Correlates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in children and adolescents cared for in community settings

Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 101-108

  Nugent, Katie L ^a   Daniels, Amy M ^a   Azur, Melissa J ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b MATHEMATICA POLICY RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Children and adolescents; Community settings; Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; COMMUNITY CARE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNICITY; FAMILY; FEMALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; RACE; RARE DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHOOL CHILD;

EID: 84859483144     PISSN: 1475357X     EISSN: 14753588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00618.x     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Achenbach, T. (1991). Manual for the child behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Adebimpe, V., Klein, H., & Fried, J. (1981). Hallucinations and delusions in black psychiatric patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 73, 517.
3. Andra, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Walker, J.D., Whitfield, C., Peryy, B.D., Dube, S.R., & Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174-186.
4. Azur, M.J., Stuart, E.A, Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. (2011). Multiple imputation by chained equations: What is it and how does it work? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(1), 40-49.
5. Barkley, R. (1988). Child behavior rating scales and checklists. In M. Rutter, A. H. Tuma & I. S. Lann (Eds.), Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology (pp. 113-155). New York: Guildford Press.
6. Biederman, J., Petty, C., Faraone, S., & Seidman, L. (2004). Phenomenology of childhood psychosis: Findings from a large sample of psychiatrically referred youth. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 607.
7. Boeing, L., Murray, V., Pelosi, A., McCabe, R., Blackwood, D., & Wrate, R. (2007). Adolescent-onset psychosis: Prevalence, needs and service provision. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 18-26.
8. Brannan, A., Heflinger, C., & Foster, E. (2003). The role of caregiver strain and other family variables in determining children's use of mental health services. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11, 77.
9. Bresnahan, M., Begg, M. D., Brown, A., Schaefer, C., Sohler, N., Insel, B., et al. (2007). Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: Another example of health disparity? International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 751.
10. Byles, J., Byrne, C., Boyle, M., & Offord, D. (1988). Ontario child health study: Reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster family assessment device. Family Process, 27, 97-104.
11. Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J. (2005). Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 12-24.
12. Caplan, R., & Tanguay, P. (1996). Development of psychotic thinking in children. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 315-322). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS):
14. Costello, E.J., Farmer, E., Angold, A., Burns, B.J., & Erkanli, A. (1997). Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: The Great Smoky Mountains Study. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 827-832.
15. Dunst, C., & Leet, H. (1987). Measuring the adequacy of resources in households with young children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 13, 111-125.
16. Epstein, M. (1999). The development and validation of a scale to assess the emotional and behavioral strengths of children and adolescents. Remedial and Special Education, 20, 258.
17. Evans, J., & Acton, W. (1972). A psychiatric service for the disturbed adolescent. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 429.
18. Falcone, T., Mishra, L., Carlton, E., Lee, C., Butler, R., Janigro, D., Simon, B., & Franco, K. (2010). Suicidal behavior among adolescents with first-episode psychosis. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 4, 34-40.
19. Green, W., Padron-Gayol, M., Hardesty, A., & Bassiri, M. (1992). Schizophrenia with childhood onset: A phenomenological study of 38 cases. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 965.
20. Gross, G. (1997). The onset of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 187-198.
21. Häfner, H., an der Heiden, W., Behrens, S., Gattaz, W., Hambrecht, M., Löffler, W., Maurer, K., Munk-Jørgensen, P., Nowotny, B., Riecher-Rössler, A., & Stein, A. (1998). Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 99-113.
22. Häfner, H., & Nowotny, B. (1995). Epidemiology of early-onset schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 80-92.
23. Heflinger, C., Northrup, D., Sonnichsen, S., & Brannan, A. (1998). Including a family focus in research on community-based services for children with serious emotional disturbance: Experiences from the fort bragg evaluation project. In M. Epstein, K. Kutash & A. Duchnowski (Eds.), Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders and their families: Programs and evaluation best practices (pp. 261-293). Austin, TX: PRO-ED Incorporated.
24. Heim, C., Shugar, M., Craighead, W.E., & Nemeroff, C.B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 52, 671-690.
25. Hodges, K., Lambert, W., & Summerfelt, W. (1994). Validity of a measure to assess impairment: The child and adolescent functional assessment scale (CAFAS). 7th Annual Research Conference, A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base, Tampa, FL.
26. Hodges, K., & Wong, M. (1996). Psychometric characteristics of a multidimensional measure to assess impairment: The child and adolescent functional assessment scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 445-467.
27. Jones, B., & Gray, B. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks. Psychiatric Services, 37, 61.
28. Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 624.
29. Kendler, K., Gallagher, T., Abelson, J., & Kessler, R. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample: The national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1022.
30. Lay, B., Blanz, B., Hartmann, M., & Schmidt, M. (2000). The psychosocial outcome of adolescent-onset schizophrenia: A 12-year followup. Schizophr Bull, 26, 801-816.
31. Lohr, D., & Birmaher, B. (1995). Psychotic disorders. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics North America, 4, 237-254.
32. Macro International Inc. (2007). Comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families program, evaluation findings-Annual report to congress, 2002-2003 No. DHHS SMA-CB-E2002/03). Rockville, Maryland: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
33. McClellan, J., & McCurry, C. (1999). Early onset psychotic disorders: Daignostic stability and clinical characteristics. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8, 13-19.
34. McGlashan, T., & Johannessen, J. (1996). Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: Rationale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 201-222.
35. McKenna, K., Gordon, C., Lenane, M., Kaysen, D., Fahey, K., & Rapoport, J. (1994). Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: The first 71 cases screened. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 636-644.
36. Minsky, S., Vega, W., Miskimen, T., Gara, M., & Escobar, J. (2003). Diagnostic patterns in latino, african american, and european american psychiatric patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(6), 637-644.
37. Mukherjee, S., Shukla, S., Woodle, J., Rosen, A., & Olarte, S. (1983). Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in bipolar patients: A multiethnic comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(12), 1571.
38. Read, J., Os, J., Morrison, A., & Ross, C. (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(5), 330-350.
39. Remschmidt, H., Martin, M., Fleischhaker, C., Theisen, F., Hennighausen, K., Gutenbrunner, C., et al. (2007). Forty-two-years later: The outcome of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Neural Transmission, 114(4), 505-512.
40. Remschmidt, H., Schulz, E., Martin, M., Warnke, A., & Trott, G. (1994). Childhood-onset schizophrenia: History of the concept and recent studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 727-727.
41. Rubin, D. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.
42. Schafer, J., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
43. Schiffman, J., & Daleiden, E. (2006). Population and service characteristics of youth with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses in the Hawaii system of care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 47, 58-62.
44. Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., Apter, A., Diller, R., Sher, L., & Weizman, A. (2007). A 10-year retrospective study of inpatient adolescents with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and substance use. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 1-7.
45. Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., & Os, J. (2004). Early maternal stress and health behaviours and offspring expression of psychosis in adolescence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 356-364.
46. StataCorp. (2009). Stata statistical software: Release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
47. Strakowski, S., Flaum, M., Amador, X., Bracha, H., Pandurangi, A., Robinson, D., et al. (1996). Racial differences in the diagnosis of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 21, 117-124.
48. Thomsen, P. (1996). Schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset-a nationwide register-based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 187-193.
49. Tolmac, J., & Hodes, M. (2004). Ethnic variation among adolescent psychiatric in-patients with psychotic disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 428.
50. Weiser, M., Werbeloff, N., Vishna, T., Yoffe, R., Lubin, G., Shmushkevitch, M., et al. (2008). Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1113-1119.
51. Wicks, S., Hjern, A., Gunnell, D., Lewis, G., & Dalman, C. (2005). Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: A national cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1652-1657.
52. Wu, E., Birnbaum, H., Shi, L., Ball, D., Kessler, R., Moulis, M., et al. (2005). The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1122-1129.