The role of wild mammals in the maintenance of Rift Valley fever virus

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 241-266

  Olive, Marie Marie ^a,b,c   Goodman, Steven M ^d,e   Reynes, Jean Marc ^f  

^a CIRAD   (France)

^b Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Ocean Indien (CRVOI)   (France)

^c INSTITUT PASTEUR DE MADAGASCAR   (Madagascar)

^d FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^e ASSOCIATION VAHATRA   (Madagascar)

^f INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

Artiodactyla; Chiroptera; Infectious disease reservoir; Mammalia; Primata; Rift Valley fever virus; Rodentia

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ARBOVIRUS; ARTIODACTYLA; ARVICANTHIS; CARNIVORA; CHIROPTERA; LAGOMORPHA; MAMMALIA; PERISSODACTYLA; PRIMATES; PROBOSCIDEA (MAMMAL); RATTUS RATTUS; RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS; RODENTIA; SORICOMORPHA; SYNCERUS CAFFER;

EID: 84859615118     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.241     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Adeyeye, A. A., P. S. Ekong, and N. N. Pilau. 2011. Rift Valley fever: The Nigerian story. Veterinaria Italiana 47: 35-40.
2. Alexander, R. A. 1951. Rift Valley fever in the Union. Journal of South Africa Veterinary Medical Association 22: 105-109.
3. Anderson, E. C., and L. W. Rowe. 1998. The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, Rift Valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to Leptospira sp. in free-ranging wildlife in Zimbabwe. Epidemiology and Infection 121: 441-449.
4. Anderson, G. W., Jr., T. W. Slone Jr., and C. J. Peters. 1988. The gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, a model for Rift Valley fever viral encephalitis. Archives of Virology 102: 187-196.
5. Anderson, J. F., T. G. Andreadis, C. R. Vossbrinck, S. Tirrell, E. M. Wakem, R. A. French, A. E. Garmendia, and H. J. Van Kruiningen. 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. Science 286: 2331-2333.
6. Anyamba, A., K. J. Linthicum, R. Mahoney, C. J. Tucker, and P. W. Kelley. 2002. Mapping potential risk of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in African savannas using vegetation index time series data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68: 137-145.
7. Anyamba, A., J. P. Chretien, J. Small, C. J. Tucker, and K. J. Linthicum. 2006. Developing climate anomalies suggest potential disease risks for 2006-2007. International Journal of Health Geographics 5: 60.
8. Anyamba, A., J. P. Chretien, J. Small, C. J. Tucker, P. B. Formenty, J. H. Richardson, S. T. Britch, D. C. Schnabef, R. L. Erickson, and K. J. Linthicum. 2009. Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106: 955-959.
9. Anyamba, A., K. J. Linthicum, J. Small, S. C. Britch, E. Pak, S. De La Rocque, P. Formenty, A. W. Hightower, R. F. Breiman, J. P. Chretien, C. J. Tucker, D. Schnabel, R. Sang, K. Haagsma, M. Latham, H. B. Lewandowski, S. O. Magdi, M. A. Mohamed, P. M. Nguku, J. M. Reynes, and R. Swanepoel. 2010. Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in East and Southern Africa 2006-2008 and possible vector control strategies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83(S2): 43-51.
10. Bahgat, Y. Z. 2009. The potential role of pigs in the enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever at Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 84: 331-344.
11. Bahgat, Y. Z, and A. D. Hadia. 2001. The potential role of Rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 1-Detection of RVF antibodies in R. rattus blood samples by both enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immunodiffusion technique (ID). Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 76: 431-441.
12. Bahgat, Y. Z, and A. D. Hadia. 2002. The potential role of Rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever in Egypt 2-Application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood samples of Rattus rattus. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 77: 133-141.
13. Baltazard, M., M. Bahmanyar, P. Mostachfi, M. Eftekhari, and C. Mofidi. 1960. Research on plague in Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 23: 141-155.
14. Bird, B. H., J. W. K. Githinji, J. M. Macharia, J. L. Kasiiti, R. M. Muriithi, S. G. Gacheru, J. O. Musaa, J. S. Towner, S. A. Reeder, J. B. Oliver, T. L. Stevens, B. R. Erickson, L. T. Morgan, M. L. Khristova, A. L. Hartman, J. A. Comer, P. E. Rollin, T. G. Ksiazek, and S. T. Nichol. 2008. Multiple virus lineages sharing recent common ancestry were associated with a large Rift Valley fever outbreak among livestock in Kenya during 2006-2007. Journal of Virology 82: 11152-11166.
15. Bird, B. H., T. G. Ksiazek, S. T. Nichol, and N. J. MacLachlan. 2009. Rift Valley fever virus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234: 883-893.
16. Boiro, I., O. K. Konstaninov, and A. D. Numerov. 1987. Isolation of Rift-Valley fever virus from bats in Republic of Guinea. Bulletin de la Sociétéde pathologie exotique 80: 62-67.
17. Britch, S. C., and K. J. Linthicum. 2007. Rift Valley fever working group. Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, serial on the Internet. [Online]. http:// wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/8/07-0551.htm. Accessed November 2011.
18. Calisher, C. H., J. E. Childs, H. E. Field, K. V. Holmes, and T. Schountz. 2006. Bats: Important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19: 531-545.
19. Carroll, S. A., J. M. Reynes, M. L. Khristova, S. F. Andriamandimby, P. E. Rollin, and S. T. Nichol. 2011. Genetic evidence for Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Madagascar resulting from virus introductions from the East African mainland rather than enzootic maintenance. Journal of Virology 85: 6162-6167.
20. Chevalier, V., Y. Thiongane, and R. Lancelot. 2009. Endemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in Senegal. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 56: 372-374.
21. Clarke, D. H., and J. Casals. 1958. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 7: 561-573.
22. Daubney, R., and J. R. Hudson. 1932. Rift Valley fever. Lancet i: 611-612.
23. Daubney, R., J. R. Hudson, and P. C. Garnham. 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 34: 545-579.
24. Davies, F. G. 1975. Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Journal of Hygiene 75: 219-230.
25. Davies, F. G., and P. A. Addy. 1979. Rift Valley fever. A survey for antibody to the virus in bird species commonly found in situations considered to be enzootic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73: 584-585.
26. Davies, F. G., and L. Karstad. 1981. Experimental-infection of the African buffalo with the virus of Rift-Valley fever. Tropical Animal Health and Production 13: 185-188.
27. Davies, F. G., and K. J. Linthicum. 1986. The Sudan dioch (Quelea quelea aethiopica) and Rift Valley fever. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80: 171.
28. Davies, F. G., and E. Onyango. 1978. Rift Valley fever: The role of the vervet monkey as a reservoir or maintenance host for this virus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72: 213-214.
29. Davies, F. G., B. Clausen, and L. J. Lund. 1972. The pathogenicity of Rift Valley fever virus for the baboon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66: 363-365.
30. Davies, F. G., J. Koros, and H. Mbugua. 1985. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: The presence of antibody to the virus in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Hygiene 94: 241-244.
31. Davies, F. G., K. J. Linthicum, and A. D. James. 1985. Rainfall and epizootic of Rift Valley fever. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63: 941-943.
32. Davis, D. H. 1957. Studies on arthropod-borne viruses of Tongaland. III. The small wild mammals in relation to the virus studies. South African Journal of Medical Sciences 22: 55-61.
33. Diop, G., Y. Thiongane, J. Thonnon, D. Fontenille, M. Diallo, S. Sall, T. D. Ruel, and J. P. Gonzalez. 2000. The potential role of rodents in the enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Microbes and Infection 2: 343-346.
34. Easterday, B. C. 1965. Rift Valley fever. Advances in Veterinary Science 10: 65-127.
35. Easterday, B. C., L. C. Murphy, and D. G. Bennett. 1962. Experimental Rift Valley fever in calves, goats, and pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 23: 1224-1230.
36. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2005. The risk of a Rift Valley fever incursion and its persistence within the community. EFSA Journal. 238: 1-128.
37. Eisa, M. 1984. Preliminary survey of domestic animals of the Sudan for precipitating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus. Journal of Hygiene 93: 629-637.
38. Evans, A., F. Gakuya, J. T. Paweska, M. Rostal, L. Akoolo, P. J. Van Vuren, T. Manyibe, J. M. Macharia, T. G. Ksiazek, D. R. Feikin, R. F. Breiman, and M. K. Njenga. 2008. Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife. Epidemiology and Infection 136: 1261-1269.
39. Ezeifeka, G. O., J. U. Umoh, E. D. Belino, and C. D. Ezeokoli. 1982. A serological survey for Rift Valley fever antibody in food animals in Kaduna and Sokoto States of Nigeria. International Journal of Zoonoses 9: 147-151.
40. Fagbami, A. H., O. Tomori, and G. E. Kemp. 1973. A survey of Nigerian domestic and wild animals for neutralizing antibody to indigenous Rift Valley fever virus. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 2: 45-48.
41. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2000. Emergency preparedness planning Rift Valley fever. Available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/ resources/documents/AH/RVF198.htm. Accessed November 2011.
42. Findlay, G. M. 1931. Rift Valley fever or enzootic hepatitis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25: 229-265.
43. Findlay, G. M. 1932. The infectivity of Rift Valley fever for monkeys. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26: 161-168.
44. Findlay, G. M., and R. Daubney. 1931. The virus of Rift Valley fever or enzootic hepatitis. Lancet ii: 1350-1351.
45. Fischer-Tenhagen, C., C. Hamblin, S. Quandt, and K. Frolich. 2000. Serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in Africa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 316-323.
46. Flick, R., and M. Bouloy. 2005. Rift Valley fever virus. Current Molecular Medicine 5: 827-834.
47. Fontenille, D. 1989. Etude des circuits de vection d'arbovirus. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar 55: 11-317.
48. Fontenille, D., C. Mathiot, F. Rodhain, and P. Coulanges. 1988. Arboviroses in the region of Nosy-Be, Madagascar. Serologic and entomologic data. Bulletin de la Sociétéde pathologie exotique et de ses Filiales 81: 58-70.
49. Francis, T., and T. P. Magill. 1935. Rift Valley fever: A report of three cases of laboratory infection and the experimental transmission of the disease to ferrets. Journal of Experimental Medicine 62: 433-448.
50. Gear, J., B. De Meillon, V. Measroch, and R. Harwin. 1951. Rift Valley fever in South Africa. The occurrence of human cases in the Orange Free State, the North-Western Cape Province, the Western and Southern Transvaal. B. Field and laboratory investigations. South African Medical Journal 25: 908-912.
51. Gear, J., B. De Meillon, A. F. Le Roux, R. Kofsky, R. R. Innes, J. J. Steyn, W. D. Oliff, and K. H. Schulz. 1955. Rift valley fever in South Africa; A study of the 1953 outbreak in the Orange Free State, with special reference to the vectors and possible reservoir hosts. South African Medical Journal 29: 514-518.
52. Gerdes, G. H. 2004. Rift Valley fever. Revue Scientifique et Technique 23: 613-623.
53. Gonzalez, J. P., J. B. McCormick, J. F. Saluzzo, and A. J. Georges. 1983. Les fièvres hémorragiques africaines d'origine virale. Contribution à leur étude en République centrafricaine. Cahier de ORSTOM Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 21: 119-130.
54. Grubb, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. In Mammal species of the world, 3rd Edition, D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 637-722.
55. Hartley, D. M., J. L. Rinderknecht, T. L. Nipp, N. P. Clarke, and G. D. Snowder. 2011. Potential effects of Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, serial on the Internet. [Online]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/ eid1708.101088. Accessed September 2011.
56. Haydon, D. T., S. Cleaveland, L. H. Taylor, and M. K. Laurenson. 2002. Identifying reservoirs of infection: A conceptual and practical challenge. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8: 1468-1473.
57. Henderson, B. E., S. D. K. Sempala, Y. Ssenkubu, A. W. R. McCrae, and B. G. Kirya. 1972. Arbovirus epizootics involving man, mosquitoes and vertebrates at Lunyo, Uganda 1968. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 66: 343-354.
58. Hoogstraal, H., J. M. Meegan, G. M. Khalil, and F. K. Adham. 1979. The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 2. Ecological and entomological studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73: 624-629.
59. House, C., K. A. Alexander, P.W. Kat, S. J. O'Brien, and J. Mangiafico. 1996. Serum antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in African carnivores. Vector-Borne Pathogens: International Trade and Tropical Animal Diseases 791: 345-349.
60. Imam, Z. E., R. El-Karamany, and M. A. Darwish. 1979. An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt, 2. Isolation of the virus from animals. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 57: 441-443.
61. Jeanmaire, E. M., R. Rabenarivahiny, M. Biarmann, L. Rabibisoa, F. Ravaomanana, T. Randriamparany, S. Fy Andriamandimby, C. S. Diaw, P. Fenozara, S. De La Rocque, and J. M. Reynes. 2011. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever infection in ruminants in Madagascar after the 2008 outbreak. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 11: 395-402.
62. Johnson, B. K., L. G. Gitau, A. Gichogo, P. M. Tukei, J. G. Else, M. A. Suleman, R. Kimani, and P. D. Sayer. 1982. Marburg, Ebola and Rift-Valley Fever virus-antibodies in East-African Primates. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 307-310.
63. Kakani, S., A. D. LaBeaud, and C. H. King. 2010. Planning for Rift Valley fever virus: Use of geographical information systems to estimate the human health threat of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)-related transmission. Geospatial Health 5: 33-43.
64. Kark, J. D., Y. Aynor, Y. Benmordechai, N. Ronkuper, B. A. Peleg, and C. J. Peters. 1982. A serological survey of Rift-Valley fever antibodies in the northern Sinai. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 427-430.
65. Kasari, T. R., D. A. Carr, T. V. Lynn, and J. T. Weaver. 2008. Evaluation of pathways for release of Rift Valley fever virus into domestic ruminant livestock, ruminant wildlife, and human populations in the continental United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232: 514-529.
66. Keefer, G. V., G. L. Zebarth, and W. P. Allen. 1972. Susceptibility of dogs and cats to Rift Valley fever by inhalation or ingestion of virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 125: 307-309.
67. Klein, S. L., and C. H. Calisher. 2007. Emergence and persistence of hantaviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315: 217-252.
68. LaBeaud, A. D., P. C. Cross, W.M. Getz, A. Glinka, and C. H. King. 2011. Rift Valley fever virus infection in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) herds in rural South Africa: Evidence of interepidemic transmission. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84: 641-646.
69. La Ruche, G., Y. Souarès, A. Armengaud, F. Peloux-Petiot, P. Delaunay, P. Desprès, A. Lenglet, F. Jourdain, I. Leparc-Goffart, F. Charlet, L. Ollier, K. Mantey, T. Mollet, J. P. Fournier, R. Torrents, K. Leitmeyer, P. Hilairet, H. Zeller, W. Van Bortel, D. Dejour-Salamanca, M. Grandadam, and M. Gastellu-Etchegorry. 2010. First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan France. Euro Surveillance 15: 19676. [Online]. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/ EE/V15N39/art19676.pdf. Accessed November 2011.
70. Linthicum, K. J., F. G. Davies, A. Kairo, and C. L. Bailey. 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. Journal of Hygiene 95: 197-209.
71. Linthicum, K. J., C. L. Bailey, F. G. Davies, and C. J. Tucker. 1987. Detection of Rift Valley fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science 235: 1656-1659.
72. Linthicum, K. J., A. Anyamba, C. J. Tucker, P. W. Kelley, M. F. Myers, and C. J. Peters. 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285: 397-400.
73. Linthicum, K. J., A. Anyamba, S. C. Britch, J. P. Chretien, R. L. Erickson, J. Small, C. J. Tucker, K. E. Bennett, R. T. Mayer, E. T. Schmidtmann, T. G. Andreadis, J. F. Anderson, W. C. Wilson, J. E. Freier, A. M. James, R. S. Miller, B. S. Drolet, S. N. Miller, C. A. Tedrow, C. L. Bailey, D. A. Strickman, D. R. Barnard, G. G. Clark, and L. Zou. 2007. A Rift Valley fever risk surveillance system for Africa using remotely sensed data: Potential for use on other continents. Veterinaria Italiana 43: 663-674.
74. Mariner, J. C., J. Morrill, and T. G. Ksiazek. 1995. Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53: 217-221.
75. Maurice, Y. 1967. First serologic verification of the incidence of Wesselsbronn's disease and Rift Valley fever in sheep and wild ruminants in Chad and Cameroon. Revue d'Elevage et Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 20: 395-405.
76. McIntosh, B. M. 1961. Susceptibility of some African wild rodents to infection with various arthropod-borne viruses. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55: 63-68.
77. Meegan, J. M., H. Hoogstraal, and M. I. Moussa. 1979. An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977. Veterinary Record 105: 124-125.
78. Mims, C. A. 1956. Rift Valley fever virus in mice. I. General features of the infection. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 37: 99-109.
79. Munyua, P., R. M. Murithi, S. Wainwright, J. Githinji, A. Hightower, D. Mutonga, J. Macharia, P. M. Ithondeka, J. Musaa, R. F. Breiman, P. Bloland, and M. K. Njenga. 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006-2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83: 58-64.
80. Nabeth, P., Y. Kane, M. O. Abdalahi, M. Diallo, K. Ndiaye, K. Ba, F. Schneegans, A. A. Sall, and C. Mathiot. 2001. Rift Valley fever outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: Seroepidemiologic, virologic, entomologic, and zoologic investigations. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7: 1052-1054.
81. Nakounne, E., B. Selekon, and J. Morvan. 2000. Microbiological surveillance: Viral hemorrhagic fever in Central African Republic: Current serological data in man. Bulletin de la Sociétéde pathologie exotique 93: 340-347.
82. Oelofsen, M. J., and E. Van Der Ryst. 1999. Could bats act as reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever virus? Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 66: 51-54.
83. Olaleye, O. D., L. A. Oladosu, S. A. Omilabu, S. S. Baba, and A. H. Fagbami. 1989. Complement fixing antibodies against arboviruses in horses at Lagos, Nigeria. Revue d'Elevage et Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 42: 321-325.
84. Olaleye, O. D., O. Tomori, and H. Schmitz. 1996. Rift Valley fever in Nigeria: Infections in domestic animals. Revue Scientifique et Technique (OIE) 15: 937-946.
85. Pellissier, A., and R. Rousselot. 1954. Enquête sérologique sur l'incidence des virus neurotropes chez quelques singes de l'Afrique équatoriale franaise. Bulletin de la Sociétéde pathologie exotique 47: 228-230.
86. Peterson, A. T., D. S. Carroll, J. N. Mills, and K. M. Johnson. 2004. Potential mammalian filovirus reservoirs. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 2073-2081.
87. Pourrut, X., D. Nkoghe, M. Souris, C. Paupy, J. Paweska, C. Padilla, G. Moussavou, and E. M. Leroy. 2010. Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence in human rural populations of Gabon. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4: e763.
88. Pretorius, A., M. J. Oelofsen, M. S. Smith, and E. Van Der Ryst. 1997. Rift Valley fever virus: A seroepidemiologic study of small terrestrial vertebrates in South Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57: 693-698.
89. ProMED-mail. 1999. Rift Valley fever-South Africa. ProMED-mail 08 Feb 1999: 19990208.0177. http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed August 2011.
90. Rezza, G., L. Nicoletti, R. Angelini, R. Romi, A. C. Finarelli, M. Panning, P. Cordioli, C. Fortuna, S. Boros, F. Magurano, G. Silvi, P. Angelini, M. Dottori, M. G. Ciufolini, G. C. Majori, and A. Cassone. 2007. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: An outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370: 1840-1846.
91. Rickenbach, A., and J. Mouchet. 1981. Les diptères hématophages vecteurs d'arbovirus en Afrique. Médecine Tropicale 41: 13-22.
92. Ringot, D., J. P. Durand, H. Toulou, J. P. Boutin, and B. Davoust. 2004. Rift Valley fever in Chad. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 945-947.
93. Rodhain, F. 1998. The idea of natural reservoir in arbovirology. Bulletin de la Sociétéde pathologie exotique 91: 279-282.
94. Saluzzo, J. F., J. P. Digoutte, J. L. Camicas, and G. Chauvancy. 1985. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever in South-Eastern Mauritania. Lancet 325: 116.
95. Saluzzo, J. F., C. Chartier, R. Bada, D. Martinez, and J. P. Digoutte. 1987. La fièvre de la vallée du Rift en Afrique de l'Ouest. Revue d'Elevage et Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 40: 215-223.
96. Scott, G. R. 1963. Pigs and Rift Valley fever. Nature 200: 919-920.
97. Scott, G. R., and R. B. Heisch. 1959. Rift Valley fever and Rift Valley rodents. East African Medical Journal 36: 665-667.
98. Shimshony, A., and R. Barzilai. 1983. Rift-Valley fever. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 27: 347-425.
99. Smith, D. R., K. E. Steele, J. Shamblin, A. Honko, J. Johnson, C. Reed, M. Kennedy, J. L. Chapman, and L. E. Hensley. 2010. The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus in the mouse model. Virology 407: 256-267.
100. Smithburn, K. C., A. J. Haddow, and J. D. Gillett. 1948. Rift Valley fever; Isolation of the virus from wild mosquitoes. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 29: 107-121.
101. Swanepoel, R., and J. A. W. Coetzer. 2004. Rift Valley fever. In Infectious diseases of livestock, J. A. W. Coetzer, G. R. Thomson, and R. C. Tustin (eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 1037-1070.
102. Swanepoel, R., N. K. Blackburn, S. Efstratiou, and J. B. Condy. 1978. Studies on Rift Valley fever in some African murids (Rodentia: Muridae). Journal of Hygiene 80: 183-196.
103. Taylor, P., and R. Swanepoel. 1980. Observations on mosquitoes, midges and rodents during the 1978 Rift Valley fever epizootic in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 11: 44-49.
104. Tessier, S. F., P. E. Rollin, and P. Sureau. 1987. Viral hemorrhagic-fever survey in Chobe (Bots-wana). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81: 699-700.
105. Tordo, N., and M. P. Marianneau. 2009. Viruses and bats: Rabies and Lyssavirus. Bulletin et Mémoires de l'Académie royale de médecine de Belgique 164: 7-15.
106. Turell, M. J., W. C. Wilson, and K. E. Bennett. 2010. Potential for North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Journal of Medical Entomology 47: 884-889.
107. Walker, J. S., N. S. Remmele, R. C. Carter, J. Q. Mitten, L. G. Schuh, E. L. Stephen, and F. Klein. 1970. The clinical aspects of Rift Valley fever virus in household pets. I. Susceptibility of the dog. Journal of Infectious Diseases 121: 9-18.
108. Walker, J. S., E. L. Stephen, N. S. Remmele, R.C. Carter, J. Q. Mitten, L. G. Schuh, and F. Klein. 1970. The clinical aspects of Rift Valley fever virus in household pets. II. Susceptibility of the cat. Journal of Infectious Diseases 121: 19-24.
109. Weinbren, M. P., and Hewitt, L. E. 1958. Virus neutralization tests on hippopotamus sera. Annual Report 1957-1958. East Africa Virus Research Institute, pp. 13-15.
110. Weinbren, M. P., and P. J. Mason. 1957. Rift Valley fever in a wild field rat (Arvicanthis abyssinicus): A possible natural host. South African Medical Journal 31: 427-430.
111. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. 2005. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, Maryland, 2, 142 pp.
112. Woodall, J. P., and M. C. Williams. 1960. Work with rodents. Annual Report of East African Virus Research Institute. 26 pp.
113. World Health Organization. 2007. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006-April 2007. Weekly Epidemiological Record 82: 169-178.
114. World Organisationfor AnimalHealth (OIE). 2011. World Animal Health Information Database. [Online]. http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php? page5home&admin50&newlang51. Accessed November 2011.
115. Zeller, H. G., D. Fontenille, M. Traorelamizana, Y. Thiongane, and J. P. Digoutte. 1997. Enzootic activity of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56: 265-272.
116. Zeller, H. G., H. T. Rakotoharinadrasana, and M. Rakoto-Andrianarivelo. 1998. La fièvre de la Vallée du Rift à Madagascar: risques d'infection pour le personnel d'abattoir à Antananarivo. Revue d'Elevage et Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 51: 17-20.