in patients with glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2000; 9: 134-142. (Pubitemid 32441322)
109. Caprioli J, Coleman AL. Intraocular pressure fluctuation a risk factor for visual field progression at low intraocular pressures in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1123.e3-1129.e3.
110. Lavik E, Kuehn MH, Kwon YH. Novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25: 578-586.
111. Good TJ, Kahook MY. Assessment of bleb morphologic features and postoperative outcomes after Ex-PRESS drainage device implantation versus trabeculectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151: 507.e1- 513.e1.
112. Kahook MY. Surgical interventions for glaucoma. Ophthalmol Manag 2011; 5: 17-19.
113. Quigley HA, Friedman DS, Hahn SR. Evaluation of practice patterns for care of open-angle glaucoma with claims data: the Glaucoma Adherence and Persistence Study. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1599-1606. (Pubitemid 47332674)
114. Rein DB, Zhang P, Wirth KE, et al. The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States [published correction appears in Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125:1304]. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 1754-1760. (Pubitemid 44920172)