History of antibiotics. from salvarsan to cephalosporins

Journal of Investigative Surgery

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 67-77

  Zaffiri, Lorenzo ^a   Gardner, Jared ^a   Toledo Pereyra, Luis H ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ARSPHENAMINE; CEPHALOSPORIN C; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; STREPTOMYCIN;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTISEPSIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; DIARRHEA; DIPHTHERIA; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INFECTION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SANITATION; SYPHILIS; TUBERCULOSIS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ARSPHENAMINE; CEPHALOSPORINS; DRUG DISCOVERY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; INFECTION; PENICILLINS; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84858837866     PISSN: 08941939     EISSN: 15210553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2012.664099     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Wallace WC, Cinat ME, Nastanski F, et al. New epidemiology for postoperative nosocomial infections. Am Surg 2000;66:874-878. (Pubitemid 30666937)
2. Jones HW. Report of a series of cases of syphilis treated by Ehrlich's arsenobenzol at the Walter Reed General Hospital, District of Columbia. Boston Med Surg J 1911;164:381-383.
3. Riethmiller S. From Atoxyl to Salvarsan: searching for the magic bullet. Chemotherapy 2005;51:234-242. (Pubitemid 41207042)
4. Thorburn AL. Paul Ehrlich: pioneer of chemotherapy and cure by arsenic (1854-1915). Br J Vener Dis. 1983 Dec;59(6):404-405.
5. Schwartz RS. Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1079-1080. (Pubitemid 38298987)
6. Iyer HV. History revisited-Prontosil red. N J Emerg Med. 2008 Aug;35(2):209-10.
7. Domagk G. Further progress in chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Nobel Lecture, December 12 194.
8. Raju TN. The Nobel chronicles. 1939: Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964). Lancet 1999 Feb 20;353(9153):681.
9. Laub GR. Discovery of the sulfa drugs. South Med J 1986 Jun;79(6):782.
10. Medicine: Prontosil. TIME Magazine, December 28, 1936.
11. Kalkut G. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Cancer Invest 1998;16(8):612-5. (Pubitemid 28541782)
12. Peabody JW, Seabury JH. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis. A review of basic differences in therapy. Am J Med 1960 Jan;28:99-115.
13. Arnold JH. Sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of persistent urological infections. Clin Med (Northfeld Il). 1964 Mar;71:522-526.
14. Jackson JM, Pelle M. Topical rosacea therapy: the importance of vehicles for effcacy, tolerability and compliance. J Drugs Dermatol 2011 Jun;10(6):627-33.
15. Lohr JA, Austin RD, Grossman M, et al. Comparison of three topical antimicrobials for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988 Sep;7(9):626-629.
16. Pearson RD, Hewlett EL. Use of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) in prophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Pneumo-cystis carinii. Ann Intern Med 1987 May;106(5):714-718. (Pubitemid 17067993)
17. White NJ. The treatment of malaria. N Engl J Med 1996 Sep 12;335(11):800-806. (Pubitemid 26296541)
18. Gleckman R, Blagg N, Joubert DW. Trimethoprim: mechanisms of action, antimicrobial activity, bacterial resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and therapeutic indications. Pharmacotherapy 1981 Jul-Aug;1(1):14-20. (Pubitemid 12015656)
19. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Emergency ID Net Study Group. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006 Aug 17;355(7):666-674.
20. Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA, Harding GK, et al. A Canadian national surveillance study of urinary tract isolates from outpatients: comparison of the activities of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, mecillinam, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofoxacin. The Canadian Urinary Isolate Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 Apr;44(4):1089-1092. (Pubitemid 30165299)
21. Pelton SI, Shurin PA, Klein JO, et al. Quantitative inhibition of Haemophilus infuenzae by trimetho-prim/sulfamethoxazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977 Dec;12(6):649-654. (Pubitemid 8245998)
22. Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, et al. Prophylaxis of Pneu-mocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2007 Sep;82(9):1052-1059. (Pubitemid 47357136)
23. DiRienzo AG, van Der Horst C, Finkelstein DM, et al. Eff-cacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of bacterial infections in a randomized prophylaxis trial of patients with advanced HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002 Jan 20;18(2):89-94. (Pubitemid 34161227)
24. Kärpänoja P, Nyberg ST, Bergman M, et al. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (FiRe Network). Connection between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus infuen-zae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 Jul;52(7):2480-2485. (Pubitemid 351915679)
25. Huovinen P. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Jun 1;32(11):1608-1614. (Pubitemid 32458729)
26. R Hare. New light on the history of penicillin. Medical History 1982;26:1-24. (Pubitemid 12109831)
27. Fleming A. On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. Proc R Soc London (series B) 1921-22;98:306-317.
28. Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. infuenzae. 1929. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79(8):780-790.
29. Hare R. The Birth of Penicillin. London: Allen&Unwin 1970.
30. E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, et al. Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Lancet 1940; ii:226-228.
31. Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, et al. Further observations on penicillin. 1941. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42(1):3-9.
32. Florey ME, Adelaide MB, Florey HW, et al. General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1943;241:387-397.
33. Grossman C, et al. The frst use of penicillin in the United States. Ann Intern Med July 15, 2008;149:135-136. (Pubitemid 352008600)
34. Maiti SN, Phillips OA, Micetich RG, et al. Beta-lactamase inhibitors: agents to overcome bacterial resistance. Curr Med Chem 1998;5(6):441-456. (Pubitemid 28549586)
35. Rolinson GN. 6-APA and the development of the beta-lactam antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 1979;5:7-14.
36. Wright AJ. The penicillins. Mayo Clin Proc 1999 Mar;74(3):290-307. (Pubitemid 29135638)
37. Tomasz A. Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumo-niae. Clin Infect Dis 1997 Jan;24 (suppl 1)S85-S88.
38. Mulligan ME, Murray-Leisure KA, RIbner BS, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management. Am J Med 1993 Mar;94(3):313-328. (Pubitemid 23074805)
39. Gold HS, Moellering RC. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1996 Nov 7;335(19):1445-1453.
40. Abraham EP, Chain E. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. 1940. Rev Infect Dis 1988 Jul-Aug;10(4):677-678.
41. Bush LM, Johnson CC. Ureidopenicillins and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000 Jun;14(2):409-433, ix. (Pubitemid 30308103)
42. Finland M, Frank PF, Wilcox C. In vitro susceptibility of pathogenic staphylococci to seven antibiotics. Am J Clin Pathol 1950,20;325-334.
43. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998Aug 20;339(8):520-532.
44. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumo-niae in the United States. N Engl J Med 2000 Dec 28;343(26):1917-1924. (Pubitemid 32064785)
45. Eickhoff TC, Finland M. Changing susceptibility of meningococci to antimicrobial agents. N Engl J Med 1965;272:395-398.
46. Herman DJ, Gerding DN. Antimicrobial resistance among enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 Jan;35(1):1-4.
47. Betriu C, Sanchez A, Gomez M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci: a 6-year follow-up study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Aug;37(8):1717-1719. (Pubitemid 23226393)
48. Schuchat A, Wenger JD. Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease. Risk factors, prevention strategies, and vaccine development. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16(2):374-402.
49. Carroll KC, Monroe P, Cohen S, et al. Susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to nine antimicrobial agents among four medical centers in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997 Apr;27(4):123-128. (Pubitemid 27239672)
50. Lorber B. Listeriosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997 Jan;24(1):1-9.
51. Denny FW, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever. Treatment of the preceding streptococ-cic infection. JAMA 1985 Jul 26;254(4):534-537. (Pubitemid 15025440)
52. World Health Organization. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
53. Mahoney JF, Arnold RC, Sterner BL, et al. Penicillin treatment of early syphilis. JAMA 1944;126(2):63-67.
54. Moore JE, Mahoney JF, Schwartz W, et al. The treatment of early syphilis with penicillin. JAMA 1944;126(2):67-73.
55. Miyake CY, Gauvreau K, Tani LY, et al. Characteristics of children discharged from hospitals in the United States in 2000 with the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics 2007 Sep;120(3):503-508. (Pubitemid 47358292)
56. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD000023.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006. Atlanta, GA: US Dept of Health and Human Services; November 2007.
58. Armstrong GL, Conn LA, Pinner RW. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. JAMA 1999;281(1):61-66. (Pubitemid 29025101)
59. Donowitz GR, Mandell GL. Beta-lactam antibiotics, N Engl J Med. 1988;318(7):419-26 and 318(8):490-500.
60. Rolison GN, Stevens S, Batchelor FR. Bacteriological studies on a new penicillin-BRL. 1241. Lancet 1960 Sep 10;2(7150):564-567.
61. Simon HJ, Rantz LA. The newer penicillins. I. Bacteriological and clinical pharmacological investigations with methicillin and oxacillin. Ann Intern Med 1962 Sep;57:335-343.
62. Barber M. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1961;14:385-393.
63. Jarvis WR, Schlosser J, Chinn RY, et al. National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpa-tients in US health care facilities, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:631-637. (Pubitemid 350184164)
64. Rolinson GN, Stevens S. Microbiological studies on a new broad spectrum penicillin 'Penbritin'. Br Med J 1961 Jul 22;2(5246):191-196.
65. Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Amoxycillin: a review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1975; 9:88-140.
66. Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance-a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcal pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1-9. (Pubitemid 29055259)
67. Shvartzman P, Tabenkin H, Rosentzqaig A, et al. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxycillin once a day. BMJ 1993; 306:1170-1172. (Pubitemid 23121190)
68. Ronald AR, Jagdis FA, Harding GK, et al. Amoxicillin therapy of acute urinary infections in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977;11:780-784. (Pubitemid 8119248)
69. George LL, Borody TJ, Andrews P, et al. Cure of duodenal ulcer after eradication of H. pylori. Med J Aust 1990;153:145-149. (Pubitemid 20244927)
70. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Chen Y, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 1998 Jun;114(6):1169-1179. (Pubitemid 28243902)
71. D'Elios MM, Amedei A, Manghetti M, et al. Impaired T-cell regulation of B-cell growth in Helicobacter pylori-related gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma. Gas-troenterology 1999 Nov;117(5):1105-1112. (Pubitemid 29512669)
72. Alary M, Joly JR, Moutquin JM, et al. Randomised comparison of amoxycillin and erythromycin in treatment of genital chlamydial infection in pregnancy. Lancet 1994; 344:1461-1465. (Pubitemid 24351700)
73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51(No. RR-6):1-78.
74. Deeks SL, Palacio R, Ruvinsky R, et al. Risk factors and course of illness among children with invasive penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Streptococcus pneumoniae Working Group. Pediatrics 1999;103(2):409.
75. Sanders WE, Sanders CC. Piperacillin/tazobactam: a critical review of the evolving clinical literature. Clin Infect Dis 1996 Jan;22(1):107-123. (Pubitemid 26022020)
76. Hurwitz C. Mechanism of action of streptomycin. Antimi-crob Agents Chemother 1963;161:371-386.
77. Comroe JH. Pay dirt: the story of streptomycin. Part I. From Waksman to Waksman. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978 Apr;117(4):773-781.
78. Pfuetze KH, Pyle MM, HInshaw HC, et al. The frst clinical trial of streptomycin in human tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1955 May;71(5):752-754.
79. Kaplan D, Koch W. Weighted temperature elevation: a measure of skin reactivity. Br J Dermatol 1965 Dec;77(12):650-265.
80. Waddington K. To stamp out "so terrible a malady": bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890-1939. Med Hist 2004 Jan;48(1):29-48. (Pubitemid 38122393)
81. Strandberg O. Treatment of Rhino-laryngological tuberculosis by Finsen light baths, and results. Proc R Soc Med 1924;17(Gen Rep):25-30.
82. McCarthy OR. The key to the sanatoria. J R Soc Med 2001 Aug;94(8):413-417. (Pubitemid 32738686)
83. Waksman SA. The actinomyces and their antibiotics. Adv Appl Microbiol 1963;5:235-315.
84. Schatz A, Waksman SA. Effect of streptomycin and other antibiotic substances upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related organisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med Nov 1944; 57:244-248.
85. Smith DG, Waksman SA. Tuberculostatic and tuber-culocidal properties of streptomycin. J Bacteriol 1947 Aug;54(2):253-261.
86. Schatz A, Bugie E, Waksman SA. Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 1944. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005 Aug;(437):3-6.
87. Dickinson L. Effect of streptomycin on experimental tuberculosis in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1947 Mar;2(1):23-26.
88. Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH. Streptomycin: a summary of clinical and experimental observations. J Pediatr 1946 Mar;28:269-274.
89. Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH. The in vivo sensitivity to streptomycin of recently isolated strains of human tubercle bacilli. Am J Pathol 1946 May;22:640.
90. Williston EH, Youman GP. Streptomycin resistant strains of tubercle bacilli: production of streptomycin resistance in vitro. Am Rev Tuberc 1947 Jun;55(6):536-539.
91. Feldman WH, Karlson AG, Hinshaw HC. Streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli: effect of resistance on therapeutic results. Am J Pathol 1947 Sep;23(5):874.
92. Medical Research Council. Isoniazid in combination with streptomycin or with P.A.S. in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; ffth report to the Medical Research Council by their Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Trials Committee. Br Med J 1953 Nov 7;2(4844):1005-1014.
93. Fox W, Sutherland I, Daniels M. A fve-year assessment of patients in a controlled trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis; report to the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Trials Committee of the Medical Research Council. Q J Med 1954 Jul;23(91):347-366.
94. Lehman J. Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis. Lancet 1946 Jan 5;1(6384):15.
95. Lehman J. On the effect of isomers of para-aminosalicylic acid and related substances on the tuberculostatic effect of PAS. Experientia 1949 Sep 15;5(9):365-367.
96. Mc Dermott W, Muschenheim C, Clark C, et al. Isonico-tinic acid hydrazide in tuberculosis in man. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1952;65:191-202.
97. Mitchison DA. Role of individual drugs in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000 Sep;4(9):796-806.
98. Simon HJ. Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and paromomycin. Pediatr Clin North Am 1968 Feb;15(1):73-83.
99. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:603-662.
100. American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculosis mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1-25.
101. Finken M, Kirschner P, Meier A, et al. Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudo-knot. Mol Microbiol 1993 Sep;9(6):1239-1246. (Pubitemid 23286255)
102. Bayram Y, Korkoca H, Aypak C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Brucella isolates from various clinical specimens. I nt J Med Sci 2011 Mar 3;8(3):198-202.
103. Enderlin G, Morales L, Jacobs RF, et al. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1994 Jul;19(1):42-47. (Pubitemid 24227033)
104. Richens J. The diagnosis and treatment of dono-vanosis (granuloma inguinale). Genitourin Med 1991 Dec;67(6):441-452.
105. Thornsberry C, Baker CN, Facklam RR. Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus bovis and other group D streptococci causing endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974 Mar;5(3):228-233.
106. Tompsett R, Berman W. Enterococcal endocarditis: duration and mode of treatment. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1978;89:49-57.
107. Chow JW. Aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2000 Aug;31(2):586-589. (Pubitemid 32289595)
108. Darville T, Yamauchi T. The cephalosporin antibiotics. Pediatrics Rev Jan 2011;15 (2): 54.
109. Bo G. Giuseppe Brotzu and the discovery of cephalosporins. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6 suppl 3:6-9.
110. Burton HS, Abraham EP. Isolation of antibiotics from a species of Cephalosporium. Cephalosporins P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5. Biochem J 1951;50:168-174.
111. Newton GGF, Abraham EP. The degradation, structure and some derivatives of cephalosporin N. Biochem J 1951;58:103-111.
112. Hamilton-Miller JMT. Sir Edward Abraham's contribution to the development of the cephalosporins: a reassessment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;15(3):179-184. (Pubitemid 30645466)
113. Abraham EP, Newton GGF. The structure of cephalosporin C. Biochem J 1961; 79:377-393.
114. Abraham EP, Newton GGF. Experiments on degradation of cephalosporin C. Biochem J 1956;62:658-665.
115. Hale CW, Newton GGF, Abraham EP. Derivatives of cephalosporin C formed with certain heterocyclic tertiary bases. Biochem J. 1961;79:403-408.
116. Morin RB, Jackson BG, Muller RA, et al. Chemistry of cephalosporin antibiotics. II. Chemical correlation of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 1963; 785:1896-1897.
117. Loder B, Newton GGF, Abraham EP. The cephalosporin C nucleus (7-amino-cephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives, Biochem J 1961;79:408-416.
118. Wick WE. Cephalexin, a new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotic. Appl Microbiol 1967;15:765-769.
119. Donowitz GR, Mandell GL. Drug therapy: beta-lactam antibiotics. N Engl J Med 1988; 318(7):419-426.
120. Hodges GR, Saslaw S. Experiences with cefazolin: a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Am J Med Sci 1973 Jan;265(1):23-32.
121. Gurwith M, Albritton W, Lank B, et al. Prospective comparison of cefoxitin and cefazolin in infections caused by aerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978 Feb;13(2):255-260. (Pubitemid 8280989)
122. Finkelstein R, Rabino G, Mashiah T, et al. Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery in the setting of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002 Feb;123(2):326-332. (Pubitemid 34127121)
123. Fung HB, Chang JY, Kuczynski S. A practical guide to the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Drugs 2003;63(14):1459-1480. (Pubitemid 36871772)
124. Derry JE. Evaluation of cefaclor. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981 Jan;38(1):54-58. (Pubitemid 11180915)
125. Law MR, Holt HA, Reeves DS, et al. Cefaclor and amoxy-cillin in the treatment of infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983 Jan;11(1):83-88. (Pubitemid 13174528)
126. Drehobl M, Bianchi P, Keyserling CH, et al. Comparison of cefdinir and cefaclor in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 Jul;41(7):1579-1583. (Pubitemid 27289691)
127. Spagna VA, Perkins RL, Prior RB. Successful treatment with cefaclor of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis 1979 Jul-Sep;6(3):211-213.
128. Schaad UB, Suter S, Gianella-Borradori A, et al. A comparison of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. N Engl J Med 1990 Jan 18;322(3):141-147. (Pubitemid 20036386)
129. Beam TR. Cephalosporins in adult meningitis. Bull N Y Acad Med 1984 May;60(4):380-393.
130. Farber B, Moellering RC. The third generation cephalosporins. Bull N Y Acad Med 1982 Nov;58(8): 696-710. (Pubitemid 13182624)
131. Giamarellou H. Fourth generation cephalosporins in the antimicrobial chemotherapy of surgical infections. J Chemother 1999 Dec;11(6):486-493. (Pubitemid 30029546)
132. Wilson WR. The role of fourth-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of serious infectious diseases in hospitalized patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 Jul;31(3):473-477. (Pubitemid 28305034)
133. Tapsall JW. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and emerging resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009 Feb;22(1):87-91.
134. McNabb J, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH, et al. Comparison of the bactericidal activity of trovafoxacin and ciprofoxacin, alone and in combination with cefepime, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemotherapy 2000 Nov-Dec;46(6):383-389.
135. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005 Oct;18(4):657-686.
136. Endimiani A, Perez F, Bonomo RA. Cefepime: a reappraisal in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008 Dec;6(6):805-824.
137. Deal EN, Micek ST, Reichley RM, et al. Effects of an alternative cefepime dosing strategy in pulmonary and bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a single-center, open-label, prospective, observational study. Clin Ther 2009 Feb;31(2):299-310.
138. Fish DN, Choi MK, Jung R. Synergic activity of cephalosporins plus fuoroquinolones against Pseu-domonas aeruginosa with resistance to one or both drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 Dec;50(6):1045-1049. (Pubitemid 36032829)
139. Zhanel GG, Lam A, Schweizer F, et al. Ceftobiprole: a review of a broad-spectrum and anti-MRSA cephalosporin. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9(4):245-254. (Pubitemid 351892372)