Organic light emitting diodes: Energy saving lighting technology - A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 2696-2723

  Thejo Kalyani, N ^a   Dhoble, S J ^b  

^a PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING   (India)

^b RTM NAGPUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Eco friendly; Energy saving; Fabrication technologies; Luminescence; OLEDs; Organic complexes; Rare earths diketonates; Solid state lighting

Indexed keywords

ECO-FRIENDLY; FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES; OLEDS; ORGANIC COMPLEX; SOLID STATE LIGHTING;

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY CONSERVATION; EUROPIUM; FABRICATION; LIGHTING; LUMINESCENCE; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLED); ORGANIC SOLVENTS; POLYMER FILMS; POLYSTYRENES; RARE EARTHS; TRANSPARENCY;

SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

EID: 84858735327     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.021     Document Type: Review

References (194)

1. M.D. McGehee, T. Bergstedt, C. Zhang, A.P. Saab, M.B. O'Regan, and G.C. Bazan Adv Mater 11 1999 1346
2. D. Zhao, Z. Hong, C. Liang, D. Zhao, X. Liu, and W. Li Thin Solid Films 363 2000 208
3. C.J. Liang, Z.R. Hong, X.Y. Liu, D.X. Zhao, D. Zhao, and W.L. Li Thin Solid Films 14 2000 359
4. S.W. Pyo, S.P. Lee, H.S. Lee, O.K. Kwon, H.S. Hoe, and S.H. Lee Thin Solid Films 232 2000 363
5. W. Zhu, Q. Jiang, Z. Lu, X. Wei, M. Xie, and D. Zou Synth Met 445 2000 111 112
6. D. Zhao, W. Li, Z. Hong, X. Liu, C. Liang, and D. Zhao J Lumin 82 1999 105
7. W.B. Jensen J Chem Educ 80 8 2003 952 961
8. B.N. Figgis, J. Lewis, J. Lewis, and R.G. Wilkins The magnetochemistry of complex compounds. Modern coordination chemistry 1960 Interscience New York 400 454
9. P.S. Matsumoto J Chem Educ 82 2005 1660
10. T.M. Dunn J. Lewis, R.G. Wilkins, Modern Co-ordination Chemistry vol. 4 1960 Interscience New York 268 273 Chapter
11. J. Kido, K. Nagai, and Y. Okamoto J Alloys Compd 192 1993 30
12. J. Kido, K. Nagai, Y. Okamoto, and T. Skotheim Chem Lett 235 1991 1267
13. X. Zhang, R. Sun, Q. Zheng, T. Kobayashi, and W. Li Appl Phys Lett 71 1997 2596
14. Z. Hong, W. Li, D. Zhao, C. Liang, X. Liu, and J. Peng Synth Met 104 1995 165
15. R.E. Whan, and G.A. Crosby J Mol Spectrosc 8 1962 315
16. M.L. Bhaumik, and M.A. El-Sayed J Chem Phys 42 1965 787
17. H.G. Huang, K. Hiraki, and Y. Nishikawa Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (Internal Report) 1 1981 66
18. G.L.J.A. Rikken Phys Rev A 51 1995 4906
19. N.W. Ashcroft, and N.D. Mermin Solid State Physics 1976 Saunders Philadelphia
20. K.A. Gschneiduer Jr., J.C.G. Bünzli, and V.K. Pencharsky Hand book on physics and chemistry of Rare earth, vol. 35 2005 Elsevier
21. M. Kadarkaraisamy, and A.G. Sykes Inorg Chem 45 2 2006 779 786
22. H. Lee, and S.-H. Choi J Appl Phys 85 3 1999 1771 1774
23. T. Wakimoto, R. Murayama, K. Nagayama, Y. Okuda, H. Nakada, and T. Tohma SID Int Symp Digest 849 1996
24. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com
25. J. Kido, W. Ikeda, M. Kaimura, and K. Nagai Jpn J Appl Phys 35 1996 L394
26. Peters MG, High power, high efficiency diode lasers at JDSU, Talk PTuC3, Program of the conference on lasers and electro-optics conference, May 21-26; 2006. p. 14, http://www.cleoconference.org/materials/CLEO06TuesdayWeb5.pdf.
27. Y. Ohno Optical metrology for LEDs and solid state lighting Proc SPIE 6046 2006 604625
28. A.I. Zhmakin Phys Rep 498 2011 189 241
29. C.W. Tang, and S.A. VanSlyke Appl Phys Lett 51 1987 913
30. J. Kido, M. Nagai, and Y. Ohashi Chem Lett 13 1990 657
31. W. Biltz Ann 331 1904 334
32. G. Jantzch, and E. Meyer Ber 53 1920 577
33. L.G. Van Uitert, and R.R. Soden S. Kirseliner, Advances in the chemistry of coordination compounds 1961 The Macmillan Co. New York, NY 613
34. T. Moeller, and E.P. Horwitz J Inorg Nucl Chem 12 1959 49
35. M. Pope, H.P. Kallamann, and P. Magnante J Chem Phys 38 1963 2042
36. E.G. Brock, P. Csavinsky, E. Hormats, H.C. Neddermann, D. Strip, and F. Unterleittner J Chem Phys 35 1961 759
37. A. Lempicki, and H. Samelson Phys Lett 2 1963 133
38. F.A. Hart, and F.P. Laming Proc Chem Soc 107 1963
39. A.K. Levine, and F.C. Palilla Appl Phys Lett 5 1964 118
40. R.C. Ohlmann, and R.G. Charles J Chem Phys 40 1964 3131
41. L.R. Melby, N.R. Roze, E. Abramson, and J.C. Caris Am J Chem Soc 86 1964 5117
42. J. Dresner RCA Rev 30 1969 322
43. H. Gold K. Venkataraman, The chemistry of synthetic dyes vol. 5 1971 Academic New York 535
44. K.H. Drexhage F.P. Schafer, Topics in applied physics: dye lasers vol. 1 1977 Springer New York 144
45. F.J. Kampas, and M. Gouterman Chem Phys Lett 48 1977 233
46. F.J. Bryant, and A. Krier Phys Status Solidi A 81 1984 681
47. J. Kalinowski, J. Godlewski, and Z. Dreger Appl Phys A 37 1985 179
48. H. Koezuka, A. Tsumura, and Y. Ando Synth Met 18 1987 69
49. G. Horowitz, D. Fichou, X.Z. Peng, Z. Xu, and F. Garnier Solid State Commun 729 1989 381
50. J.H. Burroughes, D.D.C. Bradley, A.R. Brown, R.N. Marks, K. Mackayr, and H. Friend Nature 347 1990 539
51. H.G. Brittain J Coord Chem 21 1990 295
52. W. Li, W.L. Li, M.D. Tang, and J. Chin Rare Earth Soc 7 1989 27
53. W. Li, W. Li, G. Yu, Q. Wang, and R. Jin J Alloys Compd 192 1993 34
54. J. Kido, H. Hayase, K. Hongawa, K. Nagai, and K. Okuyama Appl Phys Lett 65 1994 17
55. W. Li, W. Li, G. Yu, Q. Wang, and R. Jin J Alloys Compd 192 1993 34 36
56. T. Sano, M. Fujita, T. Fujii, Y. Hamada, K. Shibata, and K. Kuroki Jpn J Appl Phys 34 1995 1883
57. J.C. Rodritguez-Ubis, M.T. Alonso, O. Juanes, R. Sedano, and E. Brunet J Lumin 79 1998 121
58. M. Uekawa, Y. Miyamoto, H. Ikeda, K. Kaifu, and T. Nakaya Synth Met 91 1997 259
59. M. Wang, G. Qian, and S. Lii Mater Sci Eng B 55 1998 119
60. X. Hao, X. Fan, and M. Wang Thin Solid Films 353 1999 223
61. Y. Miyamoto, M. Uekawa, H. Ikeda, and K. Kaifu J Lumin 81 1999 159
62. L. Fu, H. Zhang, S. Wang, Q. Meng, K. Yang, and J. Ni J Sol Gel Sci Technol 15 1999 49
63. Q. Meng, H. Zhang, S. Wang, L. Fu, Y. Zheng, and K. Yang Mater Lett 45 2000 213
64. Y. Zheng, C. Shi, Y. Liang, Q. Lin, C. Guo, and H. Zhang Synth Met 114 2000 321
65. H. Heil, J. Steiger, R. Schmechel, and H. Von Segger J Appl Phys 90 2001 5357
66. V. Tsaryuk, V. Zolin, J. Legendziewicz, J. Sokolnicki, and V. Kndryashova Proc. of EL 2002 Ghent, Belgium 2002 165
67. J.S. Kim, P.E. Jeon, J.C. Choi, and H.L. Park Appl Phys Lett 84 15 2004 2931 2933
68. H. Wang, R. Wang, X. Sun, R. Yan, and Y. Li Mater Res Bull 40 2005 911 919
69. H.-M. Yang, J.-X. Shi, H.-B. Liang, and M.-L. Gong Mater Res Bull 41 2006 867 872
70. C. Lee, J.S. Lim, S.H. Kim, and D.H. Suh J Polym 47 15 2006 5253 5258
71. S. Całus, GondekF E., A. Danel, B. Jarosz, J. Nizioł, and A.V. Kityk Mater Sci Eng B 137 2007 255 262
72. G.Y. Park, and Y. Ha Synth Met 158 2008 120 124
73. A.M. Collins, S.N. Olof, J.M. Mitchels, and S. Mann J Mater Chem 19 2009 3950 3954
74. J.H. Seo, S.C. Lee, Y.K. Kim, and Y.S. Kim Thin Solid Films 517 2009 4119 4121
75. P. Shukla, V. Sudarsan, R.K. Vatsa, S.K. Nayak, and S. Chattopadhyay J Lumin 130 2010 1952 1957
76. P. Nandhikonda, and M.D. Heagy Chem Commun 46 2010 8002 8004
77. N. Thejo Kalyani, S.J. Dhoble, J.S. Ahn, and R.B. Pode J Korean Phys Soc 57 4 2010 746 751
78. M.F. Belian, R.O. Freire, A. Galembeck, G.F. deSa, R.F. deFarias, and S. Alves Jr. J Lumin 130 2010 1946 1951
79. S. Tao, Y. Jiang, S.-L. Lai, M.-K. Fung, Y. Zhou, and X. Zhang Org Electron 12 2011 358 363
80. G. Li J Lumin 131 2011 184 189
81. B. Hu, J. Zhang, and Y. Chen Eur Polym J 47 2011 208 224
82. H. Tang, Y. Li, C. Wei, B. Chen, W. Yang, and H. Wu Dyes Pigments 91 2011 413 421
83. K.A. Gschneiduer Jr., J.C.G. Bünzli, and V.K. Pencharsky Hand book on physics and chemistry of Rare earth vol. 35 2005 Elsevier
84. C. de Mello Donegá, S. Alves Jr., and G.F. de Sá J Alloys Compd 250 1997 422
85. O.L. Malta, H.F. Brito, J.F.S. Menezes, F.R. Gonalves e Silva, S. Alves Jr., and F.S. Farias Jr. J Lumin 75 1997 255
86. G.D. Qian, M.Q. Wang, and Z. Yang J Non-Cryst Solids 286 2001 235
87. J.C.G. Bünzli, E. Moret, V. Foiret, K.J. Schenk, M.Z. Wang, and L.P. Jin J Alloys Compd 107 1994 207 208
88. S. Alves Jr., F.V. Almeida, G.F. de Sá, and C. de MelloDonegá J Lumin 478 1997 72 74
89. F.R. Gonalves e Silva, J.F.S. Menezes, G.B. Rocha, S. Alves, H.F. Brito, and R.L. Longo J Alloys Compd 364 2000 303 304
90. H.F. Brito, O.L. Malta, and J.F.S. Menezes J Alloys Compd 336 2000 303 304
91. G. Malandrino, M. Bettinelli, A. Speghini, and I.L. Fragala Eur J Inorg Chem 1039 2001
92. B. Yan, H.J. Zhang, S.B.J. Wang, and Z. Ni Mater Chem Phys 51 1997 92
93. I.B. Liss, and W.G. Bos J Inorg Nucl Chem 39 1977 443
94. L.I. Kononenko, E.V. Melent'eva, R.A. Vitkun, and N.S. Poluektov Ukr Khim Zh 31 1965 1031
95. C.Y. Liang, E.J. Schimitschek, and J.A. Trias J Inorg Nucl Chem 32 1970 811
96. L.R. Melby, N.J. Rose, E. Abramson, and J.C. Caris J Am Chem Soc 86 1964 5117
97. H. Bauer, J. Blanc, and D.L. Ross J Am Chem Soc 86 1964 5125
98. R.G. Charles, and E.P. Riedel J Inorg Nucl Chem 28 1966 3005
99. H.J. Batista, A.V.M. de Andrade, R.L. Longo, A.M. Simas, G.F. de Sá, and N.K. Ito Inorg Chem 37 1998 3542
100. Anonymous, H.W. Sands Corp. http://www.hwsands.com/index.html; 2004.
101. L. Van Meervelt, A. Froyen, W. D'Olieslager, C. Walrand-Görller, I. Drisque, and G.S.D. King Bull Soc Chim Belg 105 1996 377
102. R.G. Charles Inorg Synth 9 1967 37
103. E. Butter, and K. Kreher Z Naturforsch A 20 1965 408
104. R.G. Charles, and R.C. Ohlmann J Inorg Nucl Chem 27 1965 119
105. K.Z. Wang, L. Huang, L.H. Gao, C.H. Huang, and L.P. Jin Solid State Commun 122 2002 233
106. D.F. Moser, L.C. Thompson, and V.G. Young Jr. J Alloys Compd 121 2000 303 304
107. C.S. Springer Jr., D.W. Meek, and R.E. Sievers Inorg Chem 6 1967 1105
108. S.M. Mattson, E.J. Abramson, and L.C. Thompson J. Less-Common Met 112 1985 373
109. K. Iftikhar, M. Sayeed, and N. Ahmad Inorg Chem 21 1982 80
110. E.W. Berg, and J.J.C. Acosta Anal Chim Acta 40 1968 101
111. F. Halverson, J.S. Brinen, and J.R. Leto J Chem Phys 40 1964 2790
112. M.L. Bhaumik J Inorg Nucl Chem 27 1965 243
113. M.L. Bhaumik J Inorg Nucl Chem 27 1965 261
114. K.-H. Hellmuth, H. Mirzai, and Z. Fresenius Anal Chem 321 1985 124
115. L.C. Thompson, and S. Berry J Alloys Compd 177 2001 323 324
116. T. Shigematsu, M. Matsui, and K. Utsunomiya Bull Chem Soc Jpn 42 1969 1278
117. Leedham TJ, Drake SR, US Patent 5,504 (1996) 195.
118. O.L. Malta, M.A. Couto dos Santos, L.C. Thompson, and N.K. Ito J Lumin 69 1996 77
119. J. Selbin, N. Ahmad, and N. Bhacca Inorg Chem 10 1971 1383
120. M.S. Ansari, and N. Ahmad J Inorg Nucl Chem 37 1975 2099
121. K. Utsunomiya Anal Chim Acta 59 1972 147
122. D. Purushottam, V. Ramachandra Rao, and B.S.V. Raghava Rao Indian J Chem 33 1965 182
123. K.Z. Wang, L.H. Gao, and C.H. Huang J Photochem Photobiol A 156 2003 39
124. J.J.M. Halls, A.C. Arias, J.D. MacKenzie, W. Wu, M. Inbasekaran, and E.P. Woo Adv Mater 12 2000 498
125. Y. Xia, and R.H. Friend Adv Mater 18 2006 1371
126. A.C. Grimsdale, K.L. Cahn, R.E. Martin, P.G. Jokisz, and A.B. Holmes Chem Rev 109 2009 897 1091
127. J.L. Huang, G.E. Wu, Q. Xu, and Y. Yang Adv Mater 18 2006 114 117
128. S. Dailey, W.J. Feast, R.J. Peace, I.C. Sage, S. Tilla, and E.L. Wooda J Mater Chem 11 2001 2238
129. J. Hu, H. Zhao, Q. Zhang, and W. He J Appl Polym Sci 89 2003 1124 1131
130. H.G. Liu, Y. Lee, S. Park, K. Jang, and S.S. Kim J Lumin 110 1-2 2004 11 16
131. H.G. Liu, S. Park, K. Jang, X.S. Feng, C. Kim, and H.J. Seo J Lumin 106 1 2004 47 55
132. H. Jiu, J. Ding, Y. Sun, J. Bao, C. Gao, and Q. Zhang J Non-Cryst Solids 352 3 2006 197 202
133. J. Kido, and K. Nagai J Alloys Compd 192 1993 30 33
134. C. Adachi, M.A. Baldo, and S.R. Forest J Appl Phys 87 2000 11
135. B. Chen, X. Lin, L. Cheng, C. Lee, W.A. Gambling, and S. Lee J Phys D: Appl Phys 34 2001 30 35
136. C. Ma, B. Zhang, Z. Liang, P. Xie, X. Wang, and B. Zhang J Mater Chem 12 2002 1671 1675
137. Y. Ohmari, H. Kajii, T. Sawatani, H. Ueta, and K. Yoshino J Curr Appl Phys 5 4 2005 345 347
138. B. Qu, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, H. Cao, S. Xu, and S. Cao J Phys D: Appl Phys 39 2006 2680 2683
139. S.Y. Ni, X.R. Wang, Y.Z. Wu, H.Y. Chen, W.Q. Zhu, and X.Y. Jiang Appl Phys Lett 85 6 2004
140. E. Gondek, I.V. Kityk, A. Danel, A. Wisla, and J. Sanetra Synth Met 156 2006 1348 1354
141. M. Xu, R. Zhou, G. Wang, and J. Yu Inorg Chim Acta 362 2009 2183 2188
142. Khizar-ul-Haq, M.A. Khan, X.Y. Jiang, Z.L. Zhang, X.W. Zhang, and B. Wei J Lumin 129 2009 1158 1162
143. Khizar-ul Haq, S.P. Liu, M.A. Khan, X.Y. Jiang, Z.L. Zhang, and J. Cao Curr Appl Phys 9 2009 257 262
144. C.-H. Wu, C.-H. Chien, F.-M. Hsu, P.-I. Shih, and C.-F. Shu J Mater Chem 19 2009 1464 1470
145. Y. Park, C.-H. Seok, J.-H. Lee, and J. Park Synth Met 160 2010 845 848
146. H. Wettach, S.S. Jester, A. Colsmann, U. Lemmer, N. Rehmann, and K. Meerholz Synth Met 160 2010 691 700
147. M.J. Cho, J.-I. Jin, D.H. Choi, J.H. Yoon, C.S. Hong, and Y.M. Kim Dyes Pigments 85 2010 143 151
148. Y. Zhang, C. Xie, H. Su, J. Liu, S. Pickering, and Y. Wang Nano Lett 11 2011 329 332
149. J. Xie, C. Chen, S. Chen, Y. Yang, M. Shao, and X. Guo Org Electron 12 2011 322 328
150. S.-J. Kim, Y. Zhang, C. Zuniga, S. Barlow, S.R. Marder, and B. Kippelen Org Electron 12 2011 492 496
151. N. Thejo Kalyani, S.J. Dhoble, and R.B. Pode Adv Mater Lett 2 1 2011 65 70
152. J.H. Seo, S.J. Lee, B.M. Seo, S.J. Moon, K.H. Lee, and J.K. Park Org Electron 11 2010 1759 1766
153. B.W. D'Andrade, and S.R. Forrest Adv Mater 16 2004 1585 1595
154. J.H. Seo, J.H. Park, Y.K. Kim, J.H. Kim, G.W. Hyung, and K.H. Lee Appl Phys Lett 90 203 2007 507 509
155. K.S. Yook, and J.Y. Lee Appl Phys Lett 92 193 2008 308 310
156. Q.X. Tong, S.L. Lai, M.Y. Chan, J.X. Tang, H.L. Kwong, and C.S. Lee Appl Phys Lett 91 023 2007 503 505
157. M.H. Ho, S.F. Hsu, J.W. Ma, S.W. Hwang, P.C. Yeh, and C.H. Chen Appl Phys Lett 91 2007 113518
158. Y. Sun, and S.R. Forrest Appl Phys Lett 91 263 2007 503 505
159. Y. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Luo, D. Shi, and H. Tan Dyes Pigments 91 2011 495 500
160. S. Pimputkar, J.S. Speck, S.P. Den Baars, and S. Nakamura Nat Photon 3 2009 180 185
161. S. Ye, F. Xiao, Y.X. Pan, Y.Y. Ma, and Q.Y. Zhang Mater Sci Eng R 71 2010 1 34
162. T. Murata, T. Tanoue, M. Iwasaki, K. Morinaga, and T. Hase J Lumin 114 2005 207 212
163. P.F. Smet, K. Korthout, J.E. Van Haecke, and D. Poelman Mater Sci Eng B 146 2008 264 280
164. G. Ju, Y. Hun, L. Chen, X. Wang, Z. Mu, and H. Wu Opt Laser Technol 44 2012 39 42
165. H. Wu, G. Zhou, J. Zou, C.-L. Ho, W.-Y. Wong, and W. Yang Adv Mater 21 2009 4181
166. Q. Wang, J.Q. Ding, D.G. Ma, Y.X. Cheng, L.X. Wang, and X.B. Jing Adv Funct Mater 19 2009 84
167. X.M. Yu, H.S. Kwok, W.-Y. Wong, and G.J. Zhou Chem Mater 18 2006 5097
168. R.T. Morrison, and R.N. Boyd Organic chemistry 3rd ed. 1973 Allyn and Bacon New York
169. G. Ma, Y. Yang, and G. Chen Mater Lett 34 1998 377
170. S. Morita, T. Akashi, A. Fujji, M. Yoshida, Y. Ohmori, and K. Yoshimato Synth Met 69 1995 433
171. S.C. Lo, and P.L. Burn Chem Rev 107 2007
172. J. Luo, Y. Zhou, Z.Q. Niu, Q.F. Zhou, Y.G. Ma, and J.J. Pei 129 Am Chem Soc 2007 11314 11315
173. Y.J. Pu, M. Higashidate, K.I. Nakayama, and J. Kido J Mater Chem 18 2008 4183 4188
174. Y. Zhou, Q.Q. He, Y. Yang, H.Z. Zhong, C. He, and G.Y. Sang Adv Funct Mater 18 2008 3299 3306
175. M.J. Choa, J.I. Jina, D.H. Choia, Y.M. Kimb, Y.W. Park, and B.K. Jub Dyes Pigments 83 2009 218 224
176. J. Huang, C. Li, Y.J. Xia, X.H. Zhu, J. Peng, and Y. Cao J Org Chem 72 2007 8580 8583
177. W.J. Oldham, R.J. Lachicotte, and G.C. Bazan J Am Chem Soc 120 1998 2987 2988
178. M.R. Robinson, S.J. Wang, G.C. Bazan, and Y. Cao Adv Mater 12 2000
179. A.C.A. Chen, S. Culligan, Y.H. Geng, S.H. Chen, K.P.K. Klubek, and M. Vaeth Adv Mater 16 2004 783 788
180. L. Zhao, J.H. Zou, J. Huang, C. Li, Y. Zhang, and C. Sun Org Electron 9 2008 649 655
181. Y.H. Sun, X.H. Zhu, Z. Chen, Y. Zhang, and Y. Cao J Org Chem 71 2006 6281 6284
182. A.P. Kulkarni, C.J. Tonzola, A. Babel, and S.A. Jenekhe Chem Mater 16 2004 4556 4573
183. C.L. Ho, W.Y. Wong, Z.Q. Gao, C.H. Chen, K.W. Cheah, and B.Z. Yao Adv Funct Mater 18 2008 319 331
184. G.J. Zhou, W.Y. Wong, B. Yao, Z.Y. Xie, and L.X. Wang Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 46 2007 1149 1151
185. C.A. Barker, X.S. Zeng, S. Bettington, A.S. Batsanov, M.R. Bryce, and A. Bee Chem Eur J 13 2007
186. J. Huang, Q. Liu, J.H. Zou, X.H. Zhu, A.Y. Li, and J.W. Li Adv Funct Mater 19 2009 2978 2986
187. X.B. Cao, Y.G. Wen, Y.L. Guo, G. Yu, Y.Q. Liu, and L.M. Yang Dyes Pigments 84 2010 203 207
188. Z. Wang, P. Lu, S. Xue, C. Gu, Y. Lv, and Q. Zhu Dyes Pigments 91 2011 356 363
189. M.A. Diaz-Garcia, and S. Fernandez Da Avila Appl Phys Lett 81 21 2002 3924 3926
190. C.W. Tang, and S.A. Van Slyke Appl Phys Lett 51 1987 913
191. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito Jpn J Appl Phys 27 1988 713
192. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito Jpn J Appl Phys 27 1988 L269
193. C.W. Tang, S.A. Van Slyke, and C.H. Chen J Appl Phys Lett 65 1989 3610
194. H. Heil, J. Steiger, R. Schmechel, and H. Von Seggerm J Appl Phys 90 2001 10