Reimaging a nation: South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup

Journal of Sport and Tourism

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 211-230

  Lepp, Andrew ^a   Gibson, Heather ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

FIFA World Cup; Image; Media coverage; Mega event; Perceived risk

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859238258     PISSN: 14775085     EISSN: 10295399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2011.635007     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Akinboade, O. A. and Braimoh, L. A. 2010. International tourism and economic development in South Africa: A Granger causality test. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(2): 149-163.
2. Altbeker, A. 2005. Is South Africa really the world's crime capital?. SA Crime Quarterly, 11: 1-8.
3. Ankomah, P. K. and Crompton, J. L. 1990. Unrealized tourism potential: The case of sub-Saharan Africa. Tourism Management, 11(1): 11-28.
4. Awaritefe, O. D. 2004. Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3): 264-281.
5. BBC (2010) South Africa to make 2020 Olympic Bid. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8816647.stm (accessed 11 March 2011).
6. Beerli, A. and Martin, J. D. 2004. Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis-a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(5): 623-636.
7. Bigné, E., Sanchez, I. and Sanjez, J. 2001. Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behavior: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6): 607-616.
8. Binn, T. and Nel, E. 2002. Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa. Geographical Journal, 168(3): 235-247.
9. Boorstin, D. 1961. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America, New York: Harper and Row.
10. Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: The Social Critique of The Judgment of Taste, London: Routledge.
11. Brown, D. O. 2000. Political risk and other barriers to tourism promotion in Africa: Perceptions of US-based travel intermediaries. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(3): 197-210.
12. Brunt, P., Mawby, R. and Hambly, Z. 2000. Tourist victimization and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21(4): 417-424.
13. Calder, B., Phillips, W. and Tybout, A. 1981. Designing research for application. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2): 197-207.
14. Carter, S. 1998. Tourists' and travellers' social constructions of Africa and Asia as risky locations. Tourism Management, 19(4): 349-358.
15. Chalip, L. 2004. "Beyond economic impact: A general model for sport event leverage". In Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, Edited by: Ritchie, in: B. and Adair, D. 226-252. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
16. Chalip, L. and Costa, C. 2005. Sport event tourism and the destination brand: Towards a general theory. Sport in Society, 8(2): 218-237.
17. Chalip, L., Green, B. C. and Hill, B. 2003. Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit. Journal of Sport Management, 17(3): 214-234.
18. Chen, C. and Tsai, D. 2007. How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism Management, 28(4): 1115-1122.
19. Chon, K. S. 1990. The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion. Revue-de-Tourisme, 45(2): 2-9.
20. Cohen, E. 1972. Towards a sociology of international tourism. Sociological Research, 39: 164-182.
21. Cornelissen, S. 2004. Sport mega-events in Africa: Processes, impacts and prospects. Tourism Hospitality Planning and Development, 1(1): 39-55.
22. Cornelissen, S. 2008. Scripting the nation: Sport, mega events, foreign policy and state building in post-apartheid South Africa. Sport in Society, 11(4): 481-493.
23. Crompton, J. L. 1979. An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4): 18-23.
24. Desmarais, F. and Bruce, T. 2010. The power of stereotypes: Anchoring images through language in live sports broadcasts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(3): 338-362.
25. Dickinson, S. 2007. Evaluations of branding alliances between non-profit and commercial brand partners: The transfer of affect. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 12(1): 75-89.
26. Dimeo, P. and Kay, J. 2004. Major sports events, image projection and the problems of 'semi-periphery': A case study of the 1996 South Asia Cricket World Cup. Third World Quarterly, 25(7): 1263-1276.
27. Echtner, C. M. and Ritchie, J. R. B. 1993. The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4): 3-13.
28. Essex, S. and Chalkley, B. 1998. Olympic Games: Catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3): 187-206.
29. Fry, D., Saayman, A. and Saayman, M. 2010. The relationship between tourism and trade in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 78(3): 287-306.
30. Garely, E. (2011) Crime and tourism coexist in South Africa. eTurboNews. Available at www.eturbonews.com/print/21560 (accessed 28 March 2011).
31. Gartner, W. C. 1989. Tourism image: Attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2): 16-20.
32. Gartner, W. C. and Shen, J. 1992. The impact of Tiananmen Square on China's tourism image. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4): 47-52.
33. Gibson, H., Qi, C. and Zhang, J. 2008. Destination image and intent to visit China, and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22(3): 427-450.
34. Green, B. C., Costa, C. and Fitzgerald, M. 2003. Marketing the host city: Analyzing exposure generated by a sport event. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 4(4): 335-353.
35. Gunn, C. A. 1972. Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions, Austin: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas.
36. Hede, A. M. 2005. Sports events, tourism and destination marketing strategies: An Australian case study of Athens 2004 and its media telecast. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 10(3): 187-200.
37. Horne, J. 2007. The four "knowns" of sports mega-events. Leisure Studies, 26(1): 81-96.
38. Hunt, J. D. 1975. Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3): 1-7.
39. Kaplanidou, K. 2009. Relationships among behavioral intentions, cognitive event and destination images among different geographic regions of Olympic Games spectators. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(4): 249-272.
40. Kaplanidou, K. and Vogt, C. 2007. The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists' behaviors. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3): 183-206.
41. Keim, C. 1999. Mistaking Africa: Curiosities and Inventions of the American Mind, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42. Kim, S. S. and Morrsion, A. M. 2005. Change of image of South Korea among foreign tourists after the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Tourism Management, 26(2): 233-247.
43. Kirk, J. and Miller, M. L. 1986. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
44. Koo, G. Y., Quarterman, J. and Jackson, E. N. 2006. The effect of perceived image fit on brand awareness: 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 7(3): 180-190.
45. Kozak, M., Crotts, J. and Law, R. 2007. The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4): 233-242.
46. Kynoch, G. 2005. Crime, conflict and politics in transition-era South Africa. African Affairs, 104(416): 493-514.
47. Lawson, R. and Thyne, M. 2001. Destination avoidance and inept destination sets. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(3): 199-208.
48. Lepp, A. and Gibson, H. 2003. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3): 606-624.
49. Lepp, A. and Gibson, H. 2008. Sensation seeking and tourism: Tourist role, perception of risk and destination choice. Tourism Management, 29(4): 740-750.
50. Lepp, A., Gibson, H. and Lane, C. 2011. Image and perceived risk: A study of Uganda and its official tourism website. Tourism Management, 32(3): 675-684.
51. Lepp, A. and Harris, J. 2008. Tourism and national identity in Uganda. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(6): 525-536.
52. Mathers, K. 2004. Reimagining Africa: What American students learn in South Africa. Tourism Review International, 8(2): 127-141.
53. McCannel, D. 1999. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, Berkeley: University of California Press.
54. Mercille, J. 2005. Media effects on image: The case of Tibet. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4): 1039-1055.
55. Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O'Reilly, N. and Luk, P. 2008. Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1): 84-106.
56. Ndlovu, S. M. 2010. Sports as cultural diplomacy: The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa's foreign policy. Soccer & Society, 11(2): 144-153.
57. Pike, S. 2002. Destination image analysis-a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism Management, 23(5): 541-549.
58. Pratt, M. L. 1992. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, New York: Routledge.
59. Prebensen, N. 2007. Exploring tourists' images of a distant destination. Tourism Management, 28(3): 747-756.
60. Qi, C., Gibson, H. and Zhang, J. 2009. Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1): 43-67.
61. Ritchie, J. R. B. 1984. Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 22(1): 2-11.
62. Ritchie, J. R. B. and Smith, B. 1991. The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: A longitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research, 30(1): 3-10.
63. Roberts, K. 2004. The Leisure Industries, London: Palgrave.
64. Shoval, N. 2002. A new phase in the competition for the Olympic Gold: The London and New York bids for the 2012 games. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(5): 583-599.
65. Smith, A. 2005. Reimaging the city: The value of sport initiatives. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1): 229-248.
66. Smith, A. 2006. Tourists' consumption and interpretation of sport event imagery. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(1): 77-100.
67. Sonmez, S. and Graefe, A. 1998. Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2): 171-177.
68. Sönmez, S. and Sirakaya, E. 2002. A distorted destination image: The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2): 185-196.
69. Swart, K. and Bob, U. 2007. The eluding link: Toward developing a national sport tourism strategy in South Africa beyond 2010. Politikon, 34(3): 373-391.
70. Tasci, A. 2009. The missing link in the loop of movies, destination image and tourist behavior?. Journal of Travel Research, 47(4): 494-507.
71. Tasci, A. and Gartner, W. 2007. Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4): 413-425.
72. Teye, V. 1988. Prospects for regional tourism cooperation in Africa. Tourism Management, 9(3): 221-234.
73. Van Der Merwe, J. 2007. Political analysis of South Africa's hosting of the Rugby and Cricket World Cups: Lessons for the 2010 Football World Cup and beyond?. Politikon, 34(1): 67-81.
74. Whitelegg, D. 2000. Going for gold: Atlanta's bid for fame. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(4): 801-817.
75. WTO (2010) Tourism Highlights: 2010 Edition. World Tourism Organization. Available at http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/UNWTO_Highlights10_en_HR.pdf (accessed 7 November 2011).
76. Yuksel, A. and Akgul, O. 2006. Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3): 714-725.