Orbitofrontal volumes in early adolescence predict initiation of cannabis use: A 4-year longitudinal and prospective study

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 71, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 684-692

  Cheetham, Ali ^a   Allen, Nicholas B ^a,b   Whittle, Sarah ^a,b   Simmons, Julian G ^a   Yücel, Murat ^a,b   Lubman, Dan I ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adolescence; cannabis; imaging; longitudinal; orbitofrontal cortex; structural MRI

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SIZE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORBITAL CORTEX; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; ORGAN SIZE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 84859026606     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: 18732402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.029     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. G.C. Chan, T.R. Hinds, S. Impey, D.R. Storm Hippocampal neurotoxicity of [DELTA]9-tetrahydrocannabinol J Neurosci 18 1998 5322 5332
2. R.G. Heath, A.T. Fitzjarrell, C.J. Fontana, R.E. Garey Cannabis sativa: Effects on brain function and ultrastructure in rhesus monkeys Biol Psychiatry 15 1980 657 690 (Pubitemid 10004879)
3. E. Downer, B. Boland, M. Fogarty, V. Campbell [DELTA]9- Tetrahydrocannabinol induces the apoptotic pathway in cultured cortical neurons via activation of the CB1 receptor Neuroreport 12 2001 3973 3978 (Pubitemid 33152436)
4. V. Lorenzetti, D.I. Lubman, S. Whittle, N. Solowij, M. Ycel Structural MRI findings in long-term cannabis users: What do we know? Subst Use Misuse 45 2010 1787 1808
5. M. Glass, R.L. Faull, M. Dragunow Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: A detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human population Neuroscience 77 1997 299 318 (Pubitemid 27079604)
6. A.C. Scallet, E. Uemura, A. Andrews, S.F. Ali, D.E. McMillan, M.G. Paule Morphometric studies of the rat hippocampus following chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Brain Research 436 1987 193 198 (Pubitemid 17167155)
7. D.A. Eldreth, J.A. Matochik, J.L. Cadet, K.I. Bolla Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users Neuroimage 23 2004 914 920 (Pubitemid 39446525)
8. R.I. Block, D.S. O'Leary, R.D. Hichwa, J.C. Augustinack, L.L. Boles Ponto, M.M. Ghoneim Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72 2002 237 250 (Pubitemid 34251333)
9. G. Jager, H.H. Van Hell, M.M. De Win, R.S. Kahn, W. Van Den Brink, J.M. Van Ree, N.F. Ramsey Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 2007 289 297 (Pubitemid 46156994)
10. P. Fusar-Poli, J.A. Crippa, S. Bhattacharyya, S.J. Borgwardt, P. Allen, R. Martin-Santos Distinct effects of [DELTA]9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing Arch GenPsychiatry 66 2009 95 105
11. K.L. Phan, M. Angstadt, J. Golden, I. Onyewuenyi, A. Popovska, H. de Wit Cannabinoid modulation of amygdala reactivity to social signals of threat in humans J Neurosci 28 2008 2313 2319 (Pubitemid 351348194)
12. M. Ycel, N. Solowij, C. Respondek, S. Whittle, A. Fornito, C. Pantelis, D.I. Lubman Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use Arch GenPsychiatry 65 2008 694 701 (Pubitemid 351787240)
13. J.A. Matochik, D.A. Eldreth, J.L. Cadet, K.I. Bolla Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users Drug Alcohol Depend 77 2005 23 30 (Pubitemid 39656096)
14. K.L. Medina, A.D. Schweinsburg, M. Cohen-Zion, B.J. Nagel, S.F. Tapert Effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use during adolescence on hippocampal volume and asymmetry Neurotoxicol Teratol 29 2007 141 152 (Pubitemid 46205161)
15. R.I. Block, D.S. O'Leary, J.C. Ehrhardt, J.C. Augustinack, M.M. Ghoneim, S. Arndt, J.A. Hall Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition NeuroReport 11 2000 491 496
16. K.L. Medina, B.J. Nagel, A. Park, T. McQueeny, S.F. Tapert Depressive symptoms in adolescents: Associations with white matter volume and marijuana use J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48 2007 592 600 (Pubitemid 46902329)
17. W. Wilson, R. Mathew, T. Turkington, T. Hawk, R.E. Coleman, J. Provenzale Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: A magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography study J Addict Dis 19 2000 1 22 (Pubitemid 30649828)
18. N. Solowij, M. Ycel, V. Lorenzetti, D.I. Lubman Structural brain alterations in cannabis users: Association with cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms M.S. Ritsner, The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes, Vol 2: Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Endophenotypes and Biomarkers 2009 Elsevier New York 215 225
19. M. Ycel, D.I. Lubman, D. Velakoulis, M.T.H. Wong, S.J. Wood, A. Condello Structural brain correlates of alcohol and cannabis use in recreational users Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18 2006 226 229 (Pubitemid 44655306)
20. M.J. Fernndez-Serrano, M. Pérez-Garca, J. Schmidt Ro-Valle, A. Verdejo-Garca Neuropsychological consequences of alcohol and drug abuse on different components of executive functions J Psychopharmacol 24 2010 1317 1332
21. S. McHale, N. Hunt Executive function deficits in short-term abstinent cannabis users Hum Psychopharmacol 23 2008 409 415
22. K.I. Bolla, D.A. Eldreth, J.A. Matochik, J.L. Cadet Neural substrates of fault decision-making in abstinent marijuana users NeuroImage 26 2005 480 492 (Pubitemid 40719826)
23. C.T. Whitlow, A. Liguori, L.B. Livengood, S.L. Hart, B.J. Mussat-Whitlow, C.M. Lamborn Long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task Drug Alcohol Depend 76 2004 107 111 (Pubitemid 39360279)
24. H.G. Pope Jr, D.A. Yurgelun-Todd The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students JAMA 275 1996 521 527 (Pubitemid 26061426)
25. D.I. Lubman, M. Ycel, C. Pantelis Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation Addiction 99 2004 1491 1502 (Pubitemid 39664821)
26. K.R. Ridderinkhof, W.P. van den Wildenberg, S.J. Segalowitz, C.S. Carter Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning Brain Cogn 56 2004 129 140 (Pubitemid 39423876)
27. R.J. Mathew, W.H. Wilson, T.G. Turkington, T.C. Hawk, R.E. Coleman, T.R. DeGrado, J. Provenzale Time course of tetrahydrocannabinol-induced changes in regional cerebral blood flow measured with positron emission tomography Psychiatry Res 116 2002 173 185 (Pubitemid 35441321)
28. R.J. Mathew, W.H. Wilson, R.E. Coleman, T.G. Turkington, T.R. DeGrado Marijuana intoxication and brain activation in marijuana smokers Life Sci 60 1997 2075 2089 (Pubitemid 27239657)
29. R.J. Mathew, W.H. Wilson, N.Y. Chiu, T.G. Turkington, T.R. Degrado, R.E. Coleman Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannibinol administration Acta Psychiatr Scand 100 1999 67 75 (Pubitemid 29309200)
30. N.D. Volkow, H. Gillespie, N. Mullani, L. Tancredi, C. Grant, A. Valentine, L. Hollister Brain glucose metabolism in chronic marijuana users at baseline and during marijuana intoxication Psychiatry Res 67 1996 29 38 (Pubitemid 26000713)
31. S.A. Gruber, D.A. Yurgelun-Todd Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: A pilot investigation Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 23 2005 107 118 (Pubitemid 40417511)
32. J. Quickfall, D. Crockford Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: A review J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18 2006 318 332
33. R. Hester, L. Nestor, H. Garavan Impaired error awareness and anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivity in chronic cannabis users Neuropsychopharmacology 34 2009 2450 2458
34. M.L. Kringelbach, E.T. Rolls The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neurophysiology Prog Neurobiol 72 2004 341 372 (Pubitemid 38626161)
35. E.D. London, M. Ernst, S. Grant, K. Bonson, A. Weinstein Orbitofrontal cortex and human drug abuse: Functional imaging Cereb Cortex 10 2000 334 342 (Pubitemid 30159300)
36. H.G. Pope Jr, A.J. Gruber, J.I. Hudson, G. Cohane, M.A. Huestis, D. Yurgelun-Todd Early onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of the association? Drug Alcohol Depend 69 2003 303 310 (Pubitemid 36293942)
37. D.I. Lubman, M. Ycel, W.D. Hall Substance use and the adolescent brain: A toxic combination? J Psychopharmacol 21 2007 792 794 (Pubitemid 350029192)
38. J. Jacobus, S. Bava, M. Cohen-Zion, O. Mahmood, S.F. Tapert Functional consequences of marijuana use in adolescents Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92 2009 559 565
39. S.F. Tapert, A.D. Schweinsburg, S.P. Drummond, M.P. Paulus, S.A. Brown, T.T. Yang, L.R. Frank Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194 2007 173 183 (Pubitemid 47457945)
40. A.D. Schweinsburg, B.J. Nagel, B.C. Schweinsburg, A. Park, R.J. Theilmann, S.F. Tapert Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory Psychiatry Res 163 2008 40 51
41. G. Jager, R.I. Block, M. Luijten, N.F. Ramsey Cannabis use and memory brain function in adolescent boys: A cross-sectional multicenter functional magnetic resonance imaging study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 2010 561 572
42. S. Bava, L.R. Frank, T. McQueeny, B.C. Schweinsburg, A.D. Schweinsburg, S.F. Tapert Altered white matter microstructure in adolescent substance users Psychiatry Res 173 2009 228 237
43. Y. Abdullaev, M.I. Posner, R. Nunnally, T.J. Dishion Functional MRI evidence for inefficient attentional control in adolescent chronic cannabis abuse Behav Brain Res 215 2010 45 57
44. A.D. Schweinsburg, B.C. Schweinsburg, E.H. Cheung, G.G. Brown, S.A. Brown, S.F. Tapert fMRI response to spatial working memory in adolescents with comorbid marijuana and alcohol use disorders Drug Alcohol Depend 79 2005 201 210 (Pubitemid 40942110)
45. C.B. Padula, A.D. Schweinsburg, S.F. Tapert Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users Psychol Addict Behav 21 2007 478 487
46. J.C. Churchwell, M. Lopez-Larson, D.A. Yurgelun-Todd Altered frontal cortical volume and decision making in adolescent cannabis users Front Psychol 1 2010 225
47. K.L. Medina, T. McQueeny, B.J. Nagel, K.L. Hanson, T.T. Yang, S.F. Tapert Prefrontal cortex morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users: Subtle gender effects Addict Biol 14 2009 457 468
48. M.T. Lynskey, A.C. Heath, K.K. Bucholz, W.S. Slutske, P.A. Madden, E.C. Nelson Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls JAMA 289 2003 427 433 (Pubitemid 36119962)
49. B.F. Grant, D.A. Dawson Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey J Subst Abuse 10 1998 163 173
50. S. Whittle, M. Ycel, A. Fornito, A. Barrett, S.J. Wood, D.I. Lubman Neuroanatomical correlates of temperament in early adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47 2008 682 693
51. R.C. Oldfield The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory Neuropsychologia 9 1971 97 114
52. H. Orvaschel Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age ChildrenEpidemiologic Version (K-SAD-E) 5th ed. 1994 Nova Southeastern University, Center for Psychological Studies Ft. Lauderdale, FL
53. ANALYZE, Biomedial Imaging Resource. Rochester, Minnesota: Mayo Foundation.
54. Y. Zhang, M. Brady, S. Smith Segmentation of brain MRI images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation maximization algorithm IEEE Trans Med Imaging 20 2001 45 57 (Pubitemid 32293419)
55. D. Velakoulis, C. Pantelis, P.D. McGorry, P. Dudgeon, W. Brewer, M. Cook Hippocampal volume in first-episode psychoses and chronic schizophrenia: A high resolution magnetic resonance imaging study Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 1999 133 141
56. C. Watson, F. Andermann, P. Gloor, M. Jones-Gotman, T. Peters, A. Evans Anatomic basis of amygdaloid and hippocampal volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging Neurology 42 1992 1743 1750
57. A. Fornito, M. Ycel, S.J. Wood, T. Proffitt, P.D. McGorry, D. Velakoulis, C. Pantelis Morphology of the paracingulate sulcus and executive cognition in schizophrenia Schizophr Res 88 2006 192 197 (Pubitemid 44773730)
58. J. Riffkin, M. Ycel, P. Maruff, S.J. Wood, B. Soulsby, J. Olver A manual and automated MRI study of anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices, and caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison with health controls and patients with schizophrenia Psychiatry Res 138 2005 99 113 (Pubitemid 40568784)
59. C.F. Bartholomeusz, S. Whittle, P. McGorry, D. Velakoulis, C. Pantelis, S.J. Wood Orbitofrontal cortex sulcogyral patterns in first episode schizophrenia: Preliminary findings Schizophr Res 117 2010 222 223
60. M.M. Chiavaras, M. Petrides Orbitofrontal sulci of the human and macaque monkey brain J Comp Neurol 422 2000 35 54 (Pubitemid 30346563)
61. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 1999 Center for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
62. F.L. Jones, J. McMillan Scoring occupational categories for social research: A review of current practice, with Australian examples Work, Employment and Society 15 2001 539 563 (Pubitemid 33405325)
63. J.M. Sattler, R. Dumont Assessment of Children: WISC-IV and WPPSI-III Supplement 2004 Sattler La Mesa, CA
64. S.L. Free, P.S. Bergin, D.R. Fish, M.J. Cook, S.D. Shorvon, J.M. Stevens Methods for normalization of hippocampal volumes measured with MR AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 1995 637 643
65. G. Dom, B. Sabbe, W. Hulstijn, W. van den Brink Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex: Systematic review of behavioural decision-making and neuroimaging studies Br J Psychiatry 187 2005 209 220 (Pubitemid 41306101)
66. N.D. Volkow, J.S. Fowler Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex Cereb Cortex 10 2000 318 325 (Pubitemid 30159298)
67. R.Z. Goldstein, N.D. Volkow Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex Am J Psychiatry 159 2002 1642 1652
68. G. Schoenbaum, Y. Shaham The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: A review of preclinical studies Biol Psychiatry 63 2008 256 262
69. K.D. Tessner, S.Y. Hill Neural circuitry associated with risk for alcohol use disorders Neuropsychol Rev 20 2010 1 20
70. S.Y. Hill, S. Wang, B. Kostelnik, H. Carter, B. Holmes, M. McDermott Disruption of orbitofrontal cortex laterality in offspring from multiplex alcohol dependence families Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 129 136
71. J.E.C. Genovese, D. Wallace Reward sensitivity and substance abuse in middle school and high school students J Genet Psychol 168 2007 465 469
72. A. Bechara, S. Dolan, A. Hindes Decision-making and addiction (part II): Myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward? Neuropsychologia 40 2002 1690 1705 (Pubitemid 34462877)
73. H.E. Creemers, P.A. van Lier, W.A. Vollebergh, J. Ormel, F.C. Verhulst, A.C. Huizink Predicting onset of cannabis use in early adolescence: The interrelation between high-intensity pleasure and disruptive behavior The TRAILS study J Stud Alcohol Drugs 70 2009 850 858
74. H.E. Creemers, F.C. Verhulst, A.C. Huizink Temperamental risk factors for adolescent cannabis use: A systematic review of prospective general population studies Subst Use Misuse 44 2009 1833 1854
75. M. McGue, W.G. Iacono, L.N. Legrand, S. Malone, I. Elkins Origins and consequences of age at first drink: I Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behavior and psychopathology, and P3 amplitude Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 2001 1156 1165 (Pubitemid 32758467)
76. S.M. King, W.G. Iacono, M. McGue Childhood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in the prediction of early substance use Addiction 99 2004 1548 1559 (Pubitemid 39664830)
77. K.J. Sher Children of Alcoholics: A Critical Appraisal of Theory and Research 1991 University of Chicago Press London
78. A. Cheetham, N.B. Allen, M. Ycel, D.I. Lubman The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction Clinical Psychology Review 30 2010 621 634
79. S. Carmona, O. Vilarroya, A. Bielsa, V. Trmols, J.C. Soliva, M. Rovira Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: A voxel-based morphometric study Neurosci Lett 389 2005 88 93 (Pubitemid 41242891)
80. B. Hesslinger, L. Tebartz van Elst, T. Thiel, K. Haegele, J. Hennig, D. Ebert Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurosci Lett 328 2002 319 321 (Pubitemid 34876674)
81. K. Matsuo, M. Nicoletti, K. Nemoto, J.P. Hatch, M.A. Peluso, F.G. Nery, J.C. Soares A voxel-based morphometry study of frontal gray matter correlates of impulsivity Hum Brain Mapp 30 2009 1188 1195
82. J.E. Joseph, X. Liu, Y. Jiang, D. Lynam, T.H. Kelly Neural correlates of emotional reactivity in sensation seeking Psychol Sci 20 2009 215 223
83. M. Ycel, D.I. Lubman, N. Solowij, W.J. Brewer Understanding drug addiction: A neuropsychological perspective Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41 2007 957 968 (Pubitemid 350120825)
84. J.N. Giedd Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain R.E. Dahl, L.P. Spear, Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities 2004 New York Academy of Sciences New York 77 85 (Pubitemid 38879613)
85. J.N. Giedd, J. Blumenthal, N.O. Jeffries, F.X. Castellanos, H. Liu, A. Zijdenbos Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study Nat Neurosci 2 1999 861 863 (Pubitemid 30602596)
86. V. Benegal, G. Antony, G. Venkatasubramanian, P.N. Jayakumar Gray matter volume abnormalities and externalizing symptoms in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence Addict Biol 12 2006 122 132 (Pubitemid 46405996)
87. H.E. Creemers, J.K. Dijkstra, W.A. Vollebergh, J. Ormel, F.C. Verhulst, A.C. Huizink Predicting life-time and regular cannabis use during adolescence; the roles of temperament and peer substance use: The TRAILS study Addiction 105 2010 699 708
88. S.Y. Hill, M.D. De Bellis, M.S. Keshavan, L. Lowers, S. Shen, J. Hall, T. Pitts Right amygdala volume in adolescent and young adult offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism Biol Psychiatry 49 2001 894 905 (Pubitemid 32493811)
89. G. Venkatasubramanian, G. Anthony, U.S. Reddy, V.V. Reddy, P.N. Jayakumar, V. Benegal Corpus callosum abnormalities associated with greater externalizing behaviors in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence Psychiatry Res 156 2007 209 215 (Pubitemid 350116552)
90. S. Nakagawa A farewell to Bonferroni: The problems of low statistical power and publication bias Behavioral Ecology 15 2004 1044 1045 (Pubitemid 39471217)
91. M.D. Jennions, A.P. Moller A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behavior Behavioral Ecology 14 2003 438 445 (Pubitemid 36647008)
92. V. Agosti, E. Nunes, F. Levin Rates of psychiatric comorbidity among U.S. residents with lifetime cannabis dependence Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 28 2002 643 652 (Pubitemid 35424551)
93. F.S. Stinson, W.J. Ruan, R. Pickering, B.F. Grant Cannabis use disorders in the USA: Prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity Psychological Med 36 2006 1447 1460 (Pubitemid 44355980)
94. K.L. Medina, K.L. Hanson, A.D. Schweinsburg, M. Cohen-Zion, B.J. Nagel, S.F. Tapert Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13 2007 807 820 (Pubitemid 47299450)
95. K. Georgiades, M.H. Boyle Adolescent tobacco and cannabis use: Young adult outcomes from the Ontario Child Health Study J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48 2007 742731
96. D.M. Fergusson, J. Horwood Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults Addiction 92 1997 279 296 (Pubitemid 27141944)
97. M.T. Lynskey, J.M. Vink, D.I. Boomsma Early onset cannabis use and progression to other drug use in a sample of Dutch twins Behav Genet 36 2006 195 200 (Pubitemid 43673562)
98. A. Agrawal, M.C. Neale, C.A. Prescott, K.S. Kendler A twin study of early cannabis use and subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs Psychol Med 34 2004 1227 1237 (Pubitemid 39517153)