A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part I: Climatology

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 138, Issue 664, 2012, Pages 561-575

  Wilcox, L J ^a   Hoskins, B J ^a   Shine, K P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ENSO; ERA Interim; High latitudes; Tropics

Indexed keywords

AIR MASS; ENSO; ERA-INTERIM; EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS; EXTRATROPICAL; EXTRATROPICS; GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY; GLOBAL SCALE; HIGH LATITUDES; HIGH-LATITUDE REGIONS; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; REANALYSIS; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION; TEMPORAL FEATURES; TROPICAL BELT; WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS; ZONAL WIND;

BLENDING; CLIMATOLOGY; TROPICS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

CLOUDS;

AIR MASS; CLIMATE PREDICTION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY; TROPICAL REGION; TROPOPAUSE; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 84859768925     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.951     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Andersson E, Thépaut J-N. 2008. ECMWF's 4D-Var data-assimilation system-the genesis and ten years in operations. ECMWF Newsletter 115: 8-12.
2. Danielsen EF. 1964. 'Project Springfield report, ' Defense Atomic Support Agency Rept. DASA 1517, 97pp. Defense Atomic Support Agency: Washington DC (DDC).
3. Danielsen EF. 1968. Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 25: 502-518.
4. Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Andrae U, Balmaseda A, Balsamo G, Bauer P, Bechtold P, Beljaars ACM, van de Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Delsol C, Dragani R, Fuentes M, Geer AJ, Haimberger L, Healy SB, Hersbach H, Hólm EV, Isaksen L, Kållberg P, Köhler M, Matricardi M, McNally AP, Monge-Sanz BM, Morcrette J-J, Park B-K, Peubey C, de Rosnay P, Tavolate C, Thépaut J-N, Vitart F. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data-assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137: 553-597.
5. Duncan BN, Strahan SE, Yoshida Y, Steenrod SD, Livesey N. 2007. Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 3713-3736.
6. Forster C, Stohl A, James P, Thouret V. 2003. The residence times of aircraft emissions in the stratosphere using a mean emission inventory and emissions along actual flight tracks. J. Geophys. Res. 108: 8524. DOI:10.1029/2002JD002515.
7. Gettelman A, Baughcum SL. 1999. Direct deposition of subsonic emissions into the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 8317-8327.
8. Hagemann S, Arpe K, Bengtsson L. 2005. Validation of the hydrological cycle in ERA-40. ERA-40 Project Report Series 24.
9. Highwood EJ, Hoskins BJ. 1998. The tropical tropopause. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 1579-1604. DOI:10.1002/qj.49712454911.
10. Highwood EJ, Hoskins BJ, Berrisford P. 2000. Properties of the Arctic tropopause. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126: 1515-1532. DOI:10.1002/qj.49712656515.
11. Hoerling MP, Schaack TK, Lenzen AJ. 1991. Global objective tropopause analysis. Mon. Weather Rev. 119: 1816-1831.
12. Hoinka KP. 1998. Statistics of the global tropopause pressure. Mon. Weather Rev. 126: 3303-3325.
13. Hoinka KP. 1999. Temperature, humidity, and wind at the global tropopause. Mon. Weather Rev. 127: 2248-2265.
14. Holton JR, Haynes PH, McIntyre ME, Douglass AR, Rood RB, Pfister L. 1995. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys. 33: 403-439. DOI:10.1029/9512G02097.
15. Horel JD, Wallace JM. 1981. Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev. 109: 813-829.
16. Hoskins BJ, McIntyre ME, Robertson WA. 1985. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111: 877-946.
17. IPCC. 2007. 'Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis', Contribution of working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor MMB, Miller HL, Chen Z (eds), 996 pp. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
18. Juckes M. 1994. Quasigeostrophic dynamics of the tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci. 51: 2756-2768.
19. Kunz A, Konopka P, Müller R, Pan LL. 2011. Dynamical tropopause based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 116: D01110.
20. Randel WJ, Wu F, Gaffen DJ. 2000. Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res. 105: 15509-15524. DOI:10.1029/2000JD900155.
21. Randel WJ, Wu F, Oltmas SJ, Rosenlof K, Nedoluha GE. 2004. Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapor and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures. J. Atmos. Sci. 61: 2133-2148.
22. Reichler T, Dameris M, Sausen R. 2003. Determining the tropopause height from gridded data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30: 2042.
23. Santer BD, Wigley TML, Simmons AJ, Kållberg PW, Kelly GA, Uppala SM, Ammann C, Boyle JS, Brüggemann W, Doutriaux C, Fiorino M, Mears C, Meehl GA, Sausen R, Taylor KE, Washington WM, Wehner MF, Wentz FJ. 2004. Identification of anthropogenic climate change using a second-generation reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D21104. DOI:10.1029/2004JD005075.
24. Schmidt T, Wickert J, Beyerle G, Reigber C. 2004. Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D13105. DOI:10.1029/2004JD004566.
25. Schmidt T, Heise S, Wickert J, Beyerle G, Reigber C. 2005. GPS radio occultation with CHAMP and SAC-C: global monitoring of thermal tropopause parameters. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 1473-1488.
26. Seidel DJ, Ross RJ, Angell JK, Reid GC. 2001. Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 7875-7878.
27. Shapiro MA. 1978. Further evidence of the mesoscale and turbulent structure of upper level jet stream-frontal zone systems. Mon. Weather Rev. 106: 1100-1111.
28. Shapiro MA. 1980. Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the troposphere and stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 994-1004.
29. Simmons AJ, Uppala S, Dee D, Kobayashi S. 2007. ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards. ECMWF Newsletter 110: 25-35.
30. Uppala SM, Kållberg PW, Simmons AJ, Andrae U, Da Costa Bechtold V, Fiorino M, Gibson JK, Haseler J, Hernandez A, Kelly GA, Li X, Onogi K, Saarinen S, Sokka N, Allan RP, Andersson E, Arpe K, Balmaseda MA, Beljaars ACM, Van De Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Caires S, Chevallier F, Dethof A, Dragosavae M, Fisher M, Fuentes M, Hagemann A, Hólm E, Hoskins BJ, Isaksen L, Janssen PAEM, Jenne R, McNally AP, Mahfouf J-F, Morcrette J-J, Rayner NA, Saunders RW, Simon P, Sterl A, Trenberth KE, Untch A, Vasiljevie D, Viterbo P, Woollen J. 2005. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131: 2961-3012. DOI: 10.1256/qj.04.174.
31. Vaughan G, Price JD. 1991. On the relation between total ozone and meteorology. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 117: 1281-1298. DOI:10.1002/qj.49711750208.
32. Wilcox LJ, Hoskins BJ, Shine KP. 2011. A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part II: Trends and tropical broadening. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., DOI: 10.1002/qj.910.
33. Wirth V. 2000. Thermal versus dynamical tropopause in upper-tropospheric balanced flow anomalies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126: 299-317.
34. Wirth V. 2001. Cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry concerning the height of the thermal and the dynamical tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci 58: 26-37.
35. World Meteorological Organization. 1957. Meteorology-a three-dimensional science. WMO Bull. 6 134-138.
36. Zängl G, Hoinka KP. 2001. The tropopause in the polar regions. J. Climate 14: 3117-3139.
37. Zhou XL, Geller MA, Zhang MH. 2001. Tropical cold-point tropopause characteristics derived from ECMWF reanalyses and soundings. J. Climate 14: 1823-1838.