A moderated mediation test of personality, coping, and health among deployed soldiers

Journal of Organizational Behavior

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 512-530

  Peng, Ann Chunyan ^a   Riolli, Laura T ^b   Schaubroeck, John ^a   Spain, Everett S P ^c  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c U S ARMY   (United States)

Author keywords

Combat stress; Coping; Personality; Psychological distress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858438525     PISSN: 08943796     EISSN: 10991379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/job.766     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aldwin, C. M., & Yancura, L. A. (2004). Coping and health: A comparison of the stress and trauma literatures. In P. P. Schnurr & B. L. Green (Eds.), Trauma and health: Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress (pp. 99-126). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Amirkhan, J. H., Risinger, R. T., & Swickert, R. J. (1995). A "hidden" personality factor in coping? Journal of Personality, 63, 189-212.
4. Bamberger, P. A., & Bacharach, S. B. (2006). Abusive supervision and subordinate problem drinking: Taking resistance, stress and subordinate personality into account. Human Relations, 59, 723-752.
5. Bamberger, P. A., & Pratt, M. G. (2010). From the editors: Moving forward by looking back: Reclaiming unconventional research contexts and samples in organizational scholarship. The Academy of Management Journal, 53, 665-671.
6. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
7. Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army reserve forces. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 72-82.
8. Bartone, P. T. (2006). Resilience under military operational stress: Can leaders influence hardiness? Military Psychology, 18, 131-148.
9. Bartone, P. T., Adler, A. B., & Vaitkus, M. A. (1998). Dimensions of psychological stress in peacekeeping operations. Military Medicine, 163, 587-593.
10. Begley, T. M. (1998). Coping strategies as predictors of employee distress and turnover after an organizational consolidation: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 305-330.
11. Benotsch, E. G., Brailey, K., Vasterling, J. J., Uddo, M., Constans, J. I., & Sutker, P. B. (2000). War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in Gulf War veterans: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 205-213.
12. Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 525-537.
13. Bolger, N., & Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 890-902.
14. Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998-1012.
15. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & Van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Predeployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1115-1119.
16. Brebner, J. (2001). Personality and stress coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 317-327.
17. Brown, J., Mulhern, G., & Joseph, S. (2002). Incident-related stressors, locus of control, coping, and psychological distress among firefighters in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 161-168.
18. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
19. Casey, G. W. Jr. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: A vision for psychological resilience in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66, 1-3.
20. Chung, M. C., Farmer, S., Werrett, J., Easthope, Y., & Chung, C. (2001). Traumatic stress and ways of coping of community residents exposed to a train disaster. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 528-534.
21. Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87-127.
22. Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080-1107.
23. Cornum, R., Matthews, M. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context. American Psychologist, 66, 4-9.
24. Daoud, F. S., & Abojedi, A. A. (2010). Equivalent factorial structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in clinical and nonclinical Jordanian populations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 116-121.
25. David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Coping efforts in daily life: Role of Big Five traits and problem appraisals. Journal of Personality, 67, 265-294.
26. DeLongis, A., & Holtzman, S. (2005). Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping. Journal of Personality, 73, 1633-1656.
27. Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595-605.
28. Dougall, A. L., Hyman, K. B., Hayward, M. C., McFeeley, S., & Baum, A. (2001). Optimism and traumatic stress: The importance of stress and coping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 223-245.
29. Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2002). Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 67-81.
30. Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 305-323.
31. Fairbank, J. A., Hansen, D. J., & Fitterling, J. M. (1991). Patterns of appraisal and coping across different stressor conditions among former prisoners of war with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 274-281.
32. Farley, K. M. J., & Catano, V. M. (2006). The battlefield as workplace: Violence in warfighting In E. K. Kelloway, J. Barling & J. Hurrell (Eds.), Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 281-308). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999). The appraisal of life events (ALE) scale: Reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 97-116.
34. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. (2004). Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745-774.
35. Fossum, T. A., Weyant, S. A., Etter, L., & Feldman-Barrett, L. (1998). A short and simple alternative to long personality questionnaires. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
36. Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E., & Kinicki, A. J. (in press). Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal. Journal of Management. doi: 10.1177/0149206309352881.
37. George, J. M. (1989). Mood and absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 317-324.
38. Golembiewski, R.T., Aldinger, R.T., Munzenrider, R. & Luo, H. (1998). Elaborating on the theme of 'OD as applied behavioral science': Burnout and mental health in a military population. Public Administration Quarterly, 21, 507-528.
39. Grant, S, & Langan-Fox, J. (2006). Occupational stress, coping and strain: The combined/interactive effect of the Big Five traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 719-732.
40. Grant, S., & Langan-Fox, J. (2007). Personality and the occupational stressor-strain relationship: The role of the Big Five. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 20-33.
41. Greenglass, E. R., & Burke, R. J. (2000). Hospital downsizing, individual resources, and occupational stressors in nurses. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 13, 371-390.
42. Gunthert, K. C., Cohen, L. H., & Armeli, S. (1999). The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1087-1100.
43. Haisch, D. C., & Meyers, L. S. (2004). MMPI-2 assessed post-traumatic stress disorder related to job stress, coping, and personality in police agencies. Stress and Health, 20, 223-229.
44. Hannah, S. T., Uhl-Bien, M., Avolio, B. J., & Cavarretta, F. L. (2009). A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 897-919.
45. Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Jama, 295, 1023-1032.
46. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22.
47. Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Life stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A 4-year structural model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 31-38.
48. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-879.
49. Jermier, J. M., Gaines, J., & McIntosh, N. J. (1989). Reactions to physically dangerous work: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 15-33.
50. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific software international, Inc.
51. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A., & Scott, B. A. (2009). The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 177-195.
52. Kneževic, G., Opacic, G., Savic, D., & Priebe, S. (2005). Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress? A prospective study in civilians experiencing air attacks. Psychological Medicine, 35, 659-663.
53. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford.
54. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing.
55. LeBlanc, M. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 444-453.
56. Lerias, D., & Byrne, M. K. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Symptoms and predictors. Stress and Health, 19, 129-138.
57. Litz, B. T. (2007). Research on the impact of military trauma: Current status and future directions. Military Psychology, 19, 217-238.
58. McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (Eds.). (2002). The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic.
59. McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1986). Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54, 385-404.
60. McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
61. Mehlum, L., & Weisæth, L. (2002). Predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian UN peacekeepers 7years after service. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 17-26.
62. Murberg, T. A. (2009). Associations between personality and coping styles among Norwegian adolescents. Journal of Individual Differences, 30, 59-64.
63. Parkes, K. R. (1990). Coping, negative affectivity, and the work environment: Additive and interactive predictors of mental health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 399-409.
64. Paunonen, S. V., & Ashton, M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 524-539.
65. Peterson, C., & Stunkard, A. J. (1989). Personal control and health promotion. Social Science & Medicine, 28, 819-828.
66. Robinson, H. M., Sigman, M. R., & Wilson, J. P. (1997). Duty-related stressors and PTSD symptoms in suburban police officers. Psychological Reports, 81, 835-845.
67. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. 1978. A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224-253.
68. Schaubroeck, J., Riolli, L.T., Peng, A.C., & Spain, E.S. (2011). Resilience to traumatic exposure among soldiers deployed in combat. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 18-37.
69. Sharkansky, E. J., King, D. W., King, L. A., Wolfe, J., Erickson, D. J., & Stokes, L. R. (2000). Coping with Gulf War combat stress: Mediating and moderating effects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 188-197.
70. Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216-269.
71. Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221-232.
72. Stein, A. L., Tran, G. Q., Lund, L. M., Haji, U., Dashevsky, B. A., & Baker, D. G. (2005). Correlates for posttraumatic stress disorder in Gulf War veterans: a retrospective study of main and moderating effects. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 861-876.
73. Stone, A. A., Kennedy-Moore, E., & Neale, J. M. (1995). Association between daily coping and end-of-day mood. Health Psychology, 14, 341-349.
74. Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Neale, J. M., Shiffman, S., Marco, C. A., Hickcox, M., Cruise, L. J. (1998). A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1670-1680.
75. Suls, J., & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249-288.
76. Suls, J., & Martin, R. (2005). The daily life of the garden-variety neurotic: Reactivity, stressor exposure, mood spillover, and maladaptive coping. Journal of Personality, 73, 1485-1510.
77. Suvak, M. K., Vogt, D. S., Savarese, V. W., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (2002). Relationship of war-zone coping strategies to long-term general life adjustment among Vietnam veterans: Combat exposure as a moderator variable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 974-985.
78. Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2-30.
79. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
80. Terry, D. J., & Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1078-1092.
81. Todrank Heth, J., & Somer, E. (2002). Characterizing stress tolerance: A new approach to controllability and its relationship to perceived stress and reported health. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 883-895.
82. Tyler, P. A., & Cushway, D. (1995). Stress in nurses: The effects of coping and social support. Stress Medicine 11, 243-251.
83. Vollrath, M., & Torgersen, S. (2000). Personality types and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 367-378.
84. Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1727-1732.
85. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. Handbook of Personality Psychology, 24, 767-793.
86. Wolfe, J., Keane, T. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Mora, C. A., & Wine, P. (1993). Patterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 179-193.
87. Zellars, K. L., & Perrewé, P. L. (2001). Affective personality and the content of emotional social support: Coping in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 459-467.