Globalization and cross-border reproductive services: Ethical implications of surrogacy in India for social work

International Social Work

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 686-700

  Palattiyil, George ^a   Blyth, Eric ^b   Sidhva, Dina ^a   Balakrishnan, Geeta ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI   (India)

Author keywords

cross border reproductive care; globalization; health tourism; India; International Federation of Social Workers; surrogacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956074414     PISSN: 00208728     EISSN: 14617234     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020872810372157     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Baron, J., A. Haigh and E. Blyth (2007) Counselling and Surrogacy in Licensed Clinics in the UK. BICA Practice Guide Series. Sheffield: British Infertility Counselling Association.
2. Bharat Book Bureau (2009) Booming Medical Tourism in India. Available online at: http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=79575 (accessed 24 October 2009).
3. Blyth, E. (2009) Reproduction in the Global Market Place, in P. Bywaters, L. Napier and E. McLeod (eds) Social Work and Global Health Inequalities. Bristol: The Policy Press.
4. Blyth, E. and M. Auffrey (2008) Policy on Cross Border Reproductive Services. Geneva: IFSW. Available online at: http://www.ifsw.org/en/p38001484.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
5. Blyth, E. and A. Farrand (2005) Reproductive Tourism: A Price Worth Paying for Reproductive Autonomy?, Critical Social Policy 25(1): 91-114.
6. Boivin, J., L. Bunting, J.A. Collins and K. Nygren (2007) International Estimates of Infertility Prevalence and Treatment-seeking: Potential Need and Demand for Infertility Medical Care, Human Reproduction 22: 1506-12.
7. Chinai, R. and R. Goswami (2007) Medical Visas Mark Growth of Indian Medical Tourism, WHO Bulletin 85(3): 161-5. Available online at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/3/07-010307.pdf (accessed 24 October 2009).
8. Chopra, S. (2006) Childless Couples Look to India for Surrogate Mothers, Christian Science Monitor (3 April). Available online at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0403/p01s04-wosc.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
9. Chu, H. (2006) It's Win-Win. It's a Completely Capitalistic Enterprise, Toronto Star (20 April): A03.
10. Council of Europe (1996) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
11. Daar, A.S. and Z. Merali (2002) Infertility and Social Suffering: The Case of ART in Developing Countries, in E. Vayena, P. Rowe and D. Griffin (eds) Medical, Ethical and Social Aspects of Assisted Reproduction: Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction, pp.15-21. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/9241590300.pdf (accessed 24 October 2009).
12. De Rato, R. (2005) Prospering in a Globalized Economy, International Monetary Fund (17 March). Available online at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2005/031705.htm (accessed 24 October 2009).
13. Deech, R. (2003) Reproductive Tourism in Europe: Infertility and Human Rights, Global Governance 9: 425-32.
14. Dolnick, S. (2008) Renting Wombs: Indian City a Centre of Surrogacy, Toronto Star (3 January): L1, L4.
15. Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2007) Financial Compensation of Oocyte Donors, Fertility and Sterility 88(2): 305-9.
16. European Union (2004) Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on Setting Standards of Quality and Safety for the Donation, Procurement, Testing, Processing, Preservation, Storage and Distribution of Human Tissues and Cells', Official Journal of the European Union L102: 48-58. Available online at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lexuriserv/lexuriserv.do?uri=celex:32004l0023:en:html (accessed 24 October 2009).
17. Gupta, J.A. (2000) New Reproductive Techniques, Women's Health and Autonomy: Freedom or Dependency?. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
18. Hamilton, F. and H. Devlin (2009) Paying Poor Foreign Women for Eggs is a kind of prostitution Says Fertility Expert, Times Online (19 September). Available online at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article6840672.ece (accessed 24 October 2009).
19. Haworth, A. (n.d.) Surrogate Mothers: Womb for Rent, Marie Claire. Available online at: http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/international/surrogatemothers-india?click=main_sr (accessed 24 October 2009).
20. Health Tourism India (n.d.) Growth of the Medical Tourism Industry. Available online at: http://www.health-tourism-india.com/growth-of-the-medical-tourism-industry.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
21. Hindustan Times (2007) Medical Tourism Spawns Agents and Brokers, Hindustan Times ePaper (8 January).
22. Hutchison, P. (2008) At Home with New India's Growing Middle Class, The Telegraph (28 August). Available online at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2795195/At-home-with-new-Indias-growing-middle-class.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
23. India Health Visit (n.d.) Medical Tourism Statistics. Available online at: http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/medical-tourism-statistics.htm (accessed 24 October 2009).
24. Infertility Network UK (INUK) (2008) The Infertility Network UK Fertility Tourism Survey Results, Bexhill-on-Sea: Infertility Network. Available online at: www.infertilitynetworkuk.com (accessed 24 October 2009).
25. Inhorn, M. and P. Patrizio (2009) Rethinking Reproductive Tourism as Reproductive Exile, Fertility and Sterility 92(3): 904-6.
26. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) (2006) World Collaborative Report on In Vitro Fertilization, 2000, Fertility and Sterility 85(6): 1586-1622.
27. Jackson, E. (2007) Rethinking the Pre-conception Welfare Principle, in K. Horsey and H. Biggs (eds) Human Fertilisation and Embryology: Reproducing Regulation, pp. 47-67. London: Routledge- Cavendish.
28. Lal, N. (2008) Regulating the Surrogacy Boom, Boloji.com (23 December). Available online at: http://www.newsblaze.com/story/20081223152045tsop.nb/topstory.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
29. McLachlan, H.V. and J.K. Swales (2001) Exploitation and Commercial Surrogate Motherhood, Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 7: 8-14.
30. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Indian Council of Medical Research (2009) The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regulation) Bill and Rules 2009. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Indian Council of Medical Research.
31. Mukherjee, K. (2007) Rent-a-womb in India Fuels Surrogate Motherhood Debate, Reuters (4 February). Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSDEL29873520070204 (accessed 24 October 2009).
32. Nyboe Andersen, A., V. Goossens, S. Bhattacharya, A.P. Ferraretti, M.S. Kupka, J. de Mouzon and K.G. Nygren (2009) Assisted Reproductive Technology and Intrauterine Inseminations in Europe, 2005: Results Generated from European Registers by ESHRE, Human Reproduction 24(6): 1267-87.
33. Panagariya, A. (2008) India's Growing Economy: Song of the Crossroads, Brookings (18 February). Available online at: http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0218_india_economy_panagariya.aspx (accessed 24 October 2009).
34. Pennings, G. (2002) Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion, Journal of Medical Ethics 28: 337-41.
35. Pennings, G., C. Autin, W. Decleer, A. Delbaere, L. Delbeke, A. Delvigne, D. De Neubourg, P. Devroey, M. Dhont, T.D. 'Hooghe, S. Gordts, B. Lejeune, M. Nijs, P. Pauwels, B. Perrad, C. Pirard and F. Vandekerckhove (2009) Crossborder Reproductive Care in Belgium, Human Reproduction. Advance access 2 September. doi:10.1093/humrep/dep300.
36. Pennings, G., G. de Wert, F. Shenfield, J. Cohen, B. Tarlatzis and P. Devroey (2008) ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 15: Cross-border Reproductive Care, Human Reproduction 23: 2182-4.
37. Qadeer, I. (2009) Social and Ethical Basis of Legislation on Surrogacy: Need for Debate, Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 6(1). Available online at: http://issuesinmedicalethics.org/171co28 (accessed 24 October 2009).
38. Schulz, S. (2008) In India, Surrogacy Has Become a Global Business, Der Spiegel (15 September). Available online at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,580209,00.html (accessed 24 October 2009).
39. Sen, A. (2007) Amartya Sen on India: Past and Future, Forbes (14 August). Available online at: http://specials.rediff.com/money/2007/aug/14forbes1.htm (accessed 24 October 2009).
40. Sharma, A. (2008) Centre Drafting Surrogacy Legislation. Available online at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3344597.cms (accessed 25 September 2008).
41. Sinha, K. (2008) Medical Tourism Booming in India, The Times of India (4 April). Available online at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Medical_tourism_booming_in_India/articleshow/2924252.cms (accessed 24 October 2009).
42. Storrow, R.F. (2005) Quests for Conception: Fertility Tourists, Globalization, and Feminist Legal Theory, Hastings Law Journal 57: 295-330.
43. Subramanian, S. (2007) Wombs for Rent, Maclean's (2 July): 40-7.
44. The Hindu (2008) Japanese Baby Gets Birth Certificate, The Hindu (11 August). Available online at: http://www.thehindu.com/2008/08/11/stories/2008081160180300.htm (accessed 24 October 2009).
45. Utian, W., L. Sheean, J. Goldfarb and R. Kiwi (1985) Successful Pregnancy after In Vitro Fertilization - Embryo Transfer from an Infertile Woman to a Surrogate, New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1351.