Therapeutic Apheresis for Renal Disorders

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 119-131

  Sanchez, Amber P ^a,b   Ward, David M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UCSD MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APHERESIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; KIDNEY DISEASE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BLOOD COMPONENT REMOVAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; MALE; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84858709073     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.01022.x     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, Kim HC, Linenberger ML, Marques MB, Sarode R, Schwartz J, Weinstein R, Shaz BH: Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis. J Clin Apher 25:83-177, 2010
2. Ward DM: Conventional apheresis therapies: a review. J Clin Apher 26:230-238, 2011
3. Peto P, Salama AD: Update on antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 23:32-37, 2011
4. Winters JL, Pineda AA, McLeod BC, Grima KM: Therapeutic apheresis in renal and metabolic diseases. J Clin Apher 15:53-73, 2000
5. Pusey CD: Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Kidney Int 64:1535-1550, 2003
6. Chan AL, Louie S, Leslie KO, Juarez MM, Albertson TE: Cutting edge issues in Goodpasture's disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 41:151-162, 2011
7. Salama AD, Levy JB, Lightstone L, Pusey CD: Goodpasture's disease. Lancet 358:917-920, 2001
8. Yang R, Hellmark T, Zhao J, Cui Z, Segelmark M, Zhao MH, Wang HY: Antigen and epitope specificity of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in patients with goodpasture disease with or without anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1338-1343, 2007
9. Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, Wieslander J, Kashtan C, Borza DB, Neilson EG, Wilson CB, Hudson BG: Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med 363:343-354, 2010
10. Salant DJ: Goodpasture's disease-new secrets revealed. N Engl J Med 363:388-391, 2010
11. Madore F, Lazarus JM, Brady HR: Therapeutic plasma exchange in renal diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:367-386, 1996
12. Jennette JC, Falk RJ: The pathology of vasculitis involving the kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 24:130-141, 1994
13. Johnson JP, Whitman W, Briggs WA, Wilson CB: Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive agents in antibasement membrane antibody-induced Goodpasture's syndrome. Am J Med 64:354-359, 1978
14. Lockwood CM, Rees AJ, Pearson TA, Evans DJ, Peters DK, Wilson CB: Immunosuppression and plasma-exchange in the treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome. Lancet 1:711-715, 1976
15. Johnson JP, Moore J Jr., Austin HA 3rd, Balow JE, Antonovych TT, Wilson CB: Therapy of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: analysis of prognostic significance of clinical, pathologic and treatment factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 64:219-227, 1985
16. Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ, Pusey CD: Long-term outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Ann Intern Med 134:1033-1042, 2001
17. Savage CO, Pusey CD, Bowman C, Rees AJ, Lockwood CM: Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody mediated disease in the British Isles 1980-4. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292:301-304, 1986
18. Simpson IJ, Doak PB, Williams LC, Blacklock HA, Hill RS, Teague CA, Herdson PB, Wilson CB: Plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome. Am J Nephrol 2:301-311, 1982
19. Rosenblatt SG, Knight W, Bannayan GA, Wilson CB, Stein JH: Treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome with plasmapheresis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med 66:689-696, 1979
20. Laczika K, Knapp S, Derfler K, Soleiman A, Horl WH, Druml W: Immunoadsorption in Goodpasture's syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 36:392-395, 2000
21. Hu W, Liu Z, Ji D, Xie H, Gong D, Li L: Staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption for Goodpasture's syndrome in four Chinese patients. J Nephrol 19:312-317, 2006
22. Klasa RJ, Abboud RT, Ballon HS, Grossman L: Goodpasture's syndrome: recurrence after a five-year remission: case report and review of the literature. Am J Med 84:751-755, 1988
23. Cove-Smith JR, McLeod AA, Blamey RW, Knapp MS, Reeves WG, Wilson CB: Transplantation, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome. Clin Nephrol 9:126-128, 1978
24. Diaz JI, Valenzuela R, Gephardt G, Novick A, Tubbs RR: Anti-glomerular and anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis in a renal allograft recipient with Alport's syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 118:728-731, 1994
25. Vankova Z, Rihova Z, Jancova E, Rysava R, Merta M, Tesar V: Optimizing the therapeutic strategies in ANCA-associated vasculitis-single centre experience with international randomized trials. Prague Med Rep 107:199-212, 2006
26. Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman G, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts R: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:587-588, 2011
27. Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage CO, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Pusey CD: Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2180-2188, 2007
28. Cole E, Cattran D, Magil A, Greenwood C, Churchill D, Sutton D, Clark W, Morrin P, Posen G, Bernstein K, and the Canadian Apheresis Study Group: A prospective randomized trial of plasma exchange as additive therapy in idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. The Canadian Apheresis Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 20:261-269, 1992
29. Glockner WM, Sieberth HG, Wichmann HE, Backes E, Bambauer R, Boesken WH, Bohle A, Daul A, Graben N, Keller F, et al.: Plasma exchange and immunosuppression in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: a controlled, multi-center study. Clin Nephrol 29:1-8, 1988
30. Zauner I, Bach D, Braun N, Kramer BK, Funfstuck R, Helmchen U, Schollmeyer P, Bohler J: Predictive value of initial histology and effect of plasmapheresis on long-term prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 39:28-35, 2002
31. Yamagata K, Hirayama K, Mase K, Yamaguchi N, Kobayashi M, Takahashi H, Koyama A: Apheresis for MPO-ANCA-associated RPGN-indications and efficacy: lessons learned from Japan nationwide survey of RPGN. J Clin Apher 20:244-251, 2005
32. Stegmayr BG, Almroth G, Berlin G, Fehrman I, Kurkus J, Norda R, Olander R, Sterner G, Thysell H, Wikstrom B, Wiren JE: Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in patients with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. A Swedish multi-center study. Int J Artif Organs 22:81-87, 1999
33. Pusey CD, Rees AJ, Evans DJ, Peters DK, Lockwood CM: Plasma exchange in focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis without anti-GBM antibodies. Kidney Int 40:757-763, 1991
34. Jayne DR, Rasmussen N: Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody-associated systemic vasculitis: initiatives of the European Community Systemic Vasculitis Clinical Trials Study Group. Mayo Clin Proc 72:737-747, 1997
35. de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Hauer HA, Wolterbeek R, Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Noel LH, Ferrario F, Waldherr R, Hagen EC, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM: Clinical and histologic determinants of renal outcome in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a prospective analysis of 100 patients with severe renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2264-2274, 2006
36. de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Hauer HA, Wolterbeek R, Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Noel LH, Ferrario F, Waldherr R, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM, Hagen EC, Pusey CD: Chances of renal recovery for dialysis-dependent ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2189-2197, 2007
37. Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS, Hogan SL, Henke DC, Falk RJ: Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1149-1153, 2003
38. Couser WG: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: classification, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 11:449-464, 1988
39. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Lan SP, Rohde RD, Lachin JM: A controlled trial of plasmapheresis therapy in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 326:1373-1379, 1992
40. Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Pepkowitz SH, Fichman M, Metzger AL, Schroeder JO, Euler HH: Randomized controlled trial of pulse/synchronization cyclophosphamide/apheresis for proliferative lupus nephritis. J Clin Apher 13:163-166, 1998
41. Pagnoux C: Plasma exchange for systemic lupus erythematosus. Transfus Apher Sci 36:187-193, 2007
42. Shenoy M, Ognjanovic MV, Coulthard MG: Treating severe Henoch-Schonlein and IgA nephritis with plasmapheresis alone. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1167-1171, 2007
43. Hattori M, Ito K, Konomoto T, Kawaguchi H, Yoshioka T, Khono M: Plasmapheresis as the sole therapy for rapidly progressive Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in children. Am J Kidney Dis 33:427-433, 1999
44. Scharer K, Krmar R, Querfeld U, Ruder H, Waldherr R, Schaefer F: Clinical outcome of Schonlein-Henoch purpura nephritis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 13:816-823, 1999
45. Vonend C, Rifkin SI, Baliga RS, Weinstein SS: Henoch-Schonlein purpura and recurrent renal failure. Ren Fail 32:888-891, 2010
46. Rech J, Fuchs F, Kallert S, Hueber AJ, Requadt C, Manger B, Kalden JR, Amann K, Strauss R, Schulze-Koops H: Plasmapheresis therapy in an elderly patient with rapidly progressive Henoch-Schonlein purpura with disseminated organ involvement. Clin Rheumatol 26:112-114, 2007
47. Ushijima Y, Kawasaki Y, Kaneko M, Haneda K, Sakai N, Suyama K, Hashimoto K, Hosoya M: A case of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis recurring after 3years remission. Fukushima J Med Sci 56:50-56, 2010
48. Glassock RJ: Circulating permeability factors in the nephrotic syndrome: a fresh look at an old problem. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:541-543, 2003
49. Tryggvason K, Patrakka J, Wartiovaara J: Hereditary proteinuria syndromes and mechanisms of proteinuria. N Engl J Med 354:1387-1401, 2006
50. Meyrier A: Nephrotic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 2004: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2437-2444, 2004
51. Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Oleksyk TK, Uscinski Knob AL, Bernhardy AJ, Hicks PJ, Nelson GW, Vanhollebeke B, Winkler CA, Kopp JB, Pays E, Pollak MR: Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 329:841-845, 2010
52. Valdivia P, Gonzalez Roncero F, Gentil MA, Jimenez F, Algarra G, Pereira P, Rivera M, Suner M, Cabello V, Toro J, Mateos J: Plasmapheresis for the prophylaxis and treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following renal transplant. Transplant Proc 37:1473-1474, 2005
53. McCarthy ET, Sharma M, Savin VJ: Circulating permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2115-2121, 2010
54. Savin VJ, McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Charba D, Sharma M: Galactose binds to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis permeability factor and inhibits its activity. Transl Res 151:288-292, 2008
55. Savin VJ, Sharma R, Sharma M, McCarthy ET, Swan SK, Ellis E, Lovell H, Warady B, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Artero M, Vincenti F: Circulating factor associated with increased glomerular permeability to albumin in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med 334:878-883, 1996
56. Godfrin Y, Dantal J, Bouhours JF, Heslan JM, Soulillou JP: A new method of measuring albumin permeability in isolated glomeruli. Kidney Int 50:1352-1357, 1996
57. Wei C, El Hindi S, Li J, Fornoni A, Goes N, Sageshima J, Maiguel D, Karumanchi SA, Yap HK, Saleem M, Zhang Q, Nikolic B, Chaudhuri A, Daftarian P, Salido E, Torres A, Salifu M, Sarwal MM, Schaefer F, Morath C, Schwenger V, Zeier M, Gupta V, Roth D, Rastaldi MP, Burke G, Ruiz P, Reiser J: Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Med 17:952-960, 2011
58. Hoyer JR, Vernier RL, Najarian JS, Raij L, Simmons RL, Michael AF: Recurrence of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome after renal transplantation, 1972. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1994-2002, 2001
59. Schachter ME, Monahan M, Radhakrishnan J, Crew J, Pollak M, Ratner L, Valeri AM, Stokes MB, Appel GB: Recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the renal allograft: single center experience in the era of modern immunosuppression. Clin Nephrol 74:173-181, 2010
60. Ponticelli C, Glassock RJ: Posttransplant recurrence of primary glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2363-2372, 2010
61. Zimmerman SW: Plasmapheresis and dipyridamole for recurrent focal glomerular sclerosis. Nephron 40:241-245, 1985
62. Gungor O, Sen S, Kircelli F, Yilmaz M, Sarsik B, Ozkahya M, Hoscoskun C, Ok E, Toz H: Plasmapheresis therapy in renal transplant patients: five-year experience. Transplant Proc 43:853-857, 2011
63. Tsagalis G, Psimenou E, Nakopoulou L, Laggouranis A: Combination treatment with plasmapheresis and rituximab for recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after renal transplantation. Artif Organs 35:420-425, 2011
64. Moroni G, Gallelli B, Quaglini S, Banfi G, Montagnino G, Messa P: Long-term outcome of renal transplantation in adults with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transpl Int 23:208-216, 2010
65. Gonzalez E, Ettenger R, Rianthavorn P, Tsai E, Malekzadeh M: Preemptive plasmapheresis and recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 15:495-501, 2011
66. Mitwalli AH: Adding plasmapheresis to corticosteroids and alkylating agents: does it benefit patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1524-1528, 1998
67. Feld SM, Figueroa P, Savin V, Nast CC, Sharma R, Sharma M, Hirschberg R, Adler SG: Plasmapheresis in the treatment of steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in native kidneys. Am J Kidney Dis 32:230-237, 1998
68. Dantal J, Bigot E, Bogers W, Testa A, Kriaa F, Jacques Y, Hurault de Ligny B, Niaudet P, Charpentier B, Soulillou JP: Effect of plasma protein adsorption on protein excretion in kidney-transplant recipients with recurrent nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 330:7-14, 1994
69. Haas M, Godfrin Y, Oberbauer R, Yilmaz N, Borchhardt K, Regele H, Druml W, Derfler K, Mayer G: Plasma immunadsorption treatment in patients with primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:2013-2016, 1998
70. Stenvinkel P, Alvestrand A, Angelin B, Eriksson M: LDL-apheresis in patients with nephrotic syndrome: effects on serum albumin and urinary albumin excretion. Eur J Clin Invest 30:866-870, 2000
71. Muso E, Mune M, Yorioka N, Nishizawa Y, Hirano T, Hattori M, Sugiyama S, Watanabe T, Kimura K, Yokoyama H, Sato H, Saito T: Beneficial effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis (LDL-A) on refractory nephrotic syndrome (NS) due to focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS). Clin Nephrol 67:341-344, 2007
72. Johnson WJ, Kyle RA, Pineda AA, O'Brien PC, Holley KE: Treatment of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma. Plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, and chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 150:863-869, 1990
73. Zucchelli P, Pasquali S, Cagnoli L, Ferrari G: Controlled plasma exchange trial in acute renal failure due to multiple myeloma. Kidney Int 33:1175-1180, 1988
74. Clark WF, Stewart AK, Rock GA, Sternbach M, Sutton DM, Barrett BJ, Heidenheim AP, Garg AX, Churchill DN: Plasma exchange when myeloma presents as acute renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 143:777-784, 2005
75. Leung N, Gertz MA, Zeldenrust SR, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Fervenza FC, Kumar S, Lacy MQ, Lust JA, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Hayman SR, Russell SJ, Kyle RA, Winters JL: Improvement of cast nephropathy with plasma exchange depends on the diagnosis and on reduction of serum free light chains. Kidney Int 73:1282-1288, 2008
76. Hutchison CA, Cockwell P, Reid S, Chandler K, Mead GP, Harrison J, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappell MJ, Cook M, Goehl H, Storr M, Bradwell AR: Efficient removal of immunoglobulin free light chains by hemodialysis for multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:886-895, 2007
77. Hutchison CA, Bradwell AR, Cook M, Basnayake K, Basu S, Harding S, Hattersley J, Evans ND, Chappel MJ, Sampson P, Foggensteiner L, Adu D, Cockwell P: Treatment of acute renal failure secondary to multiple myeloma with chemotherapy and extended high cut-off hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:745-754, 2009
78. McLeod BC, Viernes AL, Sassetti RJ: Serum-free light chain analysis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: correlation with plasmapheresis in light chain disease nephropathy. Am J Hematol 15:75-88, 1983
79. Drew MJ: Plasmapheresis in the dysproteinemias. Ther Apher 6:45-52, 2002
80. Mariette X, Clauvel JP, Brouet JC: Intensive therapy in AL amyloidosis and light-chain deposition disease. Ann Intern Med 123:553, 1995
81. Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Kleiner MJ, Aucouturier P, D'Agati VD: Heavy chain deposition disease: the disease spectrum. Am J Kidney Dis 33:954-962, 1999
82. Masai R, Wakui H, Togashi M, Maki N, Ohtani H, Komatsuda A, Sawada K: Clinicopathological features and prognosis in immunoglobulin light and heavy chain deposition disease. Clin Nephrol 71:9-20, 2009
83. Montseny JJ, Kleinknecht D, Meyrier A, Vanhille P, Simon P, Pruna A, Eladari D: Long-term outcome according to renal histological lesions in 118 patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1438-1445, 1998
84. Alpers CE, Kowalewska J: Fibrillary glomerulonephritis and immunotactoid glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:34-37, 2008
85. Pronovost PH, Brady HR, Gunning ME, Espinoza O, Rennke HG: Clinical features, predictors of disease progression and results of renal transplantation in fibrillary/immunotactoid glomerulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:837-842, 1996
86. Vernier I, Pourrat JP, Mignon-Conte MA, Hemery M, Dueymes JM, Conte JJ: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with amyloidosis: efficacy of plasma exchange. J Clin Apher 3:226-229, 1987
87. Bahrami D, Henegar JR, Baliga R: Fibrillary glomerulopathy in a 10-year-old female. Pediatr Nephrol 16:916-918, 2001
88. Menon S, Zeng X, Valentini R: Fibrillary glomerulonephritis and renal failure in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 24:1577-1581, 2009
89. Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, Lewis EJ: Immunotactoid glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1390-1397, 2002
90. Harada Y, Ido N, Okada T, Otani M, Shirota T, Nakao T, Hayashi T: Nephrotic syndrome caused by protein thrombi in glomerulocapillary lumen in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. Br J Haematol 110:880-883, 2000
91. Morel-Maroger L, Basch A, Danon F, Verroust P, Richet G: Pathology of the kidney in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Study of sixteen cases. N Engl J Med 283:123-129, 1970
92. Ward D: Therapeutic Plasmapheresis and Related Apheresis Techniques. Updates to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1984
93. Dominguez JH, Sha E: Apheresis in cryoglobulinemia complicating hepatitis C and in other renal diseases. Ther Apher 6:69-76, 2002
94. De Vita S, Soldano F, Isola M, Monti G, Gabrielli A, Tzioufas A, Ferri C, Ferraccioli GF, Quartuccio L, Corazza L, De Marchi G, Casals MR, Voulgarelis M, Lenzi M, Saccardo F, Fraticelli P, Mascia MT, Sansonno D, Cacoub P, Tomsic M, Tavoni A, Pietrogrande M, Zignego AL, Scarpato S, Mazzaro C, Pioltelli P, Steinfeld S, Lamprecht P, Bombardieri S, Galli M: Preliminary classification criteria for the cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:1183-1190, 2011
95. Rockx MA, Clark WF: Plasma exchange for treating cryoglobulinemia: a descriptive analysis. Transfus Apher Sci 42:247-251, 2010
96. Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, Charlotte F, Olivi M, Piette JC, Opolon P: Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum 42:2204-2212, 1999
97. Saadoun D, Delluc A, Piette JC, Cacoub P: Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20:23-28, 2008
98. Pileri P, Uematsu Y, Campagnoli S, Galli G, Falugi F, Petracca R, Weiner AJ, Houghton M, Rosa D, Grandi G, Abrignani S: Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science 282:938-941, 1998
99. Hausfater P, Rosenthal E, Cacoub P: Lymphoproliferative diseases and hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 151:53-57, 2000
100. Sasso EH: The rheumatoid factor response in the etiology of mixed cryoglobulins associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 151:30-40, 2000
101. Russo GE, Caramiello MS, Vitaliano E, De Marco CM, Pennacchia M, Giusti S, Vannini F, Mannini L, Avanzi G: Haemorheological changes in mixed cryoglobulinaemia during apheresis treatment. Transfus Sci 17:499-503, 1996
102. Berkman EM, Orlin JB: Use of plasmapheresis and partial plasma exchange in the management of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Transfusion 20:171-178, 1980
103. Siami GA, Siami FS: Current topics on cryofiltration technologies. Ther Apher 5:283-286, 2001
104. Stefanutti C, Vivenzio A, Di Giacomo S, Labbadia G, Mazza F, D'Alessandri G, Ferraro PM, Masala C: Immunoadsorption apheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in the treatment of complicated HCV-related cryoglobulinemia. J Clin Apher 24:241-246, 2009
105. Schettler V, Monazahian M, Wieland E, Ramadori G, Grunewald RW, Thomssen R, Muller GA: Reduction of hepatitis C virus load by H.E.L.P.-LDL apheresis. Eur J Clin Invest 31:154-155, 2001
106. Smith RJ, Alexander J, Barlow PN, Botto M, Cassavant TL, Cook HT, de Cordoba SR, Hageman GS, Jokiranta TS, Kimberling WJ, Lambris JD, Lanning LD, Levidiotis V, Licht C, Lutz HU, Meri S, Pickering MC, Quigg RJ, Rops AL, Salant DJ, Sethi S, Thurman JM, Tully HF, Tully SP, van der Vlag J, Walker PD, Wurzner R, Zipfel PF: New approaches to the treatment of dense deposit disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2447-2456, 2007
107. Appel GB, Cook HT, Hageman G, Jennette JC, Kashgarian M, Kirschfink M, Lambris JD, Lanning L, Lutz HU, Meri S, Rose NR, Salant DJ, Sethi S, Smith RJ, Smoyer W, Tully HF, Tully SP, Walker P, Welsh M, Wurzner R, Zipfel PF: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease): an update. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1392-1403, 2005
108. Montoliu J, Bergada E, Arrizabalaga P, Revert L: Acute renal failure in dense deposit disease: recovery after plasmapheresis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 284:940, 1982
109. Banks RA, May S, Wallington T: Acute renal failure in dense deposit disease: recovery after plasmapheresis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 284:1874-1875, 1982
110. Krmar RT, Holtback U, Linne T, Berg UB, Celsi G, Soderberg MP, Wernerson A, Szakos A, Larsson S, Skattum L, Barany P: Acute renal failure in dense deposit disease: complete recovery after combination therapy with immunosuppressant and plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol 75(Suppl. 1):4-10, 2011
111. Kurtz KA, Schlueter AJ: Management of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II with plasmapheresis. J Clin Apher 17:135-137, 2002
112. Oberkircher OR, Enama M, West JC, Campbell P, Moran J: Regression of recurrent membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II in a transplanted kidney after plasmapheresis therapy. Transplant Proc 20:418-423, 1988
113. von Baeyer H: Plasmapheresis in thrombotic microangiopathy-associated syndromes: review of outcome data derived from clinical trials and open studies. Ther Apher 6:320-328, 2002
114. Torok TJ, Holman RC, Chorba TL: Increasing mortality from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the United States-analysis of national mortality data, 1968-1991. Am J Hematol 50:84-90, 1995
115. Zheng XL, Kaufman RM, Goodnough LT, Sadler JE: Effect of plasma exchange on plasma ADAMTS13 metalloprotease activity, inhibitor level, and clinical outcome in patients with idiopathic and nonidiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 103:4043-4049, 2004
116. Dundas S, Murphy J, Soutar RL, Jones GA, Hutchinson SJ, Todd WT: Effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange in the 1996 Lanarkshire Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak. Lancet 354:1327-1330, 1999
117. Kavanagh D, Goodship T: Genetics and complement in atypical HUS. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2431-2442, 2010
118. Gaddis TG, Guthrie TH Jr., Drew MJ, Sahud M, Howe RB, Mittelman A: Treatment of plasma refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with protein A immunoabsorption. Am J Hematol 55:55-58, 1997
119. George JN: The association of pregnancy with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Curr Opin Hematol 10:339-344, 2003
120. Ehsanipoor RM, Rajan P, Holcombe RF, Wing DA: Limitations of ADAMTS-13 activity level in diagnosing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 15:585-587, 2009
121. Hulstein JJ, van Runnard Heimel PJ, Franx A, Lenting PJ, Bruinse HW, Silence K, de Groot PG, Fijnheer R: Acute activation of the endothelium results in increased levels of active von Willebrand factor in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 4:2569-2575, 2006
122. Lattuada A, Rossi E, Calzarossa C, Candolfi R, Mannucci PM: Mild to moderate reduction of a von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) in pregnant women with HELLP microangiopathic syndrome. Haematologica 88:1029-1034, 2003
123. Stella CL, Dacus J, Guzman E, Dhillon P, Coppage K, How H, Sibai B: The diagnostic dilemma of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome in the obstetric triage and emergency department: lessons from 4 tertiary hospitals. Am J Obstet Gynecol 200:381, e381-386, 2009
124. Katz VL, Watson WJ, Thorp JM Jr., Hansen W, Bowes WA Jr.: Treatment of persistent postpartum HELLP syndrome with plasmapheresis. Am J Perinatol 9:120-122, 1992
125. Julius CJ, Dunn ZL, Blazina JF: HELLP syndrome: laboratory parameters and clinical course in four patients treated with plasma exchange. J Clin Apher 9:228-235, 1994
126. Eckford SD, Macnab JL, Turner ML, Plews D, Liston WA: Plasmapheresis in the management of HELLP syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol 18:377-379, 1998
127. Kato R, Shinohara A, Sato J: ADAMTS13 deficiency, an important cause of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 18:73-77, 2009
128. Weiner CP: Thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Semin Hematol 24:119-129, 1987
129. Iannuzzi M, Siconolfi P, D'Angelillo A, Capuano M, Tufano L, Macri M: A post-partum hemolytic-uremic-like-syndrome in a patient with pre-eclampsia: description of a clinical case. Transfus Apher Sci 34:11-14, 2006
130. Esplin MS, Branch DW: Diagnosis and management of thrombotic microangiopathies during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 42:360-367, 1999
131. Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, Shoenfeld Y, Espinosa G, Petri MA, Lim E, Lau TC, Gurjal A, Jedryka-Goral A, Chwalinska-Sadowska H, Dibner RJ, Rojas-Rodriguez J, Garcia-Carrasco M, Grandone JT, Parke AL, Barbosa P, Vasconcelos C, Ramos-Casals M, Font J, Ingelmo M: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clues to the pathogenesis from a series of 80 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 80:355-377, 2001
132. Flamholz R, Tran T, Grad GI, Mauer AM, Olopade OI, Ellman MH, McKinsey JF, Jeon HR, Baron JM, Baron BW: Therapeutic plasma exchange for the acute management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: beta(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies as a marker of response to therapy. J Clin Apher 14:171-176, 1999
133. Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 12:530-534, 2003
134. Uthman I, Shamseddine A, Taher A: The role of therapeutic plasma exchange in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Transfus Apher Sci 33:11-17, 2005
135. Cervera R: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): update from the 'CAPS Registry'. Lupus 19:412-418, 2010
136. Erkan D, Patel S, Nuzzo M, Gerosa M, Meroni PL, Tincani A, Lockshin MD: Management of the controversial aspects of the antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies: a guide for clinicians and researchers. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47 (Suppl. 3):iii23-27, 2008
137. Montgomery RA, Zachary AA, Ratner LE, Segev DL, Hiller JM, Houp J, Cooper M, Kavoussi L, Jarrett T, Burdick J, Maley WR, Melancon JK, Kozlowski T, Simpkins CE, Phillips M, Desai A, Collins V, Reeb B, Kraus E, Rabb H, Leffell MS, Warren DS: Clinical results from transplanting incompatible live kidney donor/recipient pairs using kidney paired donation. JAMA 294:1655-1663, 2005
138. Alkhunaizi AM, de Mattos AM, Barry JM, Bennett WM, Norman DJ: Renal transplantation across the ABO barrier using A2 kidneys. Transplantation 67:1319-1324, 1999
139. Gloor JM, Lager DJ, Fidler ME, Grande JP, Moore SB, Winters JL, Kremers WK, Stegall MD: A Comparison of splenectomy versus intensive posttransplant antidonor blood group antibody monitoring without splenectomy in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Transplantation 80:1572-1577, 2005
140. Sonnenday CJ, Warren DS, Cooper M, Samaniego M, Haas M, King KE, Shirey RS, Simpkins CE, Montgomery RA: Plasmapheresis, CMV hyperimmune globulin, and anti-CD20 allow ABO-incompatible renal transplantation without splenectomy. Am J Transplant 4:1315-1322, 2004
141. Ichimaru N, Takahara S: Japan's experience with living-donor kidney transplantation across ABO barriers. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4:682-692, 2008
142. Sawada T, Fuchinoue S, Teraoka S: Successful A1-to-O ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation after a preconditioning regimen consisting of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody infusions, splenectomy, and double-filtration plasmapheresis. Transplantation 74:1207-1210, 2002
143. Kumlien G, Ullstrom L, Losvall A, Persson LG, Tyden G: Clinical experience with a new apheresis filter that specifically depletes ABO blood group antibodies. Transfusion 46:1568-1575, 2006
144. Jordan SC, Vo AA, Nast CC, Tyan D: Use of high-dose human intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in sensitized patients awaiting transplantation: the Cedars-Sinai experience. Clin Transpl 17:193-198, 2003
145. Montgomery RA, Zachary AA, Racusen LC, Leffell MS, King KE, Burdick J, Maley WR, Ratner LE: Plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin provides effective rescue therapy for refractory humoral rejection and allows kidneys to be successfully transplanted into cross-match-positive recipients. Transplantation 70:887-895, 2000
146. Stegall MD, Gloor J, Winters JL, Moore SB, Degoey S: A comparison of plasmapheresis versus high-dose IVIG desensitization in renal allograft recipients with high levels of donor specific alloantibody. Am J Transplant 6:346-351, 2006
147. Lorenz M, Regele H, Schillinger M, Kletzmayr J, Haidbauer B, Derfler K, Druml W, Bohmig GA: Peritransplant immunoadsorption: a strategy enabling transplantation in highly sensitized crossmatch-positive cadaveric kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation 79:696-701, 2005
148. Bartel G, Wahrmann M, Regele H, Kikic Z, Fischer G, Druml W, Muhlbacher F, Bohmig GA: Peritransplant immunoadsorption for positive crossmatch deceased donor kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 10:2033-2042, 2010
149. Pascual M, Saidman S, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Williams WW, Mauiyyedi S, Duan JM, Farrell ML, Colvin RB, Cosimi AB, Delmonico FL: Plasma exchange and tacrolimus-mycophenolate rescue for acute humoral rejection in kidney transplantation. Transplantation 66:1460-1464, 1998
150. Lefaucheur C, Nochy D, Andrade J, Verine J, Gautreau C, Charron D, Hill GS, Glotz D, Suberbielle-Boissel C: Comparison of combination plasmapheresis/IVIg/anti-CD20 versus high-dose IVIg in the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 9:1099-1107, 2009
151. Faguer S, Kamar N, Guilbeaud-Frugier C, Fort M, Modesto A, Mari A, Ribes D, Cointault O, Lavayssiere L, Guitard J, Durand D, Rostaing L: Rituximab therapy for acute humoral rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 83:1277-1280, 2007
152. Walsh RC, Everly JJ, Brailey P, Rike AH, Arend LJ, Mogilishetty G, Govil A, Roy-Chaudhury P, Alloway RR, Woodle ES: Proteasome inhibitor-based primary therapy for antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 89:277-284, 2010
153. Rocha PN, Butterly DW, Greenberg A, Reddan DN, Tuttle-Newhall J, Collins BH, Kuo PC, Reinsmoen N, Fields T, Howell DN, Smith SR: Beneficial effect of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin on renal allograft survival of patients with acute humoral rejection. Transplantation 75:1490-1495, 2003
154. White NB, Greenstein SM, Cantafio AW, Schechner R, Glicklich D, McDonough P, Pullman J, Mohandas K, Boctor F, Uehlinger J, Tellis V: Successful rescue therapy with plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin for acute humoral renal transplant rejection. Transplantation 78:772-774, 2004
155. Lehrich RW, Rocha PN, Reinsmoen N, Greenberg A, Butterly DW, Howell DN, Smith SR: Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis in acute humoral rejection: experience in renal allograft transplantation. Hum Immunol 66:350-358, 2005
156. Ibernon M, Gil-Vernet S, Carrera M, Seron D, Moreso F, Bestard O, Cruzado JM, Grinyo JM: Therapy with plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin for acute humoral rejection in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:3743-3745, 2005
157. Min L, Shuming J, Zheng T, Daxi J, Huiping C, Zhihong L, Leishi L: Novel rescue therapy for C4d-positive acute humoral renal allograft rejection. Clin Transplant 19:51-55, 2005
158. Brown CM, Abraham KA, O'Kelly P, Conlon PJ, Walshe JJ: Long-term experience of plasmapheresis in antibody-mediated rejection in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 41:3690-3692, 2009
159. Bohmig GA, Wahrmann M, Regele H, Exner M, Robl B, Derfler K, Soliman T, Bauer P, Mullner M, Druml W: Immunoadsorption in severe C4d-positive acute kidney allograft rejection: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant 7:117-121, 2007
160. Ward DM: Extracorporeal photopheresis: how, when, and why. J Clin Apher 26:276-285, 2011.
161. Barr ML, Meiser BM, Eisen HJ, Roberts RF, Livi U, Dall'Amico R, Dorent R, Rogers JG, Radovancevic B, Taylor DO, Jeevanandam V, Marboe CC: Photopheresis for the prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation. Photopheresis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 339:1744-1751, 1998
162. Morrell MR, Despotis GJ, Lublin DM, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Hachem RR: The efficacy of photopheresis for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 29:424-431, 2010
163. Lamioni A, Carsetti R, Legato A, Landolfo A, Isacchi G, Emma F, Bottazzo GF, Dello Strologo L: Induction of regulatory T cells after prophylactic treatment with photopheresis in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 83:1393-1396, 2007
164. Jardine MJ, Bhandari S, Wyburn KR, Misra AK, McKenzie PR, Eris JM: Photopheresis therapy for problematic renal allograft rejection. J Clin Apher 24:161-169, 2009
165. Dall'Amico R, Murer L, Montini G, Andreetta B, Zanon GF, Zacchello G, Zacchello F: Successful treatment of recurrent rejection in renal transplant patients with photopheresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:121-127, 1998
166. Kumlien G, Genberg H, Shanwell A, Tyden G: Photopheresis for the treatment of refractory renal graft rejection. Transplantation 79:123-125, 2005
167. Kain R, Exner M, Brandes R, Ziebermayr R, Cunningham D, Alderson CA, Davidovits A, Raab I, Jahn R, Ashour O, Spitzauer S, Sunder-Plassmann G, Fukuda M, Klemm P, Rees AJ, Kerjaschki D: Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Nat Med 14:1088-1096, 2008
168. Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, Remuzzi G, Kyrle PA, Brenner B, Krause M, Scharrer I, Aumann V, Mittler U, Solenthaler M, Lammle B: von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 339:1578-1584, 1998
169. Beck LH Jr., Bonegio RG, Lambeau G, Beck DM, Powell DW, Cummins TD, Klein JB, Salant DJ: M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 361:11-21, 2009
170. du Buf-Vereijken PW, Branten AJ, Wetzels JF: Cytotoxic therapy for membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency: improved renal survival but high relapse rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1142-1148, 2004
171. Glassock RJ: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: getting better by itself. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:551-552, 2010