메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 45-54

How to address the ethics of reproductive travel to developing countries: A comparison of national self-sufficiency and regulated market approaches

Author keywords

Assisted reproductive technologies; Commercial surrogacy; Health care; Justice; Medical tourism; Oocyte donation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ETHICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INDIA; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INFORMED CONSENT; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; MANAGEMENT; MEDICAL TOURISM; MOTHER; OOCYTE DONATION; POVERTY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; STANDARD; THAILAND; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

EID: 84858645997     PISSN: 14718731     EISSN: 14718847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00316.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 84858635616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Reproductive travel' includes all forms of international trade in reproductive medical goods and services, including both formal cross-border care arranged by governments and informal care organized by private clinics and practitioners
    • 'Reproductive travel' includes all forms of international trade in reproductive medical goods and services, including both formal cross-border care arranged by governments and informal care organized by private clinics and practitioners.
  • 2
    • 84858667670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogacy $445 Mn Business in India
    • Economic Times. 25 Aug. Available at: [Accessed 11 Jan 2012]
    • 2008. Surrogacy $445 Mn Business in India. Economic Times Economic Times. 25 Aug. Available at: [Accessed 11 Jan 2012]. economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3403841.cms.
    • (2008) Economic Times
  • 3
    • 84858628154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It remains a matter of some debate whether these measures will substantively protect the interests of surrogates
    • It remains a matter of some debate whether these measures will substantively protect the interests of surrogates.
  • 4
    • 84858673293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft Law Tightens Surrogacy Norms [India]
    • 30 Sep. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011]
    • Iyer, M. 2008. Draft Law Tightens Surrogacy Norms [India]. Times of India 30 Sep. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011].
    • Times of India
    • Iyer, M.1
  • 5
    • 84855181763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ART of Making Babies
    • Qadeer, I. The ART of Making Babies. Indian J Medical Ethics 2010; VII(4): 209-215.
    • (2010) Indian J Medical Ethics , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 209-215
    • Qadeer, I.1
  • 6
    • 38949142966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waldby, C. & M. Cooper
    • Waldby, C. & M. Cooper. The Biopolitics of Reproduction. Australian Feminist Studies 2008; 23(55): 57-73.
    • (2008) Australian Feminist Studies , vol.23 , Issue.55 , pp. 57-73
  • 7
    • 78549284033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Cycling Overseas': Care, Commodification, and Stratification in Cross-Border Reproductive Travel
    • Whittaker, A. & A. Speier. 'Cycling Overseas': Care, Commodification, and Stratification in Cross-Border Reproductive Travel. Medical Anthropology 2010; 29(4): 363-383.
    • (2010) Medical Anthropology , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 363-383
    • Whittaker, A.1    Speier, A.2
  • 8
    • 38949143454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cruel Cost of the Human Egg Trade
    • 30 April. Available at: [Accessed on 12 Jan 2012]
    • Barnett, A. & H. Smith. Cruel Cost of the Human Egg Trade. The Observer 30 April. Available at: [Accessed on 12 Jan 2012]. 2006.
    • (2006) The Observer
    • Barnett, A.1    Smith, H.2
  • 9
    • 84858628137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent high-profile stories include Lisa Ling's investigation 'Wombs for rent,' which appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show in September 2007, and Alison Motluck's 'From here to maternity,' a two-part series on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio's Ideas that originally aired in June 2009
    • Recent high-profile stories include Lisa Ling's investigation 'Wombs for rent,' which appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show in September 2007, and Alison Motluck's 'From here to maternity,' a two-part series on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio's Ideas that originally aired in June 2009.
  • 10
    • 78650301186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free Trade in Human Reproductive Cells: A Solution to Procreative Tourism and the Unregulated Internet
    • Chung, L.H. Free Trade in Human Reproductive Cells: A Solution to Procreative Tourism and the Unregulated Internet. Minn J Int Law 2006; 15: 265-270.
    • (2006) Minn J Int Law , vol.15 , pp. 265-270
    • Chung, L.H.1
  • 11
    • 0035552997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Golden Eggs: Toward the Rational Regulation of Oocyte Donation
    • Baum, K. Golden Eggs: Toward the Rational Regulation of Oocyte Donation. BYU L Rev 2001: 107.
    • (2001) BYU L Rev , pp. 107
    • Baum, K.1
  • 12
    • 33644530410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quests for Conception: Fertility Tourists, Globalization and Feminist Legal Theory
    • Storrow, R.F. Quests for Conception: Fertility Tourists, Globalization and Feminist Legal Theory. Hastings Law J 2006; 57: 295-330.
    • (2006) Hastings Law J , vol.57 , pp. 295-330
    • Storrow, R.F.1
  • 13
    • 77949515640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Baby Market: Crossing Bodies, Crossing Borders: International Surrogacy between the United States and India
    • Smerdon, U.R. The Baby Market: Crossing Bodies, Crossing Borders: International Surrogacy between the United States and India. Cumb Law Rev 2009; 39: 815-819.
    • (2009) Cumb Law Rev , vol.39 , pp. 815-819
    • Smerdon, U.R.1
  • 14
    • 0037642105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commodification of Human Tissue: Implications for Feminist Developmental Ethics
    • Dickenson, D. Commodification of Human Tissue: Implications for Feminist Developmental Ethics. Developing World Bioethics 2002; 2(1): 55-63.
    • (2002) Developing World Bioethics , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-63
    • Dickenson, D.1
  • 15
    • 0036905628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion
    • Pennings, G. Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion. J Medical Ethics 2002; 28(6): 337-341.
    • (2002) J Medical Ethics , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 337-341
    • Pennings, G.1
  • 16
    • 84858673294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, the anthropological analysis of Andrea Whittaker and Amy Speier
    • See, for example, the anthropological analysis of Andrea Whittaker and Amy Speier.
  • 17
    • 77949269035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It May Be Her Eggs But It's My Blood': Surrogates and Everyday Forms of Kinship in India
    • Amrita Pande 'It May Be Her Eggs But It's My Blood': Surrogates and Everyday Forms of Kinship in India. Qual Sociol 2009; 32: 379-397.
    • (2009) Qual Sociol , vol.32 , pp. 379-397
    • Pande, A.1
  • 18
    • 77953013910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commercial Surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a Perfect Mother-Worker
    • Pande, A. Commercial Surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a Perfect Mother-Worker. Signs 2010; 35(4): 969-992.
    • (2010) Signs , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 969-992
    • Pande, A.1
  • 19
    • 79551596195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'At Least I Am Not Sleeping with Anyone': Resisting the Stigma of Commercial Surrogacy in India
    • Pande, A. 'At Least I Am Not Sleeping with Anyone': Resisting the Stigma of Commercial Surrogacy in India. Feminist Studies 2010: 36(2): 292-312).
    • (2010) Feminist Studies , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 292-312
    • Pande, A.1
  • 20
    • 78650284139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Is Medical Travel of Concern to Global Social Policy?
    • the multidisciplinary special edition of Global Social Policy titled (Leng, C.H. & A. Whittaker (Eds.))
    • 'Why Is Medical Travel of Concern to Global Social Policy?' and the multidisciplinary special edition of Global Social Policy titled (Leng, C.H. & A. Whittaker (Eds.)). Global Social Policy 2010; 10: 287-433.
    • (2010) Global Social Policy , vol.10 , pp. 287-433
  • 21
    • 84858667669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of recent interest by policy makers include the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology's (ESHRE) creation of a task force on reproductive travel
    • Evidence of recent interest by policy makers include the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology's (ESHRE) creation of a task force on reproductive travel.
  • 22
    • 52449110479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 15: Cross-Border Reproductive Care
    • Pennings, G. et al. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 15: Cross-Border Reproductive Care. Hum Reprod 2008; 23(10): 2182-2184.
    • (2008) Hum Reprod , vol.23 , Issue.10 , pp. 2182-2184
    • Pennings, G.1
  • 23
    • 84858673286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the International Federation of Social Worker's 2008 policy on cross-border reproductive services (available at:) [Accessed 12 Jan 2012]
    • the International Federation of Social Worker's 2008 policy on cross-border reproductive services (available at:) [Accessed 12 Jan 2012].
  • 24
    • 84858667674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO's 2009 workshop on 'The Movement of Patients across International Borders,' held in Kobe, Japan
    • WHO's 2009 workshop on 'The Movement of Patients across International Borders,' held in Kobe, Japan.
  • 25
    • 84858628144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assisted Human Reproduction Canada's 'First International Forum on Cross-Border Reproductive Care,' held in Ottawa, Canada in 2009
    • Assisted Human Reproduction Canada's 'First International Forum on Cross-Border Reproductive Care,' held in Ottawa, Canada in 2009.
  • 27
    • 77956074414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization and Cross-Border Reproductive Services: Ethical Implications of Surrogacy in India for Social Work
    • Palattiyil, G., et al. Globalization and Cross-Border Reproductive Services: Ethical Implications of Surrogacy in India for Social Work. Int Social Work 2010; 53: 691.
    • (2010) Int Social Work , vol.53 , pp. 691
    • Palattiyil, G.1
  • 28
    • 77953655043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ethics of Human Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cell Research
    • Master, Z., et al. The Ethics of Human Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cell Research. J Stem Cells 2008; 3: 127-161.
    • (2008) J Stem Cells , vol.3 , pp. 127-161
    • Master, Z.1
  • 29
    • 78650277766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Socio-Anthropological Perspective on Reproductive Medical Travel and Associated Technologies in the Asia-Pacific.
    • Kobe, Japan: WHO Center for Health Development. 30 Nov.
    • Whittaker, A. 2009. A Socio-Anthropological Perspective on Reproductive Medical Travel and Associated Technologies in the Asia-Pacific. Thematic Paper. Kobe, Japan: WHO Center for Health Development. 30 Nov.
    • (2009)
    • Whittaker, A.1
  • 30
    • 77956005050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy
    • Parks, J.A. Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy. Bioethics 2010; 24: 333-340.
    • (2010) Bioethics , vol.24 , pp. 333-340
    • Parks, J.A.1
  • 31
    • 77952550864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertility Patients' Experiences of Cross-Border Reproductive Tourism.
    • Blyth, E. Fertility Patients' Experiences of Cross-Border Reproductive Tourism. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: e11-e15.
    • (2010) Fertil Steril , vol.94
    • Blyth, E.1
  • 32
    • 0031004730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the pursuit of national self-sufficiency in blood has been advocated by the World Health Organization since the 1970s (Keown, J. The Gift of Blood in Europe: An Ethical Defence of EC Directive 89/381. J Med Ethics
    • For example, the pursuit of national self-sufficiency in blood has been advocated by the World Health Organization since the 1970s (Keown, J. The Gift of Blood in Europe: An Ethical Defence of EC Directive 89/381. J Med Ethics 1997; 23: 96-100.
    • (1997) , vol.23 , pp. 96-100
  • 33
    • 84858628148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • And is now promoted as goal with respect to human organs for transplantation (World Health Organization. 2008 WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation (Updated Edition). Geneva: World Health Organization; Steering Committee of the Istanbul Summit. Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism and Commercialism: The Declaration of Istanbul. Lancet
    • And is now promoted as goal with respect to human organs for transplantation (World Health Organization. 2008 WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation (Updated Edition). Geneva: World Health Organization; Steering Committee of the Istanbul Summit. Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism and Commercialism: The Declaration of Istanbul. Lancet 2008; 372: 5-6.
    • (2008) , vol.372 , pp. 5-6
  • 34
    • 27944495265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamete Donation in a System of Need-Adjusted Reciprocity.
    • Pennings, G. Gamete Donation in a System of Need-Adjusted Reciprocity. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 2990-2993.
    • (2005) Hum Reprod , vol.20 , pp. 2990-2993
    • Pennings, G.1
  • 35
    • 84858628151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To illustrate, an organ exchange program might, for example, arrange for Patient A's relative to donate a kidney to Patient B in exchange for donation of a kidney from Patient B's relative to Patient A in order to overcome immunological incompatibilities. Gametes might likewise be exchanged to overcome social or genetic barriers to donation by relatives
    • To illustrate, an organ exchange program might, for example, arrange for Patient A's relative to donate a kidney to Patient B in exchange for donation of a kidney from Patient B's relative to Patient A in order to overcome immunological incompatibilities. Gametes might likewise be exchanged to overcome social or genetic barriers to donation by relatives.
  • 36
    • 11144298082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal Harmonization and Reproductive Tourism in Europe.
    • Pennings, G. Legal Harmonization and Reproductive Tourism in Europe. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 2689-2694.
    • (2004) Hum Reprod , vol.19 , pp. 2689-2694
    • Pennings, G.1
  • 38
    • 77952255389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egg Donation: Issues & Concerns.
    • Black, J.J. Egg Donation: Issues & Concerns. MCN Am J Maternal/Child Nurs 2010; 35: 132-137.
    • (2010) MCN Am J Maternal/Child Nurs , vol.35 , pp. 132-137
    • Black, J.J.1
  • 39
    • 79551490258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marketing Motherhood: Rights and Responsibilities of Egg Donors in Assisted Reproductive Technology Agreements.
    • Terman, S. Marketing Motherhood: Rights and Responsibilities of Egg Donors in Assisted Reproductive Technology Agreements. Northwestern J L Soc Pol 2008; 3: 167-185.
    • (2008) Pol , vol.3 , pp. 167-185
    • Terman, S.1
  • 42
    • 0029889694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commerce in Transplantation in Third World Countries.
    • Chugh, K.S. & V. Jha. Commerce in Transplantation in Third World Countries. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1181.
    • (1996) Kidney Int , vol.49 , pp. 1181
    • Chugh, K.S.1    Jha, V.2
  • 43
    • 35148853586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Socioeconomic Survey of Kidney Vendors in Pakistan.
    • Naqvi, S.A., et al. A Socioeconomic Survey of Kidney Vendors in Pakistan. Transpl Int 2007; 20: 934-939.
    • (2007) Transpl Int , vol.20 , pp. 934-939
    • Naqvi, S.A.1
  • 44
    • 84858673292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconceiving Surrogacy: Towards a Reproductive Justice Account of Surrogacy Work in India.
    • 9 Feb
    • Bailey, A. Reconceiving Surrogacy: Towards a Reproductive Justice Account of Surrogacy Work in India. Hypatia. Published online 9 Feb 2011.
    • (2011) Hypatia. Published online
    • Bailey, A.1
  • 45
    • 84858661928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childbirth at the Global Crossroads.
    • American Prospect 5 Oct. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan
    • Hochschild, A. 2009. Childbirth at the Global Crossroads. American Prospect 5 Oct. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011].
    • (2009)
    • Hochschild, A.1
  • 46
    • 84858628152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 2006. The State of the World's Children Women and Children: The Double Dividend of Gender Equality. New York, NY: UNICEF: 47.
    • UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 2006. The State of the World's Children Women and Children: The Double Dividend of Gender Equality. New York, NY: UNICEF: 47.2007.
    • (2007)
  • 47
    • 45849093347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive Work in Embryonic Stem Cell Research.
    • Waldby, C. Reproductive Work in Embryonic Stem Cell Research. New Genetics and Society 2008; 27: 19-31.
    • (2008) New Genetics and Society , vol.27 , pp. 19-31
    • Waldby, C.1
  • 48
    • 77956004541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Border Disputes across Bodies: Exploitation in Trafficking for Prostitution and Egg Sale for Stem Cell Research.
    • Widdows, H. Border Disputes across Bodies: Exploitation in Trafficking for Prostitution and Egg Sale for Stem Cell Research. Int J Feminist Bioethics 2009; 2: 5-24.
    • (2009) Int J Feminist Bioethics , vol.2 , pp. 5-24
    • Widdows, H.1
  • 49
    • 84858628153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egg Raffles and Shadow Markets
    • The Fertility Industry Goes Global - and Skirts Laws. Biopolitical Times. 23 Mar. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan
    • Darnovsky, M. 2010. Egg Raffles and Shadow Markets: The Fertility Industry Goes Global - and Skirts Laws. Biopolitical Times. 23 Mar. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011.
    • (2010)
    • Darnovsky, M.1
  • 51
    • 84858635615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matt Zwolinski provides a similar argument regarding low-wage labour. He argues that the moral significance of a sweat-shop labourer's consent need not be undermined by lack of voluntariness, exploitation, or constraints on independence.
    • Matt Zwolinski provides a similar argument regarding low-wage labour. He argues that the moral significance of a sweat-shop labourer's consent need not be undermined by lack of voluntariness, exploitation, or constraints on independence.
  • 52
    • 35648957281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choice, and Exploitation
    • Zwolinski, M. Sweatshops, Choice, and Exploitation. Bus Ethics Q 2007; 17: 689-727.
    • (2007) Bus Ethics Q , vol.17 , pp. 689-727
    • Sweatshops, Z.M.1
  • 53
    • 33750879227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is It Ethical for Patients with Renal Disease to Purchase Kidneys from the World's Poor? PLoS Med
    • Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011]
    • Bakdash, T. & N. Scheper-Hughes. Is It Ethical for Patients with Renal Disease to Purchase Kidneys from the World's Poor? PLoS Med 2006; 3: e349. Available at: [Accessed 10 Jan 2011].
    • (2006) , vol.3
    • Bakdash, T.1    Scheper-Hughes, N.2
  • 54
    • 0038482088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Liberals Should Accept Financial Incentives for Organ Procurement.
    • Veatch, R.M. Why Liberals Should Accept Financial Incentives for Organ Procurement. Kennedy Inst Ethic J 2003; 13: 19-36: 32.
    • (2003) Kennedy Inst Ethic J , vol.13 , pp. 19-36
    • Veatch, R.M.1
  • 56
    • 35648975982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty, Development, and Women: Why Should We Care? J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs
    • Thompson, J.E.B. Poverty, Development, and Women: Why Should We Care? J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2007; 36: 523-530.
    • (2007) , vol.36 , pp. 523-530
    • Thompson, J.E.B.1
  • 57
    • 72349099966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring Progress towards Gender-Equitable Poverty Alleviation.
    • Baruah, B. Monitoring Progress towards Gender-Equitable Poverty Alleviation. Progress Development Studies 2009; 9: 171.
    • (2009) Progress Development Studies , vol.9 , pp. 171
    • Baruah, B.1
  • 58
    • 84858673295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ESHRE's code of practice for cross border reproductive care is a move in this direction: Shenfield, F. et al. ESHRE's Good Practice Guide for Cross-Border Reproductive Care for Canters and Practitioners. Hum Reprod; First published online: April 19.
    • The ESHRE's code of practice for cross border reproductive care is a move in this direction: Shenfield, F. et al. ESHRE's Good Practice Guide for Cross-Border Reproductive Care for Canters and Practitioners. Hum Reprod; First published online: April 19.2011.
    • (2011)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.