Cefepime: A reappraisal in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 805-824

  Endimiani, Andrea ^a,b   Perez, Federico ^c   Bonomo, Robert A ^a,b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Cephalosporin; ESBL; Extended spectrum lactamase; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFEPIME; CEFEPIME PLUS CIPROFLOXACIN; CEFEPIME PLUS GENTAMICIN; CEFEPIME PLUS METRONIDAZOLE; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CLINDAMYCIN PLUS GENTAMICIN; GENTAMICIN PLUS MEZLOCILLIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS; AGITATION; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; APPENDICITIS; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLITIS; COMA; CONFUSION; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONVULSION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DELIRIUM; DIARRHEA; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYDROLYSIS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; EOSINOPHIL; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GYNECOLOGIC INFECTION; HALLUCINATION; HEMATOCRIT; HEMODIALYSIS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LEUKOCYTE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MENINGITIS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NAUSEA; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; PAIN; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHLEBITIS; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; PROTHROMBIN TIME; PRURITUS; PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTE; TREMOR; UPREGULATION; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URTICARIA; VAGINITIS; VOMITING; AGED; CHEMISTRY; CHILD; DRUG EFFECT; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; PATHOGENICITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CEPHALOSPORINS; CHILD; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HUMANS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 59449086773     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.6.805     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Witte W, Cuny C, Klare I, Nubel U, Strommenger B, Werner G. Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298(5-6), 365-377 (2008).
2. Gaynes R, Edwards JR. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(6), 848-854 (2005).
3. Meroueh SO, Bencze KZ, Hesek D et al. Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(12), 4404-4409 (2006).
4. Cunha BA, Gill MV. Cefepime. Med. Clin. North Am. 79(4), 721-732 (1995).
5. Nikaido H, Liu W, Rosenberg EY. Outer membrane permeability and β-lactamase stability of dipolar ionic cephalosporins containing methoxyimino substituents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34(2), 337-342 (1990).
6. Chan WC, Li RC, Ling JM, Cheng AF, Schentag JJ. Markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer β-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of Enterobacter cloacae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43(1), 55-60 (1999).
7. Konstantinou K, Baddam K, Lanka A, Reddy K, Zervos M. Cefepime versus ceftazidime for treatment of pneumonia. J. Int. Med. Res. 32(1), 84-93 (2004).
8. Carsenti-Etesse H, Cavallo JD, Roger PM et al. Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on the in vitro development of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7(3), 144-151 (2001).
9. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18(4), 657-686 (2005).
10. Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile β-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20(3), 440-458 (2007).
11. Perez F, Endimiani A, Hujer KM, Bonomo RA. The continuing challenge of ESBLs. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7(5), 459-469 (2007).
12. Luzzaro F, Docquier JD, Colinon C et al. Emergence in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of the VIM-4 metallo-β-lactamase encoded by a conjugative plasmid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(2), 648-650 (2004).
13. Rossolini CM, Mantengoli E. Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(Suppl. 4), 17-32 (2005).
14. Juan C, Gutierrez O, Oliver A, Ayestaran JI, Borrell N, Perez JL. Contribution of clonal dissemination and selection of mutants during therapy to Pseudomonas aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance in an intensive care unit setting. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(11), 887-892 (2005).
15. Hocquet D, Nordmann P, El Garch F, Cabanne L, Plesiat P. Involvement of the MexXY - OprM efflux system in emergence of cefepime resistance in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(4), 1347-1351 (2006).
16. Gupta V. Metallo-β-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 17(2), 131-143 (2008).
17. Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Decker BK, Rather PN, Bonomo RA. Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(10), 3471-3484 (2007).
18. Bratu S, Landman D, Martin DA, Georgescu C, Quale J. Correlation of antimicrobial resistance with β-lactamases, the OmpA-like porin, and efflux pumps in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii endemic to New York City. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(9), 2999-3005 (2008).
19. Walther-Rasmussen J, Hoiby N. Class A carbapenemases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(3), 470-482 (2007).
20. Hujer KM, Hamza NS, Hujer AM et al. Identification of a new allelic variant of the Acinetobacter baumannii cephalosporinase, ADC-7 β-lactamase: defining a unique family of class C enzymes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(7), 2941-2948 (2005).
21. Walther-Rasmussen J, Hoiby N. OXA-type carbapenemases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(3), 373-383 (2006).
22. Hanson ND. AmpC β-lactamases: what do we need to know for the future? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52(1), 2-4 (2003).
23. Ramphal R, Ambrose PG. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and clinical outcomes: current data. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(Suppl. 4), S164-S172 (2006).
24. Walsh TR. The emergence and implications of metallo-β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(Suppl. 6), 2-9 (2005).
25. Rice LB, Bellais S, Carias LL et al. Impact of specific PBP5 mutations on expression of β-lactam resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(8), 3028-3032 (2004).
26. Hujer AM, Kania M, Gerken T et al. Structure-activity relationships of different β-lactam antibiotics against a soluble form of Enterococcus faecium PBP5, a type II bacterial transpeptidase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(2), 612-618 (2005).
27. Rice LB. Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. Am. J. Infect. Control 34(5 Suppl. 1), S11-S19 (2006).
28. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance Standards For Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: 17th Informational Supplement. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA (2007).
29. Sanders WE Jr, Tenney JH, Kessler RE. Efficacy of cefepime in the treatment of infections due to multiply resistant Enterobacter species. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23(3), 454-461 (1996).
30. Bhat SV, Peleg AY, Lodise TP Jr et al. Failure of current cefepime breakpoints to predict clinical outcomes of bacteremia caused by Gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(12), 4390-4395 (2007).
31. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of ceftobiprole, a navel anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin, tested against contemporary pathogens: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2005-2006). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 61(1), 86-95 (2008).
32. Bell JM, Turnidge JD, Jones RN. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in the Asia - Pacific region: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(12), 3989-3993 (2003).
33. Hirakata Y, Matsuda J, Miyazaki Y et al. Regional variation in the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing clinical isolates in the Asia - Pacific region (SENTRY 1998-2002). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52(4), 323-329 (2005).
34. Goossens H, Grabein B. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility data for extended spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae from the MYSTIC Program in Europe and the United States (1997-2004). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 53(4), 257-264 (2005).
35. Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Potency and spectrum trends for cefepime tested against 65746 clinical bacterial isolates collected in North American medical centers: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2003). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52(3), 265-273 (2005).
36. Livermore DM, Carter MW, Bagel S et al. In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in Europe and Australia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(6), 1860-1867 (2001).
37. Kuriyama T, Karasawa T, Nakagawa K, Nakamura S, Yamamoto E. Antimicrobial susceptibility of major pathogens of orofacial odontogenic infections to 11 β-lactam antibiotics. Oral. Microbiol. Immunol. 17(5), 285-289 (2002).
38. Loza E, Morosini MI, Canton R, Almaraz F, Reig M, Baquero F. Comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 16(2), 209-215 (2003).
39. Johnson DM, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1999-2003). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56(1), 69-74 (2006).
40. Jones RN, Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Pottumarthy S. Comparisons of parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporins tested against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57(1), 109-116 (2007).
41. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Jones RN. Comparative activity and spectrum of broad-spectrum β-lactams (cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam) tested-against 12,295 staphylococci and streptococci: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (North America: 2001-2002). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 47(2), 435-440 (2003).
42. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(9), 1267-1284 (2004).
43. Blumer JL, Reed MD, Knupp C. Review of the pharmacokinetics of cefepime in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20(3), 337-342 (2001).
44. Lipman J, Wallis SC, Rickard C. Low plasma cefepime levels in critically ill septic patients: pharmacokinetic modeling indicates improved troughs with revised dosing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(10), 2559-2561 (1999).
45. Sampol E, Jacquet A, Viggiano M et al. Plasma, urine and skin pharmacokinetics of cefepime in burns patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46(2), 315-317 (2000).
46. Barbhaiya RH, Forgue ST, Gleason CR et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime after single and multiple intravenous administrations in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(3), 552-557 (1992).
47. Barbhaiya RH, Forgue ST, Gleason CR et al. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefepime after administration of single intravenous doses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34(6), 1118-1122 (1990).
48. Rhoney DH, Tarn VH, Parker D Jr, McKinnon PS, Coplin WM. Disposition of cefepime in the central nervous system of patients with external ventricular drains. Pharmacotherapy 23(3), 310-314 (2003).
49. Saez-Llorens X, Castano E, Garcia R et al. Prospective randomised comparison of cefepime and cefotaxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39(4), 937-940 (1995).
50. Chadha D, Wise R, Baldwin DR, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Honeybourne D. Cefepime concentrations in bronchial mucosa and serum following a single 2 gram intravenous dose. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 25(6), 959-963 (1990).
51. Boselli E, Breilh D, Duflo F et al. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of cefepime administered in continuous infusion in critically ill patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. Crit. Care Med. 31(8), 2102-2106 (2003).
52. Breilh D, Saux MC, Delaisement C et al. Pharmacokinetic population study to describe cefepime lung concentrations. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 14(2), 69-74 (2001).
53. Aras C, Ozdamar A, Ozturk R, Karacorlu M, Ozkan S. Intravitreal penetration of cefepime after systemic administration to humans. Ophthalmologica 216(4), 261-264 (2002).
54. Okamoto MP, Gill MA, Nakahiro RK et al. Tissue concentrations of cefepime in acute cholecystitis patients. Ther. Drug Monit. 14(3), 220-225 (1992).
55. Petrikkos G, Kastanakis M, Markogiannakis A et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in bile and gall bladder tissue after prophylactic administration in patients with extrahepatic biliary diseases. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 27(4), 331-334 (2006).
56. Delcenserie R, Dellion-Lozinguez MP, Yzet T et al. Pancreatic concentrations of cefepime. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47(5), 711-713 (2001).
57. Breilh D, Boselli E, Bel JC, Chassard D, Saux MC, Allaouchiche B. Diffusion of cefepime into cancellous and cortical bone tissue. J. Chemother. 15(2), 134-138 (2003).
58. Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Akins RL, Drusano GL, Rybak MJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(6), 1853-1861 (2003).
59. Van der Auwera P, Santella PJ. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime: a review. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 103-115 (1993).
60. Barbhaiya RH, Knupp CA, Pittman KA. Effects of age and gender on pharmacokinetics of cefepime. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(6), 1181-1185 (1992).
61. Cronqvist J, Nilsson-Ehle I, Oqvist B, Norrby SR. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime dihydrochloride arginine in subjects with renal impairment. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(12), 2676-2680 (1992).
62. Elwell RJ, Frye RF, Bailie GR. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefepime in automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit. Dial. Int. 25(4), 380-386 (2005).
63. Trotman RL, Williamson JC, Shoemaker DM, Salzer WL. Antibiotic dosing in critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(8), 1159-1166 (2005).
64. Malone RS, Fish DN, Abraham E, Teitelbaum I. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(11), 3148-3155 (2001).
65. Allaouchiche B, Rreilh D, Jaumain H, Gaillard B, Renard S, Saux MC. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(11), 2424-2427 (1997).
66. Lima-Rogel V, Medina-Rojas EL, Del Carmen Milan-Segovia R et al. Population pharmacokinetics of cefepime in neonates with severe nosocomial infections. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 33(3), 295-306 (2008).
67. Huls CE, Prince RA, Seilheimer DK, Bosso JA. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37(7), 1414-1416 (1993).
68. Castanheira M, Sader HS, Deshpande LM, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activities of tigecycline and other broad-spectrum antimicrobials tested against serine carbapenemase- and metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(2), 570-573 (2008).
69. Bonapace CR, White RL, Friedrich LV, Norcross ED, Bosso JA. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in patients with thermal burn injury. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(12), 2848-2854 (1999).
70. Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Jones RN. Pharmacokinetics - pharmacodynamics of cefepime and piperacillin - tazobactam against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: report from the ARREST program. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(5), 1643-1646 (2003).
71. Craig WA. Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 22(1-2), 89-96 (1995).
72. Frei CR, Burgess DS. Continuous infusion β-lactams for intensive care unit pulmonary infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(5), 418-421 (2005).
73. Burgess DS, Frei CR. Comparison of β-lactam regimens for the treatment of Gram-negative pulmonary infections in the intensive care unit based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(5), 893-898 (2005).
74. Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Akins RL, Rybak MJ, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients with Gram-negative infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50(3), 425-428 (2002).
75. Tam VH, Louie A, Lomaestro BM, Drusano GL. Integration of population pharmacokinetics, a pharmacodynamic target, and microbiologic surveillance data to generate a rational empiric dosing strategy for cefepime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmacotherapy 23(3), 291-295 (2003).
76. Lee SY, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Cefepime pharmacodynamics in patients with extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL infections. J. Infect. 54(5), 463-468 (2007).
77. Roos JF, Bulitta J, Lipman J, Kirkpatrick CM. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic rationale for cefepime dosing regimens in intensive care units. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(5), 987-993 (2006).
78. Eagye KJ, Nicolau DP, Lockhart SR et al. A pharmacodynamic analysis of resistance trends in pathogens from patients with infection in intensive care units in the United States between 1993 and 2004. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 6, 11 (2007).
79. DeRyke CA, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic target attainment of six β-lactams and two fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species collected from United States intensive care units in 2004. Pharmacotherapy 27(3), 333-342 (2007).
80. Lodise TP Jr, Rhoney DH, Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamic profiling of cefepime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of hospitalized patients with external ventriculostomies. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 54(3), 223-230 (2006).
81. Kotapati S, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic modeling of β-lactam antibiotics for the empiric treatment of secondary peritonitis: a report from the OPTAMA program. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 6(3), 297-304 (2005).
82. Sun HK, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials for the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a report from the OPTAMA Program. Crit. Care Med. 33(10), 2222-2227 (2005).
83. Maglio D, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Simulation of antibiotic pharmacodynamic exposure for the empiric treatment of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a report from the OPTAMA program. Clin. Ther. 27(7), 1032-1042 (2005).
84. Masterton RG, Kuti JL, Turner PJ, Nicolau DP. The OPTAMA programme: utilizing MYSTIC (2002) to predict critical pharmacodynamic target attainment against nosocomial pathogens in Europe. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55(1), 71-77 (2005).
85. Kuti JL, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Optimizing pharmacodynamic target attainment using the MYSTIC antibiogram: data collected in North America in 2002. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(7), 2464-2470 (2004).
86. Sader HS, Bhavnani SM, Ambrose PG, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Re-evaluation of the role of broad-spectrum cephalosporins against staphylococci by applying contemporary in-vitro results and pharmacokinetic - pharmacodynamic principles. J. Chemother. 19(1), 38-43 (2007).
87. Lodise TP Jr, Nau R, Kinzig M, Jones RN, Drusano GL, Sorgel F. Comparison of the probability of target attainment between ceftriaxone and cefepime in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 58(4), 445-452 (2007).
88. Labombardi VJ, Rojtman A, Tran K. Use of cefepime for the treatment of infections caused by extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56(3), 313-315 (2006).
89. Goethaert K, Van Looveren M, Lammens C et al. High-dose cefepime as an alternative treatment for infections caused by TEM-24 ESBL-producing Enterobacter aerogenes in severely-ill patients. Clin Microbiol. Infect. 12(1), 56-62 (2006).
90. Paterson DL, Ko WC, Von Gottberg A et al. Outcome of cephalosporin treatment for serious infections due to apparently susceptible organisms producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: implications for the clinical microbiology laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(6), 2206-2212 (2001).
91. Kotapati S, Kuti JL, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Clinical implications of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli on cefepime effectiveness. J. Infect. 51(3), 211-217 (2005).
92. Oster S, Edelstein H, Cassano K, McCabe R. Open trial of cefepime (BMY 28142) for infections in hospitalized patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34(6), 954-957 (1990).
93. Edelstein H, Chirurgi V, Oster S et al. A randomized trial of cefepime (BMY-28142) and ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 28(4), 569-575 (1991).
94. Ambrose PG, Owens RC Jr, Garvey MJ, Jones RN. Pharmacodynamic considerations in the treatment of moderate to severe pseudomonal infections with cefepime. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49(3), 445-453 (2002).
95. Gouin F, Papazian L, Martin C et al. A non-comparative study of the efficacy and tolerance of cefepime in combination with amikacin in the treatment of severe infections in patients in intensive care. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 205-214 (1993).
96. Zanetti G, Bally F, Greub G et al. Cefepime versus imipenem - cilastatin for creatment of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, evaluator-blind, prospective, randomized study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(11), 3442-3447 (2003).
97. Yahav D, Paul M, Fraser A, Sarid N, Leibovici L. Efficacy and safety of cefepime: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7(5), 338-348 (2007).
98. Paul M, Yahav D, Fraser A, Leibovici L. Empirical antibiotic monotherapy for febrile neutropenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(2), 176-189 (2006).
99. Gomez L, Estrada C, Gomez I et al. Cefepime plus amikacina versus piperacillin - tazobactam plus amikacin in the treatment of patients with fever and granulacytopenia. Presented at: 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Chicago, IL, USA, 16-49 December 2001.
100. Chandrasekar PH, Arnow PM. Cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric therapy for fever in neutropenic patients with cancer. Ann. Pharmacother. 34(9), 989-995 (2000).
101. Lee PY, Chang WN, Lu CH et al. Clinical features and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis in Taiwan. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(4), 957-962 (2003).
102. Rousseau JM, Soullie B, Villevielle T, Koeck JL. Efficiency of cefepime in postoperative meningitis attributable to Enterobacter aerogenes. J. Trauma 50(5), 971 (2001).
103. Venkatesan A, Spalding C, Speedie A, Sinha G, Rumbaugh JA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infective endocarditis presenting as bacterial meningitis. J. Infect. 51(4), E199-E202 (2005).
104. Gentry LO, Rodriguez-Gomez G. Randomized comparison of cefepime and ceftazidime for treatment of skin, surgical wound, and complicated urinary tract infections in hospitalized subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35(11), 2371-2374 (1991).
105. Schaad UB, Eskola J, Kafetzis D et al. Cefepine vs. ceftazidime treatment of pyelonephritis: a European, randomized, controlled study of 300 pediatric cases. European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) Pyelonephritis Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17(7), 639-644 (1998).
106. Newton ER, Yeomans ER, Pastorek JG, Soper DE, Hemsell DL. Randomized comparative study of cefepime and cefotaxime in the treatment of acute obstetric and gynaecological infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 195-204 (1993).
107. Barie PS, Vogel SB, Dellinger EP et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem - cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group. Arch. Surg. 132(12), 1294-1302 (1997).
108. Berne TV, Yellin AE, Appleman MD, Heseltine PN, Gill MA. A clinical comparison of cefepime and metronidazole versus gentamicin and clindamycin in the antibiotic management of surgically treated advanced appendicitis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 177(Suppl.), 18-22 (1993).
109. Thompson JE Jr, Bennion RS, Roettger R, Lally KP, Hopkins JA, Wilson SE. Cefepime for infections of the biliary tract. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 177(Suppl), 30-34 (1993).
110. Del Rio P, Vellone M, Fragapane P et al. Cefepime for prophylaxis of infections in the surgery of cholelithiasis. Results of a multicentric comparative trial. Acta. Biomed. 79(1), 23-27 (2008).
111. Jauregui L, Matzke D, Scott M, Minns P, Hageage G. Cefepime as treatment for osteomyelitis and other severe bacterial infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 141-149 (1993).
112. Barberan J, Gomis M, Sanchez B et al. Cefepime in the treatment of osteomyelitis caused by Gram negative bacilli. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 13(4), 366-373 (2000).
113. Eggimann P, Glauser MP, Aoun M, Meunier F, Calandra T. Cefepime monotherapy for the empirical treatment of fever in granulocytopenic cancer patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 151-163 (1993).
114. Mouton Y, Chidiac C, Humbert G et al. A non-comparative, multicentre study of cefepime in the treatment of serious bacterial infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32(Suppl. B), 133-140 (1993).
115. Kieft H, Hoepelman AI, Rozenberg-Arska M et al. Cefepime compared with ceftazidime as initial therapy for serious bacterial infections and sepsis syndrome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38(3), 415-421 (1994).
116. Dakdouki GK, Al-Awar GN. Cefepime-induced encephalopathy. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8(1), 59-61 (2004).
117. Lam S, Gomolin IH. Cefepime neurotoxicity: case report, pharmacokinetic considerations, and literature review. Pharmacotherapy 26(8), 1169-1174 (2006).
118. Sonck J, Laureys G, Verbeelen D. The neurotoxicity and safety of treatment with cefepime in patients with renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 23 (3), 966-970 (2008).
119. Bresson J, Paugam-Burtz C, Josserand J, Bardin C, Mantz J, Pease S. Cefepime overdosage with neurotoxicity recovered by high-volume haemofiltration. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(4), 849-850 (2008).
120. Bacher K, Schaeffer M, Lode H, Nord CE, Borner K, Koeppe P. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and effects on faecal microflora, of cefepime in healthy volunteers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 30(3), 365-375 (1992).
121. Spencer RC. The role of antimicrobial agents in the aetiology of Clostridium difficile-issociated disease. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41(Suppl. C), 21-27 (1998).
122. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171(5), 466-472 (2004).
123. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(23), 2442-2449 (2005).
124. Muto CA, Pokrywka M, Shutt K et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26(3), 273-280 (2005).
125. Pultz NJ, Donskey CJ. Effect of antibiotic treatment on growth of and toxin production by Clostridium difficile in the cecal contents of mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(8), 3529-3532 (2005).
126. Toltzis P, Dul M, O'Riordan MA et al. Cefepime use in a pediatric intensive care unit reduces colonization with resistant bacilli. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(2), 109-114 (2003).
127. Paterson DL, Muto CA, Ndirangu M et al. Acquisition of rectal colonization by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among intensive care unit patients treated with piperacillin-tazobactam versus those receiving cefepime-containing antibiotic regimens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(2), 465-469 (2008).
128. Wong BB, Ko GJ. Neutropenia in patients receiving long-term cefepime therapy for osteomyelitis. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 60(21), 2229-2232 (2003).
129. Queenan AM, Shang W, Kania M, Page MG, Bush K. Interactions of ceftobiprole with β-lactamases from molecular classes A-to D. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(9), 3089-3095 (2007).
130. Queenan AM, Foleno B, Gownley C, Wira E, Bush K. Effects of inoculum and β-lactamase activity in AmpC- and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates tested by using NCCLS ESBL methodology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(1), 269-275 (2004).
131. Bradford PA, Cherubin CE, Idemyor V, Rasmussen BA, Bush K. Multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from two Chicago hospitals: identification of the extended-spectrum TEM-12 and TEM-10 ceftazidime-hydrolyzing β-lactamases in a single isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38(4), 761-766 (1994).
132. Poirel L, Mammeri H, Nordmann P. TEM-121, a novel complex mutant of TEM-type β-lactamase from Enterobacter aerogenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(12), 4528-4531 (2004).
133. Poirel L, Gniadkowski M, Nordmann P. Biochemical analysis of the ceftazidime-hydrolysing extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15 and of its structurally related β-lactamase CTX-M-3. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50(6), 1031-1034 (2002).
134. Poirel L, Naas T, Nicolas D et al. Characterization of VIM-2, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-β-lactamase and its plasmid- and integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(4), 891-897 (2000).
135. IMP) allelic variants carried by gene cassettes of different phylogeny. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(5), 1229-1235 (2000).
136. Wachino J, Kurokawa H, Suzuki S et al. Horizontal transfer of blaCMY-bearing plasmids among clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and emergence of cefepime-hydrolyzing CMY-19. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(2), 534-541 (2006).
137. Vakulenko SB, Golemi D, Geryk B et al. Mutational replacement of Leu-293 in the class C Enterobacter cloacae P99 β-lactamase confers increased MIC of cefepime. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(6), 1966-1970 (2002).
138. Jones RN, Kirby JT, Rhomberg PR. Comparative activity of meropenem in US medical centers (2007): initiating the 2nd decade of MYSTIC program surveillance. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 61(2), 203-213 (2008).
139. Mathai D, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Epidemiology and frequency of resistance among pathogens causing urinary tract infections in 1,510 hospitalized patients: a report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 40(3), 129-136 (2001).
140. Sader HS, Jones RN, Andrade-Baiocchi S, Biedenbach DJ. Four-year-valuation of frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from bloodstream infections in Latin American medical centers. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 44(3), 273-280 (2002).
141. Nijssen S, Florijn A, Bonten MJ, Schmitz FJ, Verhoef J, Fluit AC. β-lactam susceptibilities and prevalence of ESBI-producing isolates among more than 5000 European Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 24(6), 585-591 (2004).
142. Turnidge J, Bell J, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Pathogen occurrence and antimicrobial resistance trends among urinary tract infection isolates in the Asia - Western Pacific region: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998-1999. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 20(1), 10-17 (2002).
143. Hoban DJ, Biedenbach DJ, Mutnick AH, Jones RN. Pathogen of occurrence and susceptibility patterns associated with pneumonia in hospitalized patients in North America: results of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Study (2000). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45(4), 279-285 (2003).
144. Gales AC, Sader HH, Jones RN. Respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients hospitalized with suspected pneumonia in Latin America: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2000). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 44(3), 301-311 (2002).
145. Tognim MC, Andrade SS, Silbert S, Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Resistance trends of Acinetobacter spp. in Latin America and characterization of international dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains: five-year report of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8(5), 284-291 (2004).
146. Streit JM, Jones RN, Sader HS, Fritsche TR. Assessment of pathogen occurrences and resistance profiles among infected patients in the intensive care unit: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 2001). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 24(2), 111-118 (2004).
147. Traczewski MM, Brown SD. In vitro activity of doripenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia isolates from both cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(2), 819-821 (2006).
148. Chen Y, Garber E, Zhao Q et al. In vitro activity of doripenem (S-4661) against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(6), 2510-2511 (2005).
149. Mendes C, Oplustil C, Sakagami E, Turner P, Kiffer C. Antimicrobial susceptibility in intensive care units: MYSTIC Program Brazil 2002. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 9(1), 44-51 (2005).
150. Fritsche TR, Stilwell MG, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of doripenem (S-4661): a global surveillance report (2003). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(12), 974-984 (2005).
151. Sader HS, Jones RN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of uncommonly isolated non-enteric Gram-negative bacilli. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 25(2), 95-109 (2005).
152. Fedler KA, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Assessment of pathogen frequency and resistance patterns among pediatric patient isolates: report from the 2004 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program on 3 continents. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56(4), 427-436 (2006).
153. Castanheira M, Gales AC, Pignatari AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Changing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from Brazil: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004). Microb. Drug Resist. 12(2), 91-98 (2006).
154. Wang B, Xu JS, Wang CX et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Jiangsu Province, China, with a focus on fluoroquinolone resistance. J. Med. Microbiol. 55(Pt 9), 1251-1255 (2006).
155. Rennie RP, Jones RN, Mutnick AH. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45(4), 287-293 (2003).
156. Barbhaiya RH, Knupp CA, Tenney J, Martin RR, Weidler DJ, Pittman KA. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered intramuscularly to healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30(10), 900-910 (1990).