HIV and SIV associated thrombocytopenia: An expanding role for platelets in the pathogenesis of HIV

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms

Volumn 8, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages

  Pate, Kelly A Metcalf ^a   Mankowski, Joseph L ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY;

CELL DESTRUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIUM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS;

EID: 84859791492     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17406765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. UNAIDS, J.U.N.P.o.H.A. (2010). Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 1-364
2. Moir, S. et al. (2011) Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 6, 223-248
3. Vogel, M. et al. (2011) The treatment of patients with HIV. Dtsch Arztebl. Int. 107, 507-515 (quiz 516)
4. Zink, M.C. et al. (2006) From mice to macaques - animal models of HIV nervous system disease. Curr. HIV Res. 4, 293-305 (Pubitemid 44027719)
5. Morris, L. et al. (1982) Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in homosexual men. Ann. Intern. Med. 96 (Pt 1), 714-717 (Pubitemid 12029337)
6. Clemetson, K.J. (2010) Platelets and pathogens. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 67, 495-498
7. Liebman, H.A. and Stasi, R. (2007) Secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 14, 557-573 (Pubitemid 47457647)
8. Marks, K.M. et al. (2009) Risk factors for thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected persons in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 52, 595-599
9. McDonald, E.J. and Butler, A. (2010) Immune thrombocytopaenia in adults: a single-centre retrospective review of patients presenting over 7 years. N. Z. Med. J. 123, 18-25
10. Nicolle, M. et al. (1998) Normal platelet numbers correlate with plasma viral load and CD4+ cell counts in HIV-1 infection. Eur. J. Haematol. 61, 216-217 (Pubitemid 28439346)
11. Alcantara, S. et al. (2009) Thrombocytopenia is strongly associated with simian AIDS in pigtail macaques. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 51, 374-379
12. Munoz, A. et al. (1988) Predictors of decline in CD4 lymphocytes in a cohort of homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1, 396-404 (Pubitemid 19127629)
13. Sloand, E.M. et al. (1992) Epidemiology of thrombocytopenia in HIV infection. Eur. J. Haematol. 48, 168-172
14. Sullivan, P.S. et al. (1997) Surveillance for thrombocytopenia in persons infected with HIV: results from the multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Project. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 14, 374-379
15. Galli, M. et al. (1996) No evidence of a higher risk of progression to AIDS in patients with HIV-1-related severe thrombocytopenia. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 12, 268-275
16. Wachtman, L.M. et al. (2007) Platelet decline: an avenue for investigation into the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Arch. Neurol. 64, 1264-1272 (Pubitemid 47403080)
17. Wachtman, L.M. et al. (2006) Platelet decline: an early predictive hematologic marker of simian immunodeficiency virus central nervous system disease. J. Neurovirol. 12, 25-33
18. Johannessen, A. et al. (2008) Predictors of mortality in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in a rural hospital in Tanzania. BMC Infect. Dis. 8, 52
19. Rieg, G. et al. (2007) Platelet count is associated with plasma HIV type 1 RNA and disease progression. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 23, 1257-1261 (Pubitemid 350014764)
20. Espinosa, E. et al. (2010) Risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome under combination antiretroviral therapy can be aetiology-specific. Int. J. STD AIDS 21, 573-579
21. Miguez-Burbano, M.J. et al. (2002) Development of thrombocytosis in HIV+ drug users: impact of antiretroviral therapy. Platelets 13, 183-185 (Pubitemid 34638924)
22. Finazzi, G. et al. (1990) Low incidence of bleeding from HIV-related thrombocytopenia in drug addicts and hemophiliacs: implications for therapeutic strategies. Eur. J. Haematol. 45, 82-85 (Pubitemid 20310108)
23. Behr, T. et al. (1994) Aetiology of HIV-associated thrombocytopenia. Lancet 343, 479
24. Cole, J.L. et al. (1998) Ineffective platelet production in thrombocytopenic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Blood 91, 3239-3246 (Pubitemid 28193873)
25. Ballem, P.J. et al. (1992) Kinetic studies of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 1779-1784
26. Koenig, C. et al. (1991) The platelet volume-number relationship in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 96, 500-503
27. Zucker-Franklin, D. et al. (1989) Structural changes in the megakaryocytes of patients infected with thehuman immune deficiency virus (HIV-1). Am. J. Pathol. 134, 1295-1303 (Pubitemid 19206316)
28. Abgrall, J.F. et al. (1992) HIV-associated thrombocytopenia: in vitro megakaryocyte colony formation in 10 patients. Ann. Med. Interne (Paris) 143, 104-106
29. Gibellini, D. et al. (2007) HIV-1 negatively affects the survival/maturation of cord blood CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells differentiated towards megakaryocytic lineage by HIV-1 gp120/CD4 membrane interaction. J. Cell Physiol. 210, 315-324 (Pubitemid 44956876)
30. White, M.J. and Kile, B.T. (2010) Apoptotic processes in megakaryocytes and platelets. Semin. Hematol. 47, 227-234
31. Espanol, I. et al. (1999) Serum thrombopoietin levels in thrombocytopenic and non-thrombocytopenic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Eur. J. Haematol. 63, 245-250 (Pubitemid 29470279)
32. D'Atri, L.P. et al. (2011) Paracrine regulation of megakaryo/ thrombopoiesis by macrophages. Exp. Hematol. 39, 763-772
33. Marti, M. et al. (1993) Comparative study of spleen pathology in drug abusers with thrombocytopenia related to human immunodeficiency virus infection and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A morphometric, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 100, 633-642 (Pubitemid 24004119)
34. Karpatkin, S. et al. (1995) Sequestration of anti-platelet GPIIIa antibody in rheumatoid factor immune complexes of human immunodeficiency virus 1 thrombocytopenic patients. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 2263-2267
35. Nardi, M. et al. (2001) Complement-independent, peroxide-induced antibody lysis of platelets in HIV-1-related immune thrombocytopenia. Cell 106, 551-561 (Pubitemid 32879317)
36. Shen, Y.M. and Frenkel, E.P. (2004) Thrombosis and a hypercoagulable state in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 10, 277-280
37. Saber, A.A. et al. (2001) HIV/AIDS and the risk of deep vein thrombosis: a study of 45 patients with lower extremity involvement. Am. Surg. 67, 645-647 (Pubitemid 33739079)
38. Crum-Cianflone, N.F. et al. (2008) Review: thromboses among HIV-infected patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 22, 771-778
39. Eitner, F. et al. (1999) Thrombotic microangiopathy in the HIV-2-infected macaque. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 649-661 (Pubitemid 29370415)
40. Voelkel, N.F. et al. (2008) From viral infection to pulmonary arterial hypertension: a role for viral proteins? AIDS 22 (Suppl. 3), S49-S53
41. Ombrello, C. et al. (2000) Our expanding view of platelet functions and its clinical implications. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 3, 538-546
42. Semple, J.W. et al. (2011) Platelets and the immune continuum. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 264-274
43. Holme, P.A. et al. (1998) Enhanced activation of platelets with abnormal release of RANTES in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. FASEB J. 12, 79-89
44. Ahmad, R. et al. (2006) Contribution of platelet activation to plasma IL-18 concentrations in HIV-infected AIDS patients. AIDS 20, 1907-1909 (Pubitemid 44358916)
45. Aukrust, P. et al. (1998) Circulating levels of RANTES in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: effect of potent antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1091-1096 (Pubitemid 28155170)
46. Landro, L. et al. (2011) Persistently raised plasma levels of platelet-derived inflammatory mediators in HIV-infected patients during highly active anti-retroviral therapy. J. Thromb. Haemost. 9, 1075-1077
47. Malnati, M.S. et al. (1997) Increased plasma levels of the C-C chemokine RANTES in patients with primary HIV-1 infection. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 11, 40-42 (Pubitemid 27503823)
48. Cognasse, F. et al. (2009) Altered release of regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein from human, normal platelets: contribution of distinct HIV-1MN gp41 peptides. AIDS 23, 2057-2059
49. Francisci, D. et al. (2009) HIV type 1 infection, and not short-term HAART, induces endothelial dysfunction. AIDS 23, 589-596
50. Sui, Z. et al. (2007) Functional synergy between CD40 ligand and HIV-1 Tat contributes to inflammation: implications in HIV type 1 dementia. J. Immunol. 178, 3226-3236 (Pubitemid 46333205)
51. Wang, J. et al. (2011) HIV-1 Tat-induced platelet activation and release of CD154 contribute to HIV-1-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenia. J. Thromb. Haemost. 9, 562-573
52. Damas, J.K. et al. (2004) Soluble CD40 ligand in pulmonary arterial hypertension: possible pathogenic role of the interaction between platelets and endothelial cells. Circulation 110, 999-1005 (Pubitemid 39136216)
53. van Kooten, C. and Banchereau, J. (2000) CD40-CD40 ligand. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 2-17
54. Zink, M.C. et al. (2001) Increased macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in cerebrospinal fluid precedes and predicts simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. J. Infect. Dis. 184, 1015-1021 (Pubitemid 32955118)
55. Scheuerer, B. et al. (2000) The CXC-chemokine platelet factor 4 promotes monocyte survival and induces monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Blood 95, 1158-1166 (Pubitemid 30099821)
56. Schwartzkopff, F. et al. (2009) Platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) facilitates human macrophage infection with HIV-1 and potentiates virus replication. Innate Immun. 15, 368-379
57. Basch, R.S. et al. (1996) The development of human megakaryocytes. II. CD4 expression occurs during haemopoietic differentiation and is an early step in megakaryocyte maturation. Br. J. Haematol. 94, 433-442 (Pubitemid 26284063)
58. Zucker-Franklin, D. et al. (1990) Internalization of human immunodeficiency virus type I and other retroviruses by megakaryocytes and platelets. Blood 75, 1920-1923 (Pubitemid 20180278)
59. Borgia, G. et al. (1996) Thrombocytopenia and AIDS: possible direct role of HIV. AIDS 10, 1606-1608 (Pubitemid 26370684)
60. Clemetson, K.J. et al. (2000) Functional expression of CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors on human platelets. Blood 96, 4046-4054
61. Corrales-Medina, V.F. et al. (2010) Increased levels of platelet microparticles in HIV-infected patients with good response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 54, 217-218
62. Rozmyslowicz, T. et al. (2003) Platelet- and megakaryocyte-derived microparticles transfer CXCR4 receptor to CXCR4-null cells and make them susceptible to infection by X4-HIV. AIDS 17, 33-42 (Pubitemid 36106296)
63. Maurice, A. et al. (2002) The virucidal effect of platelet concentrates: preliminary study and first conclusions. Platelets 13, 219-222 (Pubitemid 34787732)
64. Chaipan, C. et al. (2006) DC-SIGN and CLEC-2 mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capture by platelets. J. Virol. 80, 8951-8960 (Pubitemid 44359969)
65. Ananworanich, J. et al. (2003) Recurring thrombocytopenia associated with structured treatment interruption in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 723-725 (Pubitemid 37100816)
66. Landonio, G. et al. (1990) HIV-related severe thrombocytopenia in intravenous drug users: prevalence, response to therapy in a medium-term follow-up, and pathogenetic evaluation. AIDS 4, 29-34 (Pubitemid 20077206)
67. Rarick, M.U. et al. (1991) The long-term use of zidovudine in patients with severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia secondary to infection with HIV. AIDS 5, 1357-1361
68. Montaner, J.S. et al. (1990) The effect of zidovudine on platelet count in HIV-infected individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3, 565-570 (Pubitemid 20215283)
69. Inoue, T. et al. (1997) Lifetime treatment of mice with azidothymidine (AZT) produces myelodysplasia. Leukemia 11 (Suppl. 3), 123-127
70. Schacter, L.P. et al. (1992) Effects of therapy with didanosine on hematologic parameters in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. Blood 80, 2969-2976 (Pubitemid 23004499)
71. Riley, J.H. et al. (1992) Hematological effects of 20,30-dideoxycytidine in rabbits. Toxicol. Pathol. 20 (Pt 1), 367-375
72. Zell, S.C. and Peterson, K. (1997) Long-term remission of HIV-associated thrombocytopenia parallels ongoing suppression of viral replication. West. J. Med. 167, 433-435 (Pubitemid 128752618)
73. Majluf-Cruz, A. et al. (2004) Venous thrombosis among patients with AIDS. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 10, 19-25 (Pubitemid 38543713)
74. von Hentig, N. et al. (2008) Platelet-leucocyte adhesion markers before and after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy with HIV protease inhibitors. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62, 1118-1121
75. Wilde, J.T. (2000) Protease inhibitor therapy and bleeding. Haemophilia 6, 487-490
76. Graff, J. et al. (2008) Significant effects of tipranavir on platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 formation in vitro and in vivo. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, 394-399
77. Neunert, C. et al. (2011) The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 117, 4190-4207
78. Harker, L.A. et al. (1998) Treatment of thrombocytopenia in chimpanzees infected with human immunodeficiency virus by pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Blood 91, 4427-4433 (Pubitemid 28270287)
79. Li, J. et al. (2001) Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin. Blood 98, 3241-3248
80. Kuter, D.J. et al. (2010) Romiplostim or standard of care in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1889-1899
81. Gomez, F. et al. (2002) Treatment with megestrol acetate improves human immunodeficiency virus-associated immune thrombocytopenia. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9, 583-587 (Pubitemid 34538218)
82. Durand, J.M. et al. (1991) Dapsone for thrombocytopenic purpura related to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am. J. Med. 90, 675-677
83. Godeau, B. et al. (1993) Dapsone for autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Am. J. Hematol. 44, 70-72 (Pubitemid 23245067)
84. Griffith, D.E. et al. (1996) Varying dosages of rifabutin affect white blood cell and platelet counts in human immunodeficiency virus - negative patients who are receiving multidrug regimens for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 1321-1322 (Pubitemid 26423180)
85. Davidson, D.C. et al. (2011) Antiplatelet activity of valproic acid contributes to decreased soluble CD40 ligand production in HIV type 1-infected individuals. J. Immunol. 186, 584-591
86. Weissman, D. et al. (1993) A platelet-activating factor antagonist, RP 55778, inhibits cytokine-dependent induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected promonocytic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 2537-2541 (Pubitemid 23078663)
87. Lu, S.M. et al. (2007) The phospholipid mediator platelet-activating factor mediates striatal synaptic facilitation. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2, 194-201
88. Hitchcock, I.S. et al. (2003) NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis. Blood 102, 1254-1259 (Pubitemid 36988030)
89. Fichtenbaum, C.J. et al. (2010) Treatment with pravastatin and fenofibrate improves atherogenic lipid profiles but not inflammatory markers in ACTG 5087. J. Clin. Lipidol. 4, 279-287
90. Szebeni, J. et al. (1989) Dipyridamole potentiates the inhibition by 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and other dideoxynucleosides of human immunodeficiency virus replication in monocyte-macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 3842-3846 (Pubitemid 19141841)
91. Wu, T.S. et al. (2001) New constituents and antiplatelet aggregation and anti-HIV principles of Artemisia capillaris. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 77-83
92. Kaplan, C. et al. (1996) Antiplatelet antibodies during the course of HIV-preventive vaccine trial. AIDS 10, 447-449 (Pubitemid 26117322)
93. Bettaieb, A. et al. (1992) Presence of cross-reactive antibody between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and platelet glycoproteins in HIV-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 80, 162-169
94. Wiwanitkit, V. (2008) Structural homology of HIV-1 GP41 and human platelet glycoprotein GPIIIa. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 19, 739-740
95. Li, Z. et al. (2005) Role of molecular mimicry to HIV-1 peptides in HIV-1-related immunologic thrombocytopenia. Blood 106, 572-576 (Pubitemid 40981253)
96. Dominguez, V. et al. (1998) Antigenic homology of HIV-1 GP41 and human platelet glycoprotein GPIIIa (integrin beta3). J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 17, 385-390
97. Hohmann, A.W. et al. (1993) Common epitope on HIV p24 and human platelets. Lancet 342, 1274-1275 (Pubitemid 23338787)