Effects of rumination on intrusive memories: Does processing mode matter?

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 901-909

  Santa Maria, Andreas ^a   Reichert, Felix ^a   Hummel, Susanna B ^a   Ehring, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Abstractness; Negative life event; PTSD; Repetitive thinking; Rumination; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTRUSIVE MEMORY; MALE; MEMORY; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROVOCATION TEST; THINKING;

ADULT; AFFECT; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; THINKING;

EID: 84858715423     PISSN: 00057916     EISSN: 18737943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.01.004     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). The Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
2. Brewin, C. R., Christodoulides, J., & Hutchinson, G. (1996). Intrusive thoughts and intrusive memories in a nonclinical sample. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 107-112. (Pubitemid 126464810)
3. Butler, G., Wells, A., & Dewick, H. (1995). Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: a pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 45-56. doi:10.1017/ S1352465800017628.
4. Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 521-527. doi:10.1023/A:1007745627077. (Pubitemid 30620390)
5. Clohessy, S., & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 251-265. doi:10.1348/014466599162836. (Pubitemid 29435633)
6. Echiverri, A. M., Jaeger, J. J., Chen, J. A., Moore, S. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2011). "Dwelling in the past": the role of rumination in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 338-349. doi:10.1016/ j.cbpra.2010.05.008.
7. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99) 00123-0.
8. Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory, 12, 403-415. doi:10.1080/09658210444000025. (Pubitemid 39069541)
9. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 508-519. doi:10.1016/S0005- 7967(01)00069-9. (Pubitemid 28369259)
10. Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2006). Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1699-1716. doi:10.1016/ j.brat.2005.11.013.
11. Ehring, T., Frank, S., & Ehlers, A. (2008). The role of rumination and reduced concreteness in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 488-506. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9089-7.
12. Ehring, T., Fuchs, N., & Kläsener, I. (2009). The effects of experimentally induced rumination versus distraction on analogue posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 40, 403-413. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.001.
13. Ehring, T., Raes, F., Weidacker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. Validation of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire e Dutch version (PTQ-NL). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, in press.
14. Ehring, T., Szeimies, A. K., & Schaffrick, C. (2009). An experimental analogue study into the role of abstract thinking in trauma-related rumination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 285-293. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.011.
15. Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 225-232. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003.
16. Evans, C., Ehlers, A., Mezey, G., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Intrusive memories and ruminations related to violent crime among young offenders: phenomenological characteristics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 183-196. (Pubitemid 46724355)
17. Hagenaars, M. A., Brewin, C. R., van Minnen, A., Holmes, E. A., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2010). Intrusive images and intrusive thoughts as different phenomena: two experimental studies. Memory, 18, 76-84. doi:10.1080/ 09658210903476522.
18. Holmes, E. A., & Bourne, C. (2008). Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: a review of the trauma film paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 127, 553-566. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.002.
19. Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hennessy, R. G. (2004). Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 3-22. (Pubitemid 38260130)
20. Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Coode-Bate, T., & Deeprose, C. (2009). Can playing the computer game "Tetris" reduce the build-up of flashbacks for trauma? A proposal from cognitive science. PLoS ONE, 4, e4153.
21. Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Kilford, E. J., & Deeprose, C. (2010). Key steps in developing a cognitive vaccine against traumatic flashbacks: visuospatial Tetris versus verbal pub quiz. PLoS ONE, 5, e13706.
22. Joseph, S., Williams, R., & Yule, W. (1997). Understanding post-traumatic stress: A psychosocial perspective on PTSD and treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
23. Luminet, O. (2004). Measurement of depressive rumination and associated constructs. In C. Papageorgiou, & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment (pp. 187-215). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
24. McFarlane, A. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: a model of the longitudinal course and the role of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl. 5), 15-21.
25. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., Halligan, S. L., & Clark, D. M. (2005). Unwanted memories of assault: what intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 613-628. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.04. 006. (Pubitemid 40615491)
26. Michael, T., Halligan, S. L., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Rumination in post-traumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 307-317. doi:10.1002/da.20228.
27. Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2006). Processing mode influences the relationship between trait rumination and emotional vulnerability. Behavior Therapy, 37, 281-291. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.003. (Pubitemid 44175954)
28. Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008. 05.001.
29. Murray, J., Ehlers, A., & Mayou, R. A. (2002). Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of motor vehicle accident survivors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 363-368. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.4. 363. (Pubitemid 34407325)
30. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115.
31. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924. 2008.00088.x.
32. Olde, E., Kleber, R. J., van der Hart, O., & Pop, V. J. M. (2006). Childbirth and post-traumatic stress responses: a validation study of the Dutch impact of event scale e revised. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 259-267. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.259. (Pubitemid 44744367)
33. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1. 52. (Pubitemid 41103268)
34. Peeters, F. P. M. L., Ponds, R. W. H. M., & Vermeeren, M. T. G. (1996). Affectiviteit en zelfbeoordeling van depressie en angst. [Affectivity and self-report of depression and anxiety]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 38, 240-250. (Pubitemid 26101747)
35. Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Raes, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2003). De Nederlandstalige versie van de ruminative response scale (RRS-NL) en de rumination on sadness scale (RSS-NL). [The Dutch version of the ruminative response scale (RRS-NL) and the rumination on sadness scale (RRS-NL)]. Gedragstherapie, 36, 97-104. (Pubitemid 36770213)
37. Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Rimes, K. A., & Watkins. (2005). The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 1673-1682. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.002.
39. Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., & Sengupta, A. (2004). Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 85-95. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022614.21794.f4. (Pubitemid 39004705)
40. Speckens, A. E. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Ruths, F. A., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a phenomenological comparison. Memory, 15, 249-257. (Pubitemid 46579127)
41. Steil, R., & Ehlers, A. (2000). Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 537-558. doi:10.1016/S0005- 7967(99)00069-8.
42. Stöber, J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Reduced concreteness of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from a therapy study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 89-96. doi:10.1023/A:1013845821848. (Pubitemid 39550044)
43. Stöber, J., Tepperwien, S., & Staak, M. (2002).Worrying leads to reduced concreteness of problem elaborations: evidence for the avoidance theory of worry. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 217-227. doi:10.1080/ 10615800008549263.
44. van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse versie van Beck depression inventory e Second edition (BDI-II-NL). [Manual of the Dutch version of the Beck depression inventory e Second edition (BDI-II-NL)]. Amsterdam, NL: Harcourt.
45. van Emmerik, A. A. P., Kamphuis, J. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 93-100. doi:10.1159/000112886. (Pubitemid 351172099)
46. Watkins, E. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.009.
47. Watkins, E., Moberly, N. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2008). Processing mode causally influences emotional reactivity: distinct effects of abstract versus concrete construal on emotional response. Emotion, 8, 364-378. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.364. (Pubitemid 351822583)
48. Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression. Emotion, 5, 319-328. (Pubitemid 41428797)
49. Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). Reduced concreteness of rumination in depression: a pilot study. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1386-1395. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.007.
50. Watkins, E., Scott, J., Wingrove, J., Rimes, K., Bathurst, N., Steiner, H., et al. (2007). Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for residual depression: a case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2144-2154. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.018. (Pubitemid 47210940)
51. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163.
52. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
53. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale e revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford.
54. Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1995). Worry and the incubation of intrusive images following stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 579-583.
55. Wells, A., & Sembi, S. (2004). Metacognitive therapy for PTSD: a core treatment manual. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 365-377. doi:10.1016/S1077-7229 (04)80053-1.
56. Zetsche, U., Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2009). The effects of rumination on mood and intrusive memories after exposure to traumatic material: an experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 499-514. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.001.