Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D12, 2000, Pages 15509-15523

  Randel, William J ^a,c   Wu, Fei ^a,c   Gaffen, Dian J ^b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; RADIOSONDE; TROPOPAUSE;

EID: 0033784823     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900155     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 489 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
2. Angell, J. K., Comparison of stratospheric warming following Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 715-718, 1993.
3. Angell, J. K., Stratospheric warming due to Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo taking into account the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9479-9485, 1997.
4. Angell, J. K., and J. Korshover, Quasi-biennial variations in temperature, total ozone, and tropopause height, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 479-492, 1964.
5. Brewer, A. W., Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapor distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J .R. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 351-363, 1949.
6. Coffey, M. T., Observations of the impact of volcanic activity on stratospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6767-6780, 1996.
7. Dessler, A. E., A reexamination of the "stratospheric fountain" hypothesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4165-4168, 1998.
8. Dunkerton, T. J., and D. P. Delisi, Climatology of the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 376-396, 1985.
9. Fredrick, J., and A. Douglass, Atmospheric temperatures near the tropical tropopause: Temporal variations, zonal asymmetry and implications for stratospheric water vapor. Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 1397-1403, 1983.
10. Gaffen, D. J., Temporal inhomogeneities in radiosonde temperature records, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3667-3676, 1994.
11. Gaffen, D. J., M. A. Sargent, R. E. Habermann, and J. R. Lanzante, Sensitivity of tropospheric and stratospheric temperature trends to radiosonde data quality, J. Clim., in press, 2000.
12. Gage, K., and G. Reid, Longitudinal variations in tropical tropopause properties in relation to tropical convection and ENSO events, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,197-14,203, 1987.
13. Gibson, J. K., P. Kallberg, S. Uppala, A. Hernandez, A. Nomura, and E. Serrano, ERA description, Reanalysis Project Rep. 1, Eur. Cent. for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 1997.
14. Gill, A. E., Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 447-462, 1980.
15. Hack, J. J., J. T. Kiehl, and J. W. Hurrell, The hydrologic and thermodynamic characteristics of the NCAR CCM3, J. Clim., 11, 1179-1206, 1998.
16. Hamilton, K., R. J. Wilson, J. D. Mohlman, and L. J. Umscheid, Climatology of the SKYHI troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 5-43, 1995.
17. Highwood, E. J., and B. J. Hoskins, The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579-1604, 1998.
18. Hoerling, M. P., T. D. Schaack, and A. J. Lenzen, Global objective tropopause analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1816-1831, 1991.
19. Hoinka, K. P., Statistics of the global tropopause pressure, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 3303-3325, 1998.
20. Holton, J., P. Haynes, M. McIntyre, A. Douglass, R. Rood, and L. Pfister, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, 1995.
21. Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
22. Kanamitsu, M., R. E. Kistler, and R. W. Reynolds, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and use of satellite data, Adv. Space Res., 19(1), 481-489, 1997.
23. Krishna Murthy, B. V., K. Parameswaran, and K. O. Rose, Temporal variations of the tropical tropopause characteristics, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 914-922, 1986.
24. Labitzke, K., and M. P. McCormick, Stratospheric temperature increases due to Pinatubo aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 207-210, 1992.
25. Mo, K. C., Y. L. Wang, R. Kistler, M. Kanamitsu, and E. Kalnay, Impact of satellite data on the CDAS-reanalysis system, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 124-139, 1995.
26. Mote, P., K. Rosenlof, M. McIntyre, E. Carr, J. Gille, J. Holton, J. Kinnersley, H. Pumphrey, J. M. Russell III, and J. Waters, An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006, 1996.
27. Naujokat, B., An update of the observed quasi-biennial oscillation of the stratospheric winds over the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1873-1877, 1986.
28. Nedoluha, G. E., R. M. Bevilacqua, R. M. Gomez, D. E. Siskind, B. C. Hicks, J. M. Russell III, and B. J. Connor, Increases in middle atmospheric water vapor as observed by the Halogen Occultation Experiment and the ground-based Water Vapor Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer from 1991 to 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3531-3543, 1998.
29. Newell, R., and S. Gould-Stewart, A stratospheric fountain?, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2789-2796, 1981.
30. Oltmans, S. J., and D. J. Hofmann, Increase in lower-stratospheric water vapor at a midlatitude Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994, Nature, 374, 146-149, 1995.
31. Pawson, S., and M. Fiorino, A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere, part 1, Thermal structure and the annual cycle, Clim. Dyn., 14, 631-644, 1998.
32. Pawson, S., and M. Fiorino, A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere, part 3, Inclusion of the pre-satellite data era, Clim. Dyn., 15, in press, 2000.
33. Randel, W. J., and J. B. Cobb, Coherent variations of monthly mean total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5433-5447, 1994.
34. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, R. Swinbank, J. Nash, and A. O'Neill, Global QBO circulation derived from UKMO stratospheric analyses, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 457-474, 1999a.
35. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, J. M. Russell III, and J. Waters, Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3711-3727, 1999b.
36. Reid, G., and K. Gage, On the annual variation in height of the tropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1928-1938, 1981.
37. Reid, G., and K. Gage, Interannual variations in the height of the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5629-5635, 1985.
38. Reid, G., and K. Gage, The tropical tropopause over the western Pacific: Wave driving, convection, and the annual cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,233-21,241, 1996.
39. Santer, B. D., et al., Uncertainties in observationally based estimates of temperature change in the free atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6305-6333, 1999.
40. Schoeberl, M. R., L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, and J. E. Rosenfield, The structure of the polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7859-7882, 1992.
41. Selkirk, H. C., The tropopause cold trap during STEP/AMEX 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8591-8610, 1993.
42. Simmons, A. J., A. Untch, C. Jacob, P. Kallberg, and P. Unden, Stratospheric water vapor and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multi-year simulations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 353-386, 1999.
43. Spencer, R. W., and J. R. Christy, Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies, part I, MSU channel 2, J. Clim., 5, 847-857, 1992.
44. Spencer, R. W., and J. R. Christy, Precision lower stratospheric temperature monitoring with the MSU: Technique, validation and results 1979-1991, J. Clim., 6, 1194-1204, 1993.
45. Swinbank, R., and A. O'Neill, A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 686-702, 1994.
46. Thompson, D.W.J., and J. M. Wallace, The Arctic oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297-1300, 1998.
47. Thompson, D.W.J., and J. M. Wallace, Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, part I, Month-to-month variability, J. Clim., in press, 2000.
48. Thuburn, J., and G. C. Craig, GCM tests of theories for the height of the tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 869-882, 1997.
49. Thuburn, J., and G. C. Craig, Stratospheric influence on tropopause height: The radiative constraint, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 17-28, 2000.
50. Trenberth, K. E., Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 326-332, 1984.
51. Tuck, A. F., et al., The Brewer-Dobson circulation in the light of high-altitude in situ aircraft observations, Q. J. K. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1-69, 1997.
52. Tung, K. K., and H. Yang, Global QBO in circulation and ozone, part I, Reexamination of observational evidence, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2699-2707, 1994.
53. van Loon, H., and K. Labitzke, The 10-12-year atmospheric oscillation, Meteorol. Z., 3, 259-266, 1994.
54. Wallis, T.W.R., A subset of core stations from the Comprehensive Aerological Reference Dataset (CARDS), J. Clim., 11, 272-282, 1998.
55. World Meteorological Organization, Meteorology - A three-dimensional science: Second session of the commission for aerology, WMO Bull., IV, (4), 134-138, 1957.
56. th ed. chap. 12. WMO 8, Geneva, 1996.
57. Yulaeva, E., and J. M. Wallace, The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the microwave sounding unit, J. Clim., 7, 1719-1736, 1994.