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The difficulty of characterizing liquid compounds well (e.g. through boiling points, refractive indexes, and densities) and the possiblility of polycyclic isomer formation raised doubts about Willstätter's results (see: Baker, W. J. Chem. Soc. 1945, 258-267) until his synthesis was repeated and verified by Cope in 1948 (Cope, A. C. Overberger, C. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1433-1437). As the determination of the D 2 d structure of COT lay in the future, Willstätter assumed COT to have a planar structure and rationalized its unexpected olefinic (rather than aromatic) behavior by an imaginative (but now amusingly quaint) explanation. He invoked the centric benzene model of Claus (Claus, A. Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der Organischen Chemie; Freiburg, Germany, 1867; p 207), Armstrong (Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1887, 51, 258-268), and Baeyer (Baeyer, A. Ann. Chem. 1887, 245, 103-190;Ann. Chem. 1888, 251, 257-311).
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